Shift of urban planning paradigm

Produce theocratic government that combine religious dogmas and political powerReplace politheism with monotheismMiths were repalaced by religious dogmasSocial form developed to an authoritarian government (by king/monarchy) backed up by religious authority (priest)Influence to planning: the growth of AUTHORITARIAN PLANNING

2THEOCENTRISMAUTHORITARIAN PLANNINGCHARACTERISTICS OF AUTHORITARIAN PLANNINGForm: geometric planningOccurance of long and straight paths/roadsFacade: tend to be uniformProvide plaza/piaza at the front of monumental building

3THEOSENTRISMSettlement blocks : squareboulevard and large parks4THEOCENTRISM

Karlsruhe GermanySumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006Karlruhe5THEOCENTRISM

Sumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006Within the context of planning utopia means no where land or dreamland or imaginationSOCIAL UTOPIAHyphothesis: human being will be better, hepier, more productive and religious when its social order is changedFounder:PlatoPHYSICAL UTOPIAHyphothesis: human well being will be better, healthier and more satisfying when physical environment is properly designedFounder of Physical Utopia: Thomas More (16th C)6

UTOPIANISMESumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006Other Physical Utopia co-founders:Robert Owen (1824) with his concept A New View of ScietyLe Corbusier (20th C) with his preposition A city made for speed is made for successFranks Lloyd Wright (20th C)Whith his conceot Broadacre City or a larger scale city

7UTOPIANISMThe works of Le Corbusier8

UTOPIANISMSumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 20069UTOPIANISM

Le Corbusier10UTOPIANISM

Criticism to UTOPIANISMUtopia does not clarify the way to achieve such situationThis criticism led to the concept of urban environmental planningInfluence to planning: ROMANTIC PLANNING:Developed values of humanism that have been undervalued by industrial system and bureaucracyHumanism are associated with rural values, clean and fresh atmosphere, trees and open space11UTOPIANISMGarden City of Ebenezer Howard12

UTOPIANISMGarden City of Ebenezer Howard

13UTOPIANISM

How about in Indonesia?Grew together with colonialismAs a copy of EuropeE.g.Jogja: Kota Baru areaBandung: Dago areaSemarang: Candi Baru areaMalang: ijen street and its surrounding area14UTOPIANISMAlun-alun Bunder of Malang15

UTOPIANISM19th was believed as modern development age, known as the century of PositivismThe development was indicated by modern knowledge and positive science.Founder of Positivisme: August Comte (1798-1857)The meaning of Positivisme for Comte:Real, refuse metaphysics and teologic, useful for achieving progress, clear and obvious for betterment16POSITIVISM17POSITIVISM

The Meaning of Development for Comte:Positive movement, movement to higher level and more advance, steering by scientists and industrialistsInflunce to planning: Planning mustHas social reform capacityHas exact imagesBe the blue print of the Planning Board in the formulation of determined programs to achieveEnsure the implementation of programs without any changesTend to technical / engineering works in applying technical standards through master-plan approach

18POSITIVISMPhilosophy based on ratio or brainThe source of knowledge is ratio / brainwareEmpiric experiences will function to strengthen the rational thinkingAll sense of sensation are doubtful, relative, subject to change, and misleadingWorking methods used by rationalists were deductive approach19RATIONALISMRationalists/ proponents:Rene Descrates (1596-1650)Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)Spinoza (1632-1677)Karl Raymond Popper (1902-1994)20RATIONALISM

Descrates

Pascal

K.Raymond PopperThe influence to planningA shift from traditional planning engineering knowledges to scientificSocial knowledges took part in planning world. Character of Rastionalism:Planning is general pattern of thinking and actionsPlanning is public activities for community to rationally control and decide the developmentThe essence of planning is rational thinking for the sake of human being. 21RATIONALISMBackgroundEmerged from the objection or no trust to precedented theoriesThe changes were not led by external thinking but direct empirical experiencesContents of PRAGMATISMThe truth is searched through praxis experiencesBased on the direct sensations of direct experiencesThe goal is BENEFIT22PRAGMATISMPROPONENTS:William James (1842-1910)John Dewey (1859-1952)23PRAGMATISM

William James

John DeweyThe influence to planning is the emergence of PRAGMATIC PLANNING a s a criticism to procedural planning theory.Pragmatic Pl. stresses on market decision-makingUrban development is fully modified by market mechanism, with less intervention from the government.Often called as against Theory or against planningAction is important (getting things done)Orientation on benefit or functionPlanning models were based on market condition than planning theories. The product of laissez faire economic system (free market competition)

24PRAGMATISMPhilosophy of knowledge that pays attention on the phenomenaproponents: Edmund Husserl (1959-1938)Max Scheller (1874-1928)Maurice Merleau Ponty (1908-1961)Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)25FENOMENOLOGY

Husserl

M.M. Ponty

HeideggerBasic concepts:Focused on the actual phenomenaBlending objects with subjectsHuman is part of the whole life aspectsRefuse conformity modelsRelativity of reality can be understood from the aggregate of individuals

26FENOMENOLOGYThe influence of phenomenology to planning:Disbelieve to holistic general planning (comprehensive planning & positive Planning)Planning must be oriented to community welfares, not the tools of political interest nor capital interestPlanning must be responsive to support new concensus based on individual interactionsPlanner must take roles as agent of change, facilitators, trainers and organizers.27FENOMENOLOGYDoes not start from goals nor objectives, but social criticism to actual conditionGoals are formulated with communitiesBased on bottom up processIdeas must come from societiesPlanners facilitate the community to formulate policies, programs, strategies, designs, projects and budgets.28FENOMENOLOGY