short term effects of air pollution on health. the association between daily air pollution levels...

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health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases. Rony Braunstein Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University Under The Supervision Of: Dr. Ayana Goren Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Sackler School of Medicine Prof. David Steinberg Department of Statistics and Operation Research Schreiber School of Mathematical Sciences

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Page 1: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Short term effects of air pollution on health.

The association between daily air pollution levels and

mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases.

Rony BraunsteinDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine

Sackler School of MedicineTel-Aviv University

Under The Supervision Of:

Dr. Ayana GorenDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine

Sackler School of Medicine

Prof. David SteinbergDepartment of Statistics and Operation Research

Schreiber School of Mathematical Sciences

Page 2: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

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Page 3: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 3

Air and Air - Pollution

Since air pollution seems to be constantly increasing both in the industrialized and in the

developing parts of the world, many studies have been conducted throughout the world to

examine its characteristics and its effects on human health. There are several known reasons

for the increase in air pollution (see e.g. Stern, 1968), among which are the increasing

amount of cars, factories and power stations, which emit various pollutants typical of urban

and industrial sources.

Air is essential for the survival of human beings as well as other populations. The importance

of air can be illustrated by the fact that the average adult requires about 15 kilograms of air

per day compared with less than 1.5 kilograms of food and about 2 kilograms of water

(source: Goldsmith, 1968). Compared with other necessities of life, obligatory continuous

consumption is a unique property of air. The average adult can live 5 weeks without food, 5

days without water and only a few minutes without air. Air is essential for life and the

absence of clean air can lead to severe health problems and even to death.

Page 4: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 4

Topics

1. Air Pollution - An Introduction

1.1 Definition

1.2 History

1.3 Types

1.4 Effects

1.5 Sources

2. The Current Research - Methods and Results

2.1 Objectives

2.2 Time Frame, Region and Population

2.3 Data Bases

24 Theoretical Model and Practical Fitting

2.5 Results: Conclusions and Discussion

2.6 The Delayed Effect

2.7 A Comparative Study: 80’s vs. 90’s.

2.8 Estimating the Count of Deaths Related to Air Pollution

Page 5: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 5

Air Pollution - DefinitionAir Pollution - Definition

Normal air consists of a mixture of several gases (see

e.g. Tebbens, 1968).

The air will be considered as polluted whenever:

(i) Other gases and or particle matters will be present

OR

(ii) When the balance of the normal air mixture will be

changed.

The concentrations of the various gases are

represented in the table in parts per million (PPM).

Concentration Of Gases Comprising Dry Air

Gas Concentration (PPM)Nitrogen 780900Oxygen 209400Argon 9300Carbon dioxide 315Neon 18Helium 5.2Methane 1.0-1.2Krypton 1.0Nitrous oxide 0.5Hydrogen 0.5Xenon 0.08Nitrogen dioxide 0.02Ozone 0.01-0.04

Source: Kuiper 1952.

Page 6: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 6

HISTORY OF AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH STUDIESHISTORY OF AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH STUDIES

1. Acute Effects

Whenever a major air pollution event occurred, it was noticed that the population tended to suffer more

frequently and more severely from respiratory as well as from cardio vascular diseases.

Example: The London episode of air pollution (December 1952). A tremendous increase in mortality

and morbidity from respiratory and cardio vascular diseases (3500 - 4000 excess deaths).

2. Long Term Effects

Later on, the research was focused on the long term and cumulative effects of air pollution on health.

3. Short Term Effects

New research directions deal with the short-term effects of changes in air pollution concentrations, not

necessarily acute ones, on health. The research of short-term effects of air pollution on health is

considered to be most important nowadays and epidemiologists are trying to deal with this question in

many places in the developed parts of the world.

Page 7: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 7

Types of Pollutants

1. Sulfur compounds. Combustion of sulfur containing fuels contributes large amounts of SO2 and some SO3. Many industrial processes generate H2S.

2. Nitrogen compounds. NO and NO2 are produced in some industrial operations and in automobile engines. The measurements of NO and NO2 are combined together and called NOX.

3. Carbon compounds. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide arise in huge amounts from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels. In large cities, most of the daily production of CO and CO2 results from incomplete utilization of carbon in gasoline in automobile engines, industrial machineries and power plants.

4. Photochemical compounds. The photochemical compounds are defined as “Secondary Pollutants”. The process of creating photochemical compounds needs bright sunlight in which nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and oxygen interact chemically to produce oxidants like ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).

5. Halogen compounds. Some industrial and metallurgical processes produce inorganic halogen compounds such as HF and HCl.

6. Organic compounds. The organic compounds are emitted principally as vapors and the less volatile compounds may occur as liquid droplets or solid particles. Their sources are: (i) Household products including paints, paint strippers and other solvents, (ii) wood preservatives, (iii) aerosol sprays and air fresheners, (iv) insect repellents and disinfectants, (v) stored fuels and automotive products and (vi) dry-cleaned clothing.

7. Fine solids and coarse particles. The finer aerosols include man-made particles of metal, carbon, tar, oxides, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides and silicates on one side and natural particles such as dust, resin, pollen, fungi and bacteria on the other side. All those fine solids are less than 10 in diameter.

8. Radioactive compounds. Atmospheric radioactivity originates from natural as well as artificial sources. The natural radioactivity results from the presence of radionuclides, which originate from radioactive minerals or from the interaction of cosmic radiations with the gases of the atmosphere. Radon (Rn) is an example for a natural radioactivity source. The man-made radioactivity is a by-product of the developed nuclear activity in the last fifty years.

Page 8: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 8

Air Pollution Effects

1. Visibility reduction: The effect of air pollution on visibility is currently the most easily observed. The effect of reduction in visibility is produced by the scattering of light from the surface of airborne particles.

2. Material damage: Air pollution causes damage to certain materials. Direct damage is caused to structural metals, surface coatings, fabrics and other materials of commerce. The destruction is related to many types of pollutants.

3. Agricultural damage: A large number of food, forage and ornamental crops have been shown to be damaged by air pollution and in particular by halogen compounds such as HF and HCl. Photochemical compounds, sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds also contribute to agricultural damage.

4. Psychological effects: Fear is a recognizable element in public reactions to air pollution and the psychological aspects of the phenomenon cannot be ignored. It is possible that psychosomatic illnesses are related to air pollution events.

5. Physiological and health effects: There is a lot of evidence that air pollution can be destructive to human health and can even result in death. Air pollution affects human health by causing respiratory diseases, cardio-vascular diseases, lung cancer and other diseases.

Page 9: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 9

Health Effects

1. Acute sickness or death.

2. Insidious or chronic disease, shortening of life or impairment of growth.

3. Alteration of important physiological functions, such as ventilation of the lung transport of oxygen

by hemoglobin or various functions of the nervous system.

4. Unpleasant odor, impairment of visibility or other effects sufficient to lead individuals to change

residence or place of employment.

5. Air pollution is known to be a causal factor in chronic pulmonary diseases like lung cancer,

bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.

6. Aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease.

7. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headache, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment

are among the immediate symptoms that people have experienced soon after exposure to some

organic compounds.

Page 10: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 10

Air Pollution Sources

1. Natural Sources

1.1 Eruptions of volcanoes pollute the air with dust and ash.

1.2 Dust storms can fill the air with particles.

1.3 Forest fires create black smoke and emit noxious gases.

1.4 Radioactive minerals and cosmic radiations are the causes for atmospheric radioactivity.

2. Artificial Sources

2.1 Energy sources like wood and coal emitting black smoke and produce noxious gases.

2.2 Extensive use of petroleum in industry and transportation.

2.3 Industrial processes produce pollutants as side effects of their industrial process.

2.4 Nuclear power stations and nuclear experiments (and accidents) contribute to radioactive pollution.

Page 11: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 11

APHEA2 - 32 European Cities (1996 – 2001)Air Pollution and Health a European Approach

B. Kriz, M. Celko, J. Danova (Prague, Czech Republic); F. Kotesovec, J. Skorkovski (Teplice, Czech Republic); J. Pekkanen, P. Tittanen (Finland); S. Medina, A. Le Tertre, P. Quenel, L. Pascale, A. Boumghar (Paris, France); D. Zmirou, F. Balducci (Grenoble, France); C. Spix, A. Zanobetti, H.E. Wichmann (Germany); K.Katsouyanni, G. Touloumi, E. Samoli, A. Gryparis, Y. Monopolis, E. Aga, D. Panagiotakos (Greece, Coordinating center); A. Paldy, J. Bobvos, A. Vamos, G. Nador, I. Vincze, P. Rudnai, A. Pinter (Hungary); Clancy, P. Goodman

(Ireland); A. Goren, R. Braunstein (Israel); MA. Vigotti, G. Rossi, E. Cadum, G. Costa, L. Albano, D. Mirabelli, P. Natale, L. Bisanti, A. Bellini, M. Baccini, A. Biggeri, P. Michelozzi, F. Forastiere (Italy); J. Schouten, J. Vonk (The Netherlands); B. Wojtyniak, D. Rabczenko, K. Szafraniek (Poland); E. Niciu, V. Frunza, V. Bunda, (Romania); M. Macarol-Hitti, P. Otorepec (Slovenia); J. Sunyer, M. Saez, F. Ballester, S. Perez-Hoyos, E. Alonso, K. Kambra, A. Arangues, A. Gandarillas (Spain); B. Forsberg, B. Segerstedt, (Sweden); C. Schindler (Switzerland); Z. Dortbudak (Turkey); HR Anderson, R. Atkinson, J. Ayres (U.K.); .

K. Katsouyanni (Greece), J. Schwartz (USA)

Page 12: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 12

Research Objectives

General Objective:The general aim of this research is to examine the short-term effects of air

pollution on mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases.

The first objective is to fit a Mathematical/Statistical model to the data set in order to be able to define

and measure the short-term effects caused by various air-pollutants on mortality from several related

diseases.

The second objective is to examine the delayed effect of air pollution on mortality from cardio

vascular and respiratory diseases.

The third objective is to conduct a comparative study on air-pollution in the Tel-Aviv metropolis area

over time. In this study air-pollution concentrations in the early 1980’s are compared to those in the early

1990’s.

Page 13: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 13

Study Design

. In this study the individual sample unit is a single day for which we had:

(i) the count of deaths from the relevant diseases

(ii) the exposure levels of air pollution

(iii) the measurements of several confounding variables.

This study was based on data sets that were collected in an earlier stage.

The design of the research was a historical prospective cohort since:

(i) we used data that were already collected in the past

(ii) we examined the count of deaths (the outcome) while levels of air pollution (the

exposure) were given.

Page 14: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 14

THE RESEARCH TIME FRAME

1/1/1991 – 31/12/1996

Six Years

2192 Days

THE RESEARCH AREA

Metropolitan Tel-Aviv

THE RESEARCH POPULATION

Includes all the people living in the wider Tel-Aviv Area.

No limitations regarding age or sex or any other condition.

Population Size in the Tel-Aviv Area (In Thousands)

YEAR COUNT PCT of Change1991 1164.1 0.00%1992 1175.4 0.97%1993 1173.9 0.84%1994 1174.5 0.89%1995 1177.5 1.15%1996 1177.2 1.12%

Page 15: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 15

Monitoring Stations in Tel-Aviv 1991-1996Stations codes as defined by the IEC

STATION 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

AN 1 1 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3

BN 1 1 1 1 1 1

BT 1 1 1 1 1 1

MS 1 1 1 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3

SB 1 1 1 1 1 1

SL , , ,4 1, , ,4 1, , ,4 1, , ,4

SN 1 1

TB 1 1 1 1

TM 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4

YD 1 1 1 1 1 1

TOTAL 7,0,0,0 8,1,1,0 8,2,2,1 9,2,2,1 9,3,3,2 9,3,3,2

Table Key: 1 - SO2 , 2 - NOX , 3 - O3 , 4 - PM10

Source: Israeli Electrical Company

Page 16: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 16

The Tel-Aviv Metropolis Map

IEC Monitoring Stations Network

1991-1996

Page 17: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 17

THE RESEARCH VARIABLES

1. Dependent Variables

1.1 Daily Count of Deaths from Cardio-Vascular Diseases ( 11.5 cases )

1.2 Daily Count of Deaths from Respiratory Diseases ( 1.5 cases )2. Independent Variables

2.1 Daily Average of SO2 ( 22.18 g/m3 )

2.2 Daily Average of NOX ( 139.87 g/m3 )

2.3 Daily Average of O3 ( 36.67 g/m3 )

2.4 Daily Average of PM10 ( 50.21 g/m3 )3. Confounding Variables

3.1 Daily Amount of Rain ( 14.69 mm )

3.2 Daily Relative Humidity ( 65.96 % )

3.3 Daily Average Temperature ( 20.38 Centigrade )

3.4 Day of the Week

3.5 Holidays

3.6 Sequence Date – Time

Page 18: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 18

Data Bases

1. The mortality data file: The source for this file was the Department of information and

computation in the Ministry of Health. This file is based on death certificates, which are coded in a data file

and are kept in the Ministry of Health data base. Each record in the mortality data file contains the daily

count of deaths from respiratory and cardio vascular diseases as defined by the ICD9.

2. The air pollution data file: The source for the air pollution data file is the Israeli Electrical

Company (IEC). The IEC has a network of monitoring stations in Tel-Aviv where the pollutants SO2 , NOX ,

O3 and PM10 are measured every day. Each record in the air pollution data file contains the daily average

concentration for each one of the pollutants.

3. The meteorological data file: The source for the meteorological data file are the

Meteorological Services. The meteorological services have a meteorological station in Tel-Aviv in which

several meteorological factors such as temperature, amount of rain, relative humidity and cloudiness are

measured daily. Each record in the meteorological data file contains the daily meteorological measurements.

Page 19: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 19

Poisson Regression Model

Time Series Model (not AR)

Generalized Additive Model

WHERE:

C1…Cc - are the confoundersSi - is a smooth function (loess) for the i’th confounderX1…XK - are the pollutantsgj - is an appropriate transformation for the j’th pollutant

c

iii

K

jjjj CSXgYLog

110 )()()ˆ(

jeRR j

Steps:

1. Adjusting the confounding effects

2. Adding the explanatory variables

FITTING THE MODEL

Page 20: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 20

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Time: 1/1/91 - 31/12/96

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Fitted Values

Res

idua

ls

8 10 12 14 16 18

05

1015

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Fitted Values

Squ

ared

Res

idua

ls

0 500 1000 1500 2000

-4-2

02

4

+

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Time: 1/1/91 - 31/12/96

Res

idua

ls

Cardio Vascular Mortality

Model Fitting

and the Residuals

Cardio Vascular Mortality

Smooth Functions (Loess)

for the confounding effects

Base Model Fitting

seqdate

lo(s

eqda

te,

0.1)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

-0.2

0.0

dow

as.f

acto

r(do

w)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-0.0

20.

00.

02

holidy

as.f

acto

r(ho

lidy)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-0.0

040.

0

rain

lo(r

ain,

0.7

)

0 20 40 60 80

-0.0

50.

05

relhumid

lo(r

elhu

mid

, 0.

7)

20 40 60 80

-0.0

50.

050.

15

tempavr

lo(t

empa

vr,

0.5)

10 15 20 25 30

-0.1

0.1

0.3

AIC = 2301

Quasi-likelihood model. The estimated dispersion parameter = 1.09

c

iii CSYLog

10 )()ˆ(

Page 21: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 21

Results (Cardio Vascular Mortality)

Cardio Vascular Mortality

Models Comparison Using AIC

Linear Non

Linear

Log(X)

SO2 2476.4 2480.6 2476.2

NOX 2046.8 2051.1 2047.1

O3 2045.8 2045.6 2045.2

PM10 1629.9 1631.5 1632.7

Cardio Vascular Mortality

Single Pollutant Model – Linear and non-Linear Terms

Linear Term Log X Non-Linear Term

RR Pvalue RR* Pvalue Smooth Pvalue

SO2 1.00138 0.0119 1.04236 0.0062 Loess ( 65% ) 0.3437

NOX 1.00016 0.0326 1.02587 0.0448 Loess ( 70% ) 0.8968

O3 0.99851 0.0031 0.94579 0.0008 Loess ( 60% ) 0.1296

PM10 1.00097 0.0019 1.03726 0.0276 Loess ( 75% ) 0.0995

20 40 60 80 100

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

SO2 Concentrations

RR

|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||| ||||| ||||| |||||||||||| | |||||||| ||| ||| || || | | | || | | | |

0 200 400 600

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

NOx Concentrations

RR

| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||| ||||||||||||| | || |||| | |||| | || | | ||||| | | | | ||| || | | ||

20 40 60 80 100

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

O3 Concentrations

RR

|| |||||| ||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||| || |||||| |||| || ||| || ||| || ||| || || | | |

0 50 100 150 200

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

PM10 Concentrations

RR

||||||||

|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||| |||| || ||||| || || |||| | | | | || | || | | | | | || | | | | | |

Cardio Vascular MortalityRR of the Four Pollutants as Non-Linear Terms

Cardio Vascular Mortality

RR and P-values for the Combined Model

All Linear Log Transform

RR Pv RR Pv

SO2 0.999463 0.6956 *0.971760 0.3757

NOX 1.000067 0.7141 1.000053 0.7264

O3 0.998581 0.0450 *0.941206 0.0168

PM10 1.000899 0.0071 1.000924 0.0058

ALL 2 test 0.2816 2 test 0.1129

Page 22: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 22

Results (Respiratory Mortality)

Respiratory Mortality

Single Pollutant Model – Linear and non-Linear Terms

Linear Term Log X Non-Linear Term

RR Pvalue RR* Pvalue Smooth Pvalue

SO2 1.00263 0.0639 1.07842 0.0605 Loess ( 70% ) 0.3299

NOX 1.00039 0.0566 1.06662 0.0711 Loess ( 70% ) 0.2466

O3 0.99768 0.0883 0.91594 0.0471 Loess ( 65% ) 0.7616

PM10 0.99933 0.4587 1.00672 0.8881 Loess ( 75% ) 0.0383

Respiratory Mortality

Models Comparison Using AIC

Linear NonLinear

Log(X)

SO2 2587.6 2590.4 2587.9

NOX 2151.2 2152.3 2151.6

O3 2152.7 2157.0 2152.8

PM10 1733.8 1730.5 1735.7

20 40 60 80 100

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

SO2 Concentrations

RR

|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||| ||||| ||||| |||||||||||| | |||||||| ||| ||| || || | | | || | | | |

0 200 400 600

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

NOx Concentrations

RR

| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||| ||||||||||||| | || |||| | |||| | || | | ||||| | | | | ||| || | | ||

20 40 60 80 100

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

O3 Concentrations

RR

|| |||||| ||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||| || |||||| |||| || ||| || ||| || ||| || || | | |

0 50 100 150 200

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

PM10 Concentrations

RR

||||||||

|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||| |||| || ||||| || || |||| | | | | || | || | | | | | || | | | | | |

Respiratory MortalityRR of the Four Pollutants as Non-Linear Terms

Respiratory Mortality

RR and P-values for the Combined Model

All Linear PM10 Non-Linear

RR Pvalue RR Pvalue

SO2 1.005360 0.1432 1.0050043 0.1716

NOX 1.000133 0.7907 1.0001496 0.7655

O3 0.999815 0.9257 1.0004064 0.8373

PM10 0.998536 0.1464 * 0.0227

ALL 2 test 0.1334 2 test 0.0361

Page 23: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 23

More Results

Cardio Vascular Diseases | Respiratory Diseases

RR for Multiple-Pollutant Models

Male Mort. Female Mort. Diff

RR Pvalue RR Pvalue Pv

SO2 1.000052 0.9782 0.998901 0.5757 0.66

NOX 0.999970 0.9071 1.000161 0.5372 0.60

O3 0.998690 0.1832 0.998513 0.1436 0.90

PM10 1.000708 0.1320 1.001070 0.0239 0.58

ALL 2 test 0.8450 2 test 0.2044

RR for Multiple-Pollutant Models

Male Mort. Female Mort. Diff

RR Pvalue RR Pvalue Pv

SO2 1.005801 0.2474 1.005128 0.3189 0.92

NOX 1.000356 0.6002 0.999845 0.8266 0.90

O3 1.002548 0.3407 0.997139 0.3117 0.16

PM10 0.998751 0.3556 0.998225 0.2199 0.78

ALL 2 test 0.2673 2 test 0.5530

RR for Multiple-Pollutant Models

Summer Mort. Winter Mort. Diff

RR Pvalue RR Pvalue Pv

SO2 0.998506 0.7499 0.999795 0.9113 NS

NOX 0.999705 0.7156 0.999979 0.9322 NS

O3 0.999755 0.1232 0.999507 0.7798 NS

PM10 1.001362 0.1484 0.999248 0.1309 NS

ALL 2 test 0.5019 2 test 0.8997

RR for Multiple-Pollutant Models

Summer Mort. Winter Mort. Diff

RR Pvalue RR Pvalue Pv

SO2 1.004966 0.7218 1.005872 0.2331 0.94

NOX 0.997776 0.3782 0.999805 0.7655 0.42

O3 1.006827 0.1470 1.008188 0.0977 0.84

PM10 0.999711 0.9235 0.995961 0.0088 0.26

ALL 2 test 0.3617 2 test 0.0492

Page 24: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 24

THE DELAYED EFFECT OF THE POLLUTANTS

Auto Correlations in Lag Times

Lag=> 0 1 2 3 4SO2 1.00 0.6174 0.3646 0.2759 0.2553NOX 1.00 0.6244 0.4139 0.3721 0.3385O3 1.00 0.6840 0.5100 0.4638 0.4365PM10 1.00 0.5962 0.2097 0.0851 0.0517

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.00

0000

001.

0010

0005

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.00

0000

000

1.00

0200

033

Lag Time in Days for NOx

RR

[ NO

x ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.99

8000

026

1.00

0000

000

Lag Time in Days for O3R

R[ O

3 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.00

0000

000

1.00

0199

914

Lag Time in Days for PM10

RR

[ PM

10 ]

Lagged RR for four Pollutants Lj = 6

Lag Model for a Single Pollutant

Lag Model for Multiple Pollutants

Unstable Model Coefficients => Unstable RR’s

LtLttt

c

iiit X....XXXCSYLog

1231211

0 )()ˆ(

L

lltl

c

iiit XCSYLog

01

10 )()ˆ(

K

j

L

lltjlj

c

iiit

j

XCSYLog1 0

)()1(1

0 )()ˆ(

Page 25: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 25

THE POLYNOMIAL DISTRIBUTED LAG MODEL

Almon S. (1965)

P – is the polynomial degree

l – is the lag of the coefficient (l=0…L)

Ai - coefficients describing the polynomial shape of the lag coefficients

Matrix Notation:

j - the model coefficients jT= [j1, j2, …, jL] (Lj+1 x 1)

Aj - the polynomial coefficients AjT= [A0, A1, A2, …,

jpA] (Pj+1 x 1)

Lj – a matrix (Pj+1 x Lj+1) with Ljpl = jpl

LtLtttt X....XXXYLog 1231210)ˆ(

P

i

iil lA

0

jTjjAL

jjjj pj

ppp

j

j

j

j

L

L

L

L

...210

.......

.......

...210

...210

...211

L2222

1111

000

Page 26: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 26

Example:

When P = 2 we get: 22

11

00 lAlAlAl

A d d i n g t h e c o n f o u n d e r s t o t h e m o d e l :

P

i

L

llti

ic

iiit XAlCSYLog

0 010 )()()ˆ(

The Solution :

1 – Use the Least Squares method to calculate A j

2 – Use

jP

i

ijjijl lA

0

to calculate j

The coefficients are more stable and

we use less degrees of freedom

...)94(

...)32(

...)()ˆ(

3212

3211

2100

ttt

ttt

tttt

XXXA

XXXA

XXXAYLog

T h e M u l t i P o l l u t a n t M o d e l :

K

j

P

i

L

lltjji

ij

c

iiit

j j

XAlCSYLog1 0 0

)(1

0 )()()ˆ(

Define two Parameters:

P - The Polynomial Degree L – The Lag Length

1 – Initialize L according to Bio-Medical considerations

2 – Use a Smooth function to describe the shape of the lagged RR’s

3 - From step 2 define the polynomial degree P

4 - Compute and draw all possible models for l = 1…L and for P

5 - Eliminate all models which have no Biological/Medical plausibility

6 - Select those with the Lowest AIC

7 – Select the one with the highest proportion of significant lagged RR’s

jP

i

ijjijl lA

0

Page 27: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 27

PDLM - A Numerical Example: CVD and SO2SO 2: T he Sm oothed P attern of the L agged R R

L ow ess(F = 2/3 ) P = 2 (L 10 )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.00

0000

001.

0004

9996

1.00

1000

051.

0015

0001

Lag T im e in D ays fo r S O 2

RR

[SO

2]

Lagged RR for SO2 (2 L 10) P = 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101.00

0000

001.

0010

0005

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91.00

0000

001.

0010

0005

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81.00

0000

000

1.00

0800

014

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 71.00

0000

000

1.00

0800

014

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 61.00

0000

000

1.00

0800

014

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 51.00

0000

000

1.00

0800

014

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 3 41.00

0000

001.

0010

0005

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 2 31.00

0000

001.

0010

0005

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

0 1 21.00

0000

001.

0015

0001

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

The PDLM vs The Multiple Lags (L = 5,6,7,8)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.0

00

00

00

01

.00

10

00

05

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ S

O2

]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1.0

00

00

00

01

.00

10

00

05

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ S

O2

]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.0

00

00

00

01

.00

10

00

05

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ S

O2

]

0 1 2 3 4 5

1.0

00

00

00

01

.00

10

00

05

Lag Time in Days for SO2

RR

[ S

O2

]

Model Comparison: AIC

Lag 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

AIC 2298.6 2299.6 2302.0 2294.7 2297.3 2294.6 2297.6 2296.4 2301.8

Selected Models:

L = 5 , 6 , 7 , 8

Page 28: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 28

CI for the Lagged RR

21)}]ˆ(ˆexp{[ 221 jljljl SEZRRP

jP

i

ijjijl lA

0

P

i

P

i

ii

iijjl lAVV0 0

),(,

,

, )()(

jjT

jj AV LLV )()(

V ( A j ) - v a r - c o v a r m a t r i x o f t h e

p o l y n o m i a l c o e f f i c i e n t s

( P j + 1 x P j + 1 )

9 0 % C I F o r T h e L a g g e d R R ( L = 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80.9

9950

004

1.0

0050

008

L a g T im e in D a y s f o r S O 2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

9 0 % C I F o r t h e L a g g e d R e a l t i v e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70.9

9950

004

1.0

0050

008

L a g T im e in D a y s f o r S O 2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

9 0 % C I F o r t h e L a g g e d R e a l t i v e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.0

0000

000

1.0

0100

005

L a g T im e in D a y s f o r S O 2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

9 0 % C I F o r t h e L a g g e d R e a l t i v e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 51.0

0000

000

1.0

0100

005

L a g T im e in D a y s f o r S O 2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

9 0 % C I F o r t h e L a g g e d R e a l t i v e R is k s

H 0 : R R . = .1 v s . H 1 : R R . > .1 . = .0 .0 5

S e l e c t e d M o d e l : L = 6

6 o u t o f 7 a r e s i g n i f i c a n t

Page 29: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 29

PDLM: Final Results - CVD & Respiratory

C a r d io V a s c u la r M o r ta lity .

9 0 % C I F o r T h e L a g g e d R R .

S O 2 , N O X , O 3 a n d P M 1 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.00

0000

001.

0010

0005

L a g T im e in D a ys fo r S O 2

RR

[ SO

2 ]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a ltiv e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.00

0000

000

1.00

0200

033

L a g T im e in D a ys fo r N O x

RR

[ NO

x ]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a ltiv e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 00.99

8500

050.

9995

0004

L a g T im e in D a ys fo r O 3

RR

[ O3

]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a ltiv e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

1.00

0000

000

1.00

0200

033

L a g T im e in D a ys fo r P M 1 0

RR

[ PM

10 ]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a ltiv e R is k s

R e s p ir a t o r y M o r ta l i ty .

9 0 % C I F o r T h e L a g g e d R R .

S O 2 N O X O 3 a n d P M 1 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.0

00

000

00

1.0

02

000

09

L a g T im e in D a y s fo r S O 2

RR

[ S

O2

]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a lt iv e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.9

99

799

97

1.0

00

199

91

L a g T im e in D a y s fo r N O x

RR

[ N

Ox

]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a lt iv e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.9

96

000

05

1.0

00

000

00

L a g T im e in D a y s fo r O 3

RR

[ O

3 ]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a lt iv e R is k s

0 1 2 3 4 5

0.9

99

500

04

1.0

00

000

00

1.0

00

500

08

L a g T im e in D a y s fo r P M 1 0

RR

[ P

M1

0 ]

9 0 % C I F o r th e L a g g e d R e a lt iv e R is k s

Page 30: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 30

PDLM: SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS 1. The Method

1.1 The PDLM provides us stable estimates for the RR’s

1.2 The PDLM computations are NOT complicated

1.3 The significance of the results can be obtained easily

1.4 It is easy to use the PDLM for any combination of P and L.

1.5 The results show Bio-Medical plausibility

2. The Results

2.1 The daily effects of air pollution on death last for about a week

2.2 The magnitude of the effect is at its utmost on the first day

2.3 O3 behaves in an opposite direction as compared to other pollutants

2.4 The RR’s are extremely low (even for an increase > 1 g/m3).

Can we consider the air pollutants as risk factors ?

Page 31: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 31

Changes in Air-Pollution Levels with TimeThe 1980’s vs. The 1990’s – A Comparative Study

Annual Average Concentrations: 1980-1996

Years: 1980 - 1996

Ann

ual A

vera

ges

of

SO

2

1980 1985 1990 1995

1520

2530

3540

45

Years: 1980 - 1996

Ann

ual A

vera

ges

of

NO

x1980 1985 1990 1995

8010

012

014

016

0

Years: 1980 - 1996

Ann

ual A

vera

ges

of

O3

1980 1985 1990 1995

4050

6070

80

Annual Box Plots forAir-Pollution Concentrations: 1980-1996

050

100

150

*********

*

*********

*

************

*************

***********

******************

**************************

***************

**

***************************

1980 1981 1982 1983 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

Con

cent

ratio

n of

SO

2

020

040

060

0

******

************************

*****

*******

*

************

**

*

***********************

**************

****

*************

****************

***

1980 1981 1982 1983 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

Con

cent

ratio

n of

NO

x

050

100

150

*

****

*****

*******

*****

* *****

1980 1981 1982 1983 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

Con

cent

ratio

n of

O3

Air-Pollution concentrations: 1980’s vs. 1990’s

050

100

150

***************************************************

**********************************************************************************************

1980's 1990's

Years: 1980's vs. 1990's

Con

cent

ratio

n of

S

O2

020

040

060

0

********************************

*

****************************************************************************************************

1980's 1990's

Years: 1980's vs. 1990's

Con

cent

ratio

n of

N

Ox

050

100

150

***************************

********************

1980's 1990's

Years: 1980's vs. 1990's

Con

cent

ratio

n of

O

3

Air-Pollution Levels: 1990’s vs. 1980’s

Pollutant 1990’s 1980’s Change %

Avr. 22.2 39.2 -17.0 -43%

SO2 SD 14.1 23.0 -8.9 -38%

Med. 18.0 35.3 -17.3 -49%

Avr. 140.5 95.7 44.8 +46%

NOX SD 99.6 63.8 35.8 +56%

Med. 113.3 80.6 32.7 +40%

Avr. 36.7 60.6 -23.9 -39%

O3 SD 15.9 29.6 -13.7 -46%

Med. 36.0 57.4 -21.4 -37%

Page 32: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 32

Changes in Air-Pollution Levels in the 1990’s

Date: 1/1/1991 - 31/12/1996

SO

2 L

eve

ls

20

40

60

80

10

0

01/01/1991 01/01/1992 01/01/1993 01/01/1994 01/01/1995 01/01/1996

SO2 Daily Concentrations. Crude Data

Date: 1/1/1991 - 31/12/1996

SO

2 L

eve

ls

51

05

01

00

01/01/1991 01/01/1992 01/01/1993 01/01/1994 01/01/1995 01/01/1996

SO2 Daily Concentrations. Crude Data in Log Base 10 Scale

Date: 1/1/1991 - 31/12/1996

SO

2 L

eve

ls [l

g]

51

05

01

00

01/01/1991 01/01/1992 01/01/1993 01/01/1994 01/01/1995 01/01/1996

SO2 Daily Concentrations. Time Series Plot in Log Base 10

Date: 1/1/1991 - 31/12/1996

SO

2 L

eve

ls [l

g] 2

0

01/01/1991 01/01/1992 01/01/1993 01/01/1994 01/01/1995 01/01/1996

SO2 Concentrations. Lowess Smoother With a Window of 10% Fraction

Date: 1/1/1991 - 31/12/1996

SO

2 L

eve

ls [l

g] 2

0

01/01/1991 01/01/1992 01/01/1993 01/01/1994 01/01/1995 01/01/1996

SO2 Concentrations. Lowess Smoother With a Window of 90% Fraction

Example: Changes In SO2 Daily Concentrations 1/1/1991 – 31/12/1996

SO2 Crude Data SO2 Crude Data In Log Scale

SO2 Time Series Plot SO2 Lowess Smoother 10%

SO2 Lowess Smoother 90% Fraction

Page 33: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 33

Changes in Air-Pollution Levels in the 1990’s

Percent of Change 1993 vs. 1996

Pollutant Mean1993

Mean1996

Pct Med.1993

Med.1996

Pct

SO2 27.80 15.85 -42% 22.37 13.38 -40%

NOX 168.99 121.68 -27% 124.00 96.00 -22%

O3 37.70 35.36 -6% 36.00 34.66 -4%

PM10 47.37 56.38 +19% 44.00 41.50 -6%

A n n u a l B o x P lo ts fo r P o llu tio n C o n c e n tr a tio n s :

1 9 9 1 -1 9 9 6

(e x tre m e P M 1 0 e x c lu d e d )

2040

6080

100

***********

******************

************************

**

***************

**

***************************

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

SO2

020

040

060

0

************

**

*

***********************

**************

****

*************

****************

***

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

NOx

020

4060

8010

0

*******

*****

* ****

*

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

O3

050

100

150

200

*********************

**

********************

*

**********************

*

*************************

***

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Years

PM10

Daily Changes in Air Pollution Concentrations:

The 1990’s

Days: 1/1/91-31/12/96

Lo

g[ S

O2

]

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

01/01/91 01/01/93 01/01/95

Days: 1/1/92-31/12/96

Lo

g[ N

Ox

]

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

01/01/91 01/01/93 01/01/95

Days: 1/1/92-31/12/96

Lo

g[ O

3 ]

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

01/01/91 01/01/93 01/01/95

Days: 1/1/93-31/12/96

Lo

g[ P

M1

0 ]

1.5

51

.65

1.7

51

.85

01/01/91 01/01/93 01/01/95

Log base 10 scale

Lowess smoother with 10% fraction (Seasonality)

Lowess smoother with 90% fraction (trend)

PM10 Edge effect !!! 4 extreme outliers in 1996

Page 34: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 34

Changes in Mortality Levels in the 1990’s

A n n u a l A verages of D a ily M orta lity L eve ls:

1991-19 96

1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6

12.

51

3.0

13.

5

Y e a rs : 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 6

Re

spira

tory

+ C

ard

io V

asc

ula

r

1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6

26.

52

7.0

27.

52

8.0

28.

5

Y e a rs : 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 6

To

tal M

orta

lity

Annual Averages of Daily Mortality Levels: 1991-1996

Mortality 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Change1991-1996

Resp. + CVD 13.33 13.77 13.38 12.82 13.31 12.08 -9.3%

SD 4.62 5.15 4.77 4.18 4.72 3.94 -14.7%

Total Mortality 26.45 27.41 26.94 27.00 28.59 27.21 +2.8%

SD 6.18 7.30 6.71 5.81 6.85 5.53 -10.5%

R a t i o o f D a i l y M o r t a l i t y

f r o m A t t r i b u t a b l e D i s e a s e s

0 1 / 0 1 / 9 1 0 1 / 0 1 / 9 2 0 1 / 0 1 / 9 3 0 1 / 0 1 / 9 4 0 1 / 0 1 / 9 5 0 1 / 0 1 / 9 6

0.4

00

.45

0.5

00

.55

D a y s : 1 / 1 / 9 1 - 3 1 / 1 2 / 9 6

(Re

spir

ato

ry+

Ca

rdio

)/T

ota

l

S c a l e : ( C V D + R e s p i r a t o r y ) / T o t a l

L o w e s s s m o o t h e r w i t h 1 0 % f r a c t i o n

L o w e s s s m o o t h e r w i t h 9 0 % f r a c t i o n ( t r e n d )

Page 35: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 35

Estimation of the Count of Saved or Lost Lives

}exp{ )()(0)()( jFjFFjF XY }exp{ )()(0)()( jSjSSjS XY

}exp{)}(exp{][ )()()(

)(jjjFjSj

jF

jSj XX

Y

YRDC )1]([*365*][

~

jj RDCYLS

1365**]1}*])[[exp{(][ 21 YSEZLSP jjjj

365**)1(exp][1

~

YLSTtlk

jjj

1365**1][exp][1

211

YSEZLSTtlPk

jjj

k

jjj

Single-Pollutant Model

Multi-Pollutant Model

k

j

k

jjjjj

k

jjj

k

jjj VVSE

1 1'''

11

2 ),(][][ ),(][ '1

2jj

Tk

j jj VSE

Confidence interval for LS

Confidence interval

for Multiple LS

SE2 in Matrix Notation

Page 36: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 36

Estimation of Saved or Lost Lives 1980’s vs. 1990’s

Change in Mean Pollutants Concentrations 1990’s vs 1980’s

Pollutant Mean80 Mean90 M90-M80 % Change

SO2 39.2 22.2 -17.0 -43%

NOX 95.7 140.5 44.8 +46%

O3 60.6 36.7 -23.9 -39%

Cardio Vascular Diseases

102 excess deaths per year in the 90’s as compared to the 80’s

the 95% CI.=.{-125 , +343}.

Respiratory Diseases

4 excess deaths per year in the 90’s as compared to the 80’s

the 95% CI.=.{-71 , +91}.

Page 37: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 37

Estimation of Saved or Lost Lives - 1993 vs. 1996

Change in Mean Pollutants Concentrations 1996’s vs 1993’s

Pollutant Mean93 Mean96 M96-M93 % Change

SO2 27.80 15.85 -11.95 -42%

NOX 168.99 121.68 -47.31 -27%

O3 37.70 35.36 -2.34 -6%

PM10 47.37 47.89 0.52 +1%

Cardio Vascular Diseases

29 more deaths in 1996 as compared to 1993

the 95% CI.=.{-66 , +128}.

Respiratory Diseases

38 excess lives in 1996 as compared to 1993

the 95% CI.=.{+5 , +70}.

Page 38: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 38

Estimation of Saved or Lost Lives Sensitivity Analysis

Increa se in A n n u a l M orta lity C o u n t

from C a rd io V a sc u la r d isea ses

D ue to C ha n g es in S O 2 , N O X a nd P M 1 0

SO2: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Chan

ges

in A

nnua

l Mor

tality

Cou

nt

-40 -20 0 20 40

-100

010

0

NOx: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Chan

ges

in A

nnua

l Mor

tality

Cou

nt

-40 -20 0 20 40

-100

010

0

PM10: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Chan

ges

in A

nnua

l Mor

tality

Cou

nt

-40 -20 0 20 40

-100

010

0

SO2, NOx, PM10: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Chan

ges

in A

nnua

l Mor

tality

Cou

nt

-40 -20 0 20 40

-100

010

0

Increase in A nnual M orta lity C ount

from R espiratory diseases

D ue to C hanges in S O 2, N O X and P M 10

SO2: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Cha

nges

in A

nnua

l Mor

talit

y C

ount

-40 -20 0 20 40

-60

-20

020

4060

NOx: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Cha

nges

in A

nnua

l Mor

talit

y C

ount

-40 -20 0 20 40

-60

-20

020

4060

PM10: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Cha

nges

in A

nnua

l Mor

talit

y C

ount

-40 -20 0 20 40

-60

-20

020

4060

SO2, NOx, PM10: Percentage of Change from Base Line

Cha

nges

in A

nnua

l Mor

talit

y C

ount

-40 -20 0 20 40

-60

-20

020

4060

Page 39: Short term effects of air pollution on health. The association between daily air pollution levels and mortality from respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases

Air Pollution and Health 39

Thank You Until Next Time !!!!

That’s All Folks