seventy-seventh critical bibliography of the history and philosophy of science and of the history of...

Seventy-Seventh Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of theHistory of Civilization (To March 1951)Author(s): George Sarton and Frances SiegelSource: Isis, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Dec., 1951), pp. 309-395Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/226816 .

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Seventy-Seventh Critical Bibliography

of the

History and Philosophy of Science

and of the History of Civilization

(to March I95 I)

The latest Critical Bibliography to appear was the seventy-sixth which was published in ISis 4I, 328-424, 1950.

This seventy-seventh bibliography contains about 1400 items. They have been kindly contributed by the 14 following scholars:

C. W. Adams (London) I. B. Cohen (Cambridge, Mass.) M.-L. Dufrenoy (Berkeley, Cal.) M. Graubard (Minneapolis) C. D. Hellman (New York City) D. A. Jonah (Providence, R. I.) C. D. Leake (Galveston, Texas) W. D. Miles (Cambridge, Mass.) M. F. A. Montagu (Princeton, N. J.) J. Pelseneer (Brussels) G. Sarton (Cambridge, Mass.) J. B. deC. M. Saunders (San Francisco) D. J. Struik (Cambridge, Mass.) C. Zirkle (Philadelphia)

The purpose, method and classification of this bibliography was explained in volume 41, p. 29I-98. The classification was devised to satisfy the needs of historians of science in general, rather than those of historians of particular sciences. For example, a student of the history of physiology will find only a few of the physiological items under the heading 36. Physiology. Studies devoted to definite physiologists would be found in the corresponding chronological sections of Part I, and those devoted to, say, Hindu physiology in section 9. India, of Part II. It would not take him very long, however, to glance through the whole bibliography and mark with a pencil the items pertinent to his own investigations. No method of classification can satisfy immediately every need, but we believe that ours is sufficiently clear to be of use to every scholar willing to take the few necessary pains.

I am very grateful to Dr David A. Jonah, Librarian of Brown University, for his friendly help concerning the Russian items. It is not because of any lack of good will that the Russian part of our bibliography had been thus far very insufficient. Dr Jonah has generously come to our rescue and thanks to him this

bibliography contains many references to studies written in the Russian language.

Warning. - Offprints of articles are often received in this office which contain no indication of source (journal or volume from which they were extracted) or date of publication. Such articles will no longer be listed in Isis, for it is better not to publish bibliographic notes than to publish incomplete ones.

I entreat the authors of relevant books and papers to send me copies of them as promptly as possible in order that their studies may be registered in this bibliography and eventually reviewed and discussed. By so doing they will not simply help me and every other historian of science, but they will help themselves in the best manner.

Most of the notes were selected by me. They were typed by Miss Frances Siegel.

GEORGE SARTON 27 March '95'

Widener Library I85

Cambridge 38, Mass.

Part I

Fundamental Classification Centurial

9th CENTURY B.C. STROMBERG, REINHOLD. The Aeolus epi-

sode and Greek wind magic. i6 p. Symbolae philologicae, 7I-84, Gbteborg, 1950. "It seems impossible to establish the origin of the

wind-bag magic of which Homer makes use. Among a great many peoples in different parts of the whole world - from northernmost Scandinavia to India and Australia - stories of this type are to be found."

6th CENTURY B.C. ERKES, EDUARD. Spuren einer kosmogo-

nischen Mythe bei Lao-Tse. Artibus Asiae 8, 16-35, 1940.

FOUCHER, A. La vie du Bouddha d'apres les textes et les monuments de PInde. 383 p. Paris, Payot, 1949.

309



310 5th Century B.C. - 4th Century B.C.

WARE, JAMES R. (translator). The best of Confucius. Translated from the Chinese. 192

p. Garden City, N. Y., Halcyon House, 1950.

$I1.50. New English translation of the Confucian Ana-

lects, very elegandy printed, and without commentaries. These fail to solve the many riddles and increase in vain our perplexities. The title is misleading. It does not mean that Ware has made a selection and given only what he considerd the best; his translation is complete and unabridged, but the Lun yd as we have them are recognized by the oldest Chinese traditions as a selection of the best sayings. A comparison of this English translation with the earlier ones could be made only by a Sinologist, and no two Sinologists would agree on every point. G. S.

5th CENTURY B.C.

CASARIEGO-FERNANDEZ, JESOS EVARIS- TO. El periplo de Hannon de Cartago. Edicion critica. 95 p. (Consejo superior de Investiga- ciones cientificas, Instituto de estudios africa- nos.) Madrid 1947.

DE BOER, J. The death of Socrates. A historical and experimental study on the actions of coniine and conium maculatum. Arch. intern. de Pharmacodynamie et de Thdrapie 83, 473- 90, 7 figs., 1950.

HIPPOCRATES. The medical works translated by John Chadwick and W. N. Mann. 302 p.

Oxford, Blackwell, I95I.

KEIMER, LOUIS. Les moutons arabes i grande queue d'Herodote (3, 113) et ceux dcEgypte. Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts, Fouad I Uni- versity Z2, 27-33, 2 pls., 1950.

MERITT, BENJAMIN DEAN; WADE-GERY, H. T.; McGREGOR, MALCOLM FRANCIS. The Athenian tribute lists. Volume III. xx+ 366 p. Princeton, N. J., American School of Classical Studies at Athens, I950. $I0.00.

Vol. i and 2 (1939-48) of this sumptuous publication were briefly reviewed in Isis (40, 357). These two volumes were severelv technical, vol. 3, however, much less so. It presents a history of the Athenian empire in narrative form and much of it can be read and appreciated without knowledge of Greek. A fourth volume will include a complete bibliography and full index to the whole work. Vol. 3 is divided into 3 parts: I. The evidence of the texts, II. The other evidence, III. The Athenian naval confederacy. This work will be indispensable to the students of Athenian politics and administration, but it contains nothing of special interest to the historian of science.

G. S. MILLER, HAROLD W. "On Ancient medicine"

and the origin of medicine. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Asso- ciation 8o, 187-202, 1949.

4th CENTURY B.C. - whole and first half

BADAWI, 'ABDURRAHMAN. Ideae Plato- nicae. (Textes et traductions d'auteurs orien- taux. T. Z2. Institut Fransais d'Archeologie Orientale du Caire). 6I+159 p. Cairo, Biblio- th6que Egyptienne.

CHRIMES, K. M. T. The Respublica Lacedac- moniorum ascribed to Xenophon. 48 p. (Pub- lications of the Faculty of Arts of the Univer- sity of Manchester, z.) Manchester University Press, 1948.

"The aim of the Respublica is not instruction in matters of fact, but paideia, and as such it must be interpreted by historians of Sparta. If it was indeed written by Antisthenes, we may see in it an illustration of Cicero's dictum that Antisthenes was homo acutus magis quam eruditus." JANSSENS, EMILE. Platon et les sciences d'ob-

servation. Rev. de l'Universite de BruxeUes, 2,

249-68, mars 1950.

MINIO-PALUELLO, LAURENTIUS. Plato La- tinus, volumen II. Phaedo. Interprete Henrico Aristippo. xix+156 p., 3 pls. London, Warburg Institute, 1950.

SCHUHL, PIERRE-MAXIME. Platon et rid&e d'exploration pharmacodynamique. Journal de Psychologie normale et pathologique 279-81,

1950.

Apropos of Plato's curious regulations concerning the use of wine at different ages, as explained in Laws. G. S.

4th CENTURY B.C. -second half ALLAN, D. J. Mediaeval versions of Aristotle

De caelo and of the commentary of Simplicius. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2, 82-120,

1950. [ARISTOTLE]. Aristotelis De insomniis et De

divinatione per somnum. A new edition of the Greek text with the Latin translations by H. J. Drossart Lulofs. i. Preface, Greek text. 2.

Translations; Index verborum. lXvXiii+24 p. (Philosophia antiqua 11; Z, 2). Leiden, Brill, 1947.

[ARISTOTLE]. La Metafisica. Tradotta da Pietro Eusebietti. Con una introduzione storica analitica e filosofica a cura di Emilio Oggioni. 717 p. Padova, Cedam, 1950.

BADAWI, 'ABDURRAHMAN. Aristu 'inda-l- 'Arab. Dirasah wanusus gayr manshiirah. 72-

340 p. Cairo, Maktabah an-Nahlah, 1947.

CRESSON, ANDRE. Epicure, sa vie, son oeuvre, avec un expose de sa philosophie. II0 p. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1947.

DRABKIN, ISRAEL E. Aristotle's wheel: notes on the history of a paradox. Osiris 9, I62-98, 8 figs., 1950.

HONIGMANN, ERNEST. The lost end of Me- nander's Epitrepontes. 43 p. Academie Royale de Belgique, Cl. des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques, M6moires, 46, fasc. 2,

1950.

JANSSENS, EMILE. Apropos du "poumon ma- rin" de Pytheas. Ille CongrHs National des Sciences, 14-15, Bruxelles 1950.

MINIO-PALUELLO, L. Les trois redactions de la traduction medievale greco-latine du Dc generatione et corruptione d'Aristote. Rev. philos. de Louvain 48, 247-59, 1950.



ist Century B.C. - 4th Century 3II

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. Aristotle as poet. Practica, Academy of Athens, 249-53, 1950 (in Greek with summary in French). Aristotle's poetical feeling is most obvious in the

Dc mundo which is very elegantly written. He wrote that treatise probably in Mytilene for Alexandre; it was probably also in that island that he wrote his poems. G. S.

3rd CENTURY B.C. -- whole and first half

ARCHIBALD, R. C. The first translation of Euclid's Elements into English and its source. American Mathematical Monthly 57, 443-52, 1950.

ITARD, JEAN. Quelques remarques sur les methodes infinit6simales chez Eucide et Archimede. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 210-13, 1950.

lst CENTIRY B.C. - whole and first half

BAILEY, CYRIL. Lucretius. (Annual lecture on a master mind Henriette Hertz Trust of the British Academy.) 20 p. Proceedings of the British Academy 35, 1949.

"The mind of Lucretius is in the main not logical but visual. He saw his argument not as a series of abstract propositions, but as a succession of concrete pictures. The two elements which are characteristic of Lucretius' thought, the ardour of conviction and the mental visualization, are also the mainsprings of his poetry." C. W. A.

MERLAN, PHILIP. Lucretius, primitivist or progressivist? Journal of the History of Ideas II, 364-68, 1950.

RUDBERG, STIG Y. On a non-existent Cleo- medes manuscript. Eranos 45, 8o, Upsala 1947.

Apropos of MS Vat. 1605, archetype of all the Heron MSS preserved; contains only Heron's text not Cleomedes. G. S.

SBORDONE, FRANCESCO. Philodemi ad- versus (Sophistas]. E papyro Herculanensi

o005 in lucem protulit. xv+i83 p. Naples, Loffredo, 1947. The author of this text, Philodemos of Gadara (in

Palestine) was an Epicurean philosopher, contemporary of Cicero. G. S.

2nd CENTURY - whole and first half

LAW, BIMALA CHURN. A?vaghoa. ix+92 p. (Royal Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Monograph Series, z). Calcutta, 1946.

LEJEUNE, ALBERT F. Trois manuscrits de l'optique de Ptol6m6e descendants du Vat. Lat. 2975. Scriptorium 4, z8-27, 1950.

THAER, C. Eine sphMrische Cosinusaufgabe bei Ptolemius. Der mathematische und naturwissenschaftliche Unterricht 3, 78-80, 1950/5I.

ZINNER, ERNST. Cl. Ptolemaeus und das Astrolab. Isis 4z, 286-87, 1950.

2nd CENLURY - second hall

LEEMANS, E. A. Studie over den wijsgeer Numenius van Apamea met uitgave der frag- menten. iii+174 p. (Acad. Royale de Belgique, C. des Lettres, Me'moires 37), 1937.

McKINNEY, LOREN C. Query no. 127. The third printing of Galen's Opera omnia, I5II or 1513? Isis 4z, 199-201, 1950.

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. The Onomasticon of Pollux. Praetica, Academy of Athens, 247-51 (in Greek with summary in French), 1950.

The epistles prefixed to each of the ten books of the Onomasticon were addressed by Pollux to the imperial prince, Commodus, whom he was tutoring. WALZER, RICHARD. Galen on Jews and

Christians. 3+101 P. (Oxford Classical and Philosophical Monographs). Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1949.

Reviewed by G. Levi Della Vida, lournal of the American Oriental Society 70, I82-87, 1950.

3rd CENTURY - whole and first hawf

GUARAUD, 0. Note preliminaire sur les papyrus d'Origene d6couverts k Toura. Revue d'Histoire des Religions z3z, 85-I08, 5 pls., I946.

LAMOTTE, ETIENNE. Le trait6 de la grande vertu de sagesse de Nagarjuna (Mahdprajin- pdramitdgdstra). Tome I, chapitres I-XV, premiere partie (traduction annot6e). xxxii+ 620 p. Tome II, chapitres XVI-XXX. xxii+ 498 p. (BibliothAque du Museon, z8). Lou- vain, Bureaux du Mus6on, I944.

See Introd. (z, 316). Reviewed by Johannes Rah- der, Journal of the American Oriental Society 70, 124-26, 1950.

3rd CENTURY - second halt

HENRY, PAUL (S.J.). Etudes Plotiniennes, t. 2: Les manuscrits des Enneades. 400 p., 2nd ed. revue. (Museum Lessianum). Bruges, De Brouwer, I948.

[PLOTINOS]. Plotini opera. Tomus i, Por- phyrii vita Plotini, Enneades I-III. Edited by Paul Henry and Hans-Rudolf Schwyzer. lviii+420 p. (Museum Lessianum, seine phi- losophique no. 33). Bruges, De Brouwer, 195I.

ZUCKER, FRIEDRICH. Plotin und Lykopolis. 20 p. (Sitzungsberichte der Deutschen Akad- emie der Wissenschaften su Berlin, Kl. fur Sprachen I). Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 1950.

4th CENTURY- second halt

KEENAN, MARY EMILY. De professione Christiana and De perfectione. A study of the ascetical doctrine of Saint Gregory of Nyssa. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, no. 5, I67- 207, 1950.



312 sth Century - 8th Century

LIEBENTHAL, WALTER. Shih Hui-yuan's Buddhism as set forth in his writings. Jour- nal of the American Oriental Society 70, 243-59, 1950-

Apropos of Hui-yiian (Introd. I, 364). ROME, ADOLPHE. En marge du sixiSme livre

de Th6on d'Alexandrie. IIIe Congres National des Sciences, 2I-23, Bruxelles I950.

5th CENTURY -whole and first half

CHADWICK, W. OWEN. John Cassian: a study in primitive monasticism. Xii+2I3 p. Cambridge, University Press, I950.

HONIGMANN, ERNEST. Juvenal of Jeru- salem. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, no. 5, 209-

79, I950. Juvenal was bishop of Jerusalem from 422 to 458.

KHALIFt, IGNACE A. (S.J.). Les traductions arabes de Marc l'Ermite. Melanges de l'Universite Saint Joseph 28, II5-224, I949-

50. LIEBENTHAL, WALTHER. The book of

Chao: a translation from the original Chinese with introduction, notes and appendices. xvi+195 p. Monumenta Serica Monograph 13. Peking, Catholic University of Peking, 1948. Essays by the Chinese monk Seng-chao (384-414).

MARROU, HENRI-IRltNAtE. Saint Augustin et Ia fin de la culture antique. xv+620 p.

(BibliothAque des Ecoles francaises d'AthAnes et de Rome, z45). Paris, de Boccard, 1938.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 41, 202-04, 1950.

SCHREK, D. J. E. Hypatia van Alexandrie (in Dutch). Euclides 2Z, I64-73, 1945-46.

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. Critical observations on Hesychios' dictionary. Practica, Academy of Athens, 238-42, 1948 (in Greek with summary in French).

WILLIS, GEOFFREY GRIMSHAW. Saint Augustine and the Donatist controversy. I98 p. London, S.P.C.K., 1950.

6th CENTURY - whole and first half

BONSER, W. Pestilences. The date of Camlann and the pestilence of the same year. Antiquity 24, 142-43, 1950.

EMERSON, WILLIAM; VAN NICE, ROBERT L. Hagia Sophia: A unique architectural achievement of the sixth century. Bulletin, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 4, 2-3, Boston, 1950.

FISCHER, KATHERINE. The Burgundian code: Liber constitutionum sive lex Gundob- dada, constitutiones extravagantes. xiii+ Io6 p. (Translation and reprints from the original sources of history published by the Dept. of History of the Univ. of Pennsylvania, 5). Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.

Edition and translation of the Lex Burgundionum (Introd. 1, 438). Reviewed by Fred A. Cazel, Jr., Spectilum 25, 598-99, 1950.

HUNT, R. W. Studies on Priscian in the twelfth century. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2, 1-56, I950.

LITTLE, GEORGE A. Brendan the navigator. An interpretation. 2nd ed. xiX+253 p., 28 pls. Dublin, Gill, I946.

PIGGOTT, STUART. Pestilences in sixth century Britain. Antiquity 24, I43-45, I950.


BONJOUR, ADRIEN. The digressions in Beowulf. xvi+8o p. (Medium Aevum Mon- ographs, 5). Oxford, Blackwell, I950.

SECKEL, DIETRICH. Further report on the H6ryulji. The present state of the murals and of their copies, and new discoveries in the H6ryfuji precinct. Etudes asiatiques 3/4, I44-6I, 3 figs., Bern I949.

Describing the conditions of the famous wall paintings after the fire, and indicating for each the extent of the damages suffered. See the elaborate study by Naito T6ichir6 (2 vols., Baltimore 1943; Isis 36, 174). G. S.

8th CENTURY -second half

ABADAL Y DE VINYALS, RAMON DE. La batalla del Adopcionismo en la desintegracion de la iglesia visigoda. Discurso leido en la recepcion piublica de D. Ramon de Abadal y de Vinyals en la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, el dia i8 de diciembre de 1949. Contestacion del Acad6mico numerario D. Jose M.' Milla's y Vallicrosa. I89 p. Barcelona, 1949.

The discourse read by D. Ramon Abadal of Vich upon the occasion of his reception in the Barce- lona Academy is an important contribution to the study of the old Visigothic church during the Muslim occupation. It concerns the lay and ecclesiastical history of Spain, but hardly the history of science, except that many of the protagonists are well known to us. The adoption controversy made considerable stir in Spain, Septimania and the Carolingian empire at the end of the eighth century. The oldest source is a treatise written in 785 by Beatus Libaniensis (VM- 2), well known to the historians of cartography. The main defenders of that heresy were two bishops, Felix de Urgel and Elipando of Toledo. Their idea was that Christ is the son of God as to his divine nature, but as to his human nature only by adoption or by name. It was condemned by Adrian (pope 772-95), who was guided mainly by Alcuin (VIII- 2) and by Paulino de Aquilea. The Felicians (as the Adoptionists came to be called) were investigated at the synods of Ratisbon 792, Francfort 794 and Aquisgran (i.e., Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle) in 799 which was the end of them. The new academician was welcomed by a gracious speech of our colleague and friend, D. Jose Ma. Millis y Vallicrosa. The lack of an index is deplorable. G. S. GANSHOF, FRANQOIS L. La revision de la

Bible par Alcuin. Bibliothique d'Humanisme et Renaissance 9, 7-20, 1947.



gth Century -.ioth Century 313


BOUYGES, MAURICE (S.J.). Nos informa- tions sur Ally . .. at-Tabariy. Me'langes de l'UniversitU Sainzt Joseph 28, 67-II4, 1949-50.

Apropos of 'All b. Sahl b. Rabban al-Tabari (In- trod. I, 574; Isis i6, 6-54). CABANISS, J. ALLEN. Agobard of Lyons.

Speculum 26, 50-76, 1951.

HACKER, PAUL. Upadeshas5hasr! von Meister Shankara. Aus dem Sanskrit iibersetzt und erlautert. 58 p. (Religionsgeschichtliche Texte, H. 2). Bonn, Rohrscheid, 1949.

Reviewed by Helmuth von Glasenapp, Oriens 3, 147, 1950. Introd. (1, 56I).

WALEY, ARTHUR. The life and times of Po Chii-i, 772-846. A.D. 238 p., frontispiece. New York, Macmillan, 1949.

"Mr. Waley gives the biographical background to the many poems of Po Chii-i that he has translated in previous books, and traces the connection between his literary career and the disturbed political life of the time. This is the first full biography of a Chinese poet to appear in English (Mrs. Ayscough's Tu Fu was rather a chronological anthrology) and the first study of life and politics in ninth-century China. Mr. Waley gives also translations in whole or in part of about a hundred poems by Po Chu-i."

9th CENTURY - second half

[RAZI]. The spiritual physick of Rhazes. Translated from the Arabic by A. J. Arberry. vi+IIo p. (The Wisdom of the East Series). London, Murray, 1950. 4S.

First translation in any language of Rizi's Spiritual physics, a treatise on popular ethics, first edited by Paul Kraus: Rhagensis Opera philosophica (Cairo 1939, p. I-96; Isis 33, 246), with an introduction.

G. S. STEINEN, WOLFRAM VON DEN. Notker der

Dichter und seine geistige Welt. 228 p., 5 pl. Bern, Francke, 1948.


BLAKE, ROBERT P.; FRYE, RICHARD N. Notes on the Risala of ibn-Fadlan. Byzantina Metabyzantina z, part 2, 7-37, 1949.

FACKENHEIM, EMIL L. al-Farabi. His life, times and thought. On the occasion of the millenary anniversary of his death. Middle Eastern Affairs, 2, 54-59, New York 1951.

LUI-PROVENQAL, E.; GARCIA GOMEZ, EMILIO. Una cr6nica anonima de 'Abd al- Rahman III al-Niair. Editada por primera vez y traducida, con introduccion, notas e indices. I76 p., pls. Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto Miguel Asin, 1950.

Arabic text with Spanish translation of a new chronicle concerning the great Umayyad caliph 'Abd al-Rahmin III (ruled 9I2-6I); the MS was obtained in Fez a few years ago and concerns the beginning of his rule (912-29). The chronicle deals only with political and military matters; it is very wcll annotated and indexed. G. S.

NEUMAN, ABRAHAM A. Josippon: history and pietism. Alexander Marx Jubilee Volume i, 637-67, 1950.

About the Sefer Yosippon see Introd. (3, 1451, I864). "The historic Josephus was displaced by an unknown Hebrew author under the guise of Josip- pon, who readily found his way into the hearts of his people. Whereas Josephus, neglected or rejected by the Jews, was welcomed into the bosom of the Church, the pseudo-Josephus received the adulation of his people as patriot and hero, as a sage and a man of God."


[CONSTANTINOS VII PORPHYROGEN- NETOS]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus De administrando imperio. Greek text edited by Gy. Moravcsik. English translation by R. J. H. Jenkins. 347 p. Budapest, Pizminy Peter Tudomanyegyetemi Gor6g Filol6giai Int6zet, 1I949.

This text was compiled by Constantinos VII (905- 59, emperor 945-59; Introd. z, 656) between the years 948-52 for his son Romanos in order to teach him the art of government. "The preface divides it into four sections: the first, a key to foreign policy in the most dangerous and complicated area of the contemporary political scene, the area of the 'north- erners and Scythians'; the second, a lesson in the diplomacy to be pursued in dealing with the nations of this same area; the third and longest, a comprehensive historical and geographical survey of most of thc nations surrounding the empire, starting with the Saracens to the south-cast, fetching a compass round the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and ending with the Armenian states on the eastern frontier; the fourth, a summary of recent internal history, politics and organization, within the borders of the empire. Upon the whole, these divisions are adhered to in the text as we have it." The emperor wrote but little of it himself; the book is a collection of documents, put together for his son's confidential use. The Byzan- tine renaissance has often been ascribed to Michael Psellos (XI-2), but the honor should be given rather to Constantinos, who was a founder of libraries and a patron of the arts. It has been said that he was deeply versed in classical learning, yet the present volume does not give much evidence of that, for his references to ancient authors are not very numerous or very important. This is a very careful and convenient edition of an outstanding Byzantine text.

G. S.

FtYCK, J. W. The Arabic literature on alchemy according to an-Nadim (A.D. 987). A translation of the tenth discourse of The book of the catalogue (al-Fihrist) with introduction and commentary. Ambix 4, 81-144, 1951.

The alchemical books enumerated in the Fihrist al-'tilim (Introd. i, 66z). G. S.

SARTON, GEORGE. Answer to Query no. II7. Is Buzurg's description of the phosphorescent sea c. 953 the first of its kind? Isis 41, 198, 1950.

SBATH, PAUL. Abrege sur les aromes par Sahlan ibn Kaissan, medecin chretien melchite 6gyptien du Calife al-Aziz, mort en ggo. Dedie



3I4 iith Century - 12th Century

au Dr. Max Meyerhof i l'occasion de son jubile. Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte 26, I83-213, 1943-44.

TRITTON, A. S. Folklore in Islam. Muslim World 40, I67-75, 1950.

Apropos of the 'Ilal of Muhammad ibn 'All ibn Bibiiya (Introd. *, 656).


ANAWATI, G. C. Essai de bibliographie avicen- nienne. 20 p. in French, 435 p. in Arabic. Cairo, Dar al-Maaref, I950.

Elaborate bibliography of the Avicennian MSS, prepared with considerable care. Much of the work was done in Istanbul, for Y4 of all existing MSS, some 1500, are kept in 56 Istanbul libraries. The Avicennian works, many of which are still unpublished, are classified according to the Taqsim al- 'ulum written by Ibn Sin! himself. The author (whose name we would spell Qanawiti) says that Ibn Sina was born in 373 (in the Arabic text) or in 375 (in the French text) but neither of these dates tally with the date selected for the millenary festival, 1950-51, which corresponds to the birthyear 370 (=980) as in my Introd. (1, 709). If Ibn Sind was born in 375 (=985) then his millenary could be celebrated only in 1375 (= 1955-56). Photographs or microfilms of all the MSS have been gathered in Cairo. The whole book is printed in Arabic, except the pages 334-5 containing the Western bibliography; the three prefaces are translated into French. It should be noted that the critical study of the MSS of each work remains to be done. In the meanwhile, Mile. d'Alverny is investigating the Latin Avicen- nian texts. G. S. ARBERRY, A. J. The biography of Shaikh

Abul Ishaq al-Kazarfini, 963-I033. Oriens 3, I63-82, 1950.

MARSHALL, 0. S. Alhazen and the telescope. 8 p. Leaflet no. 25I. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, February I950.

REDDY, D. V. S. A note on "carucarya" of Bhoja. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, I87-89, I950.

"Carucarya, a Sanskrit poetical treatise describing the daily regimen of a 'Healthy and aesthetic way of living' as in some of our modern 'Guides to personal hygiene,' has not been adequately noticed or studied by Sanskrit scholars or Ayurvedic pandits. The author of the work is Bhoia or Bhoja Rija. This work should not be confused with, or mistaken for, other poetical treatises, of the same name, in Sanskrit literature." There was a Bhoia raja, king of Malava, who resided at Dhara (now Dhar) and Ujjayini (Ujjain) in the early part of the eleventh century but was he the author of the Carucarya? G. S. TERRASSE, HENRI. Un tournant de l'histoire

musulmane: le XIe siecle en Berberie d'aprbs un livre recent. Hesperis 34, 305-38, I947.

Apropos of G. Marqais (1946).


ANSELM, ST. S. Anselmi Cantuariensis Archie- piscopi Opera Omnia. Vol. IV edited by F. S. Schmitt. 232 p. London, Nelson, I950.

IUSHKEVICH, A. P. Omar Khayyam and his "algebra." Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 499-534 (in Russian), 1948.

SARRAF, AHMAD IH.AMID A-. Omar Yhay- yam, the philosopher, astronomer of Naisabur, his life, works, and Rubaiyat, written and translated. 2nd edition. 304 p. (in Arabic). Baghdad, al-Shaab Press, I949.


CROYDON, F. E. Abbot Laurence of West- minster and Hugh of St. Victor. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2, I69-7I, I950.

DANIEL, WALTER. The life of Ailred of Rievaulx. Translated from the Latin with introduction and notes by F. M. Powicke. 8o p. London, Nelson, 1950.

DUFRENOY, MARIE-LOUISE; DUFRENOY, JEAN. Researches inspired from the Middle- East, from the time of the Middle Ages. Com pt. rend., Ve Cong. Intern. Pathologie Comparee, I58-63, Istanbul I949.

Apropos of Adelard of Bath (XII-i), Introd. 2,

I 67-69.

GHELLINCK, JOSEPH DE (I872-I950). L'Essor de la litterature latine au XIIe siecle. 2 vols. (Museum Lessianum, Section historique, nos. 4-5). Bruges, De Tempel, I946.


GHELLINCK, JOSEPH DE (S.J.). Le mouve- ment theologique du XIIe siecle. La preparation lointaine, avant et autour de Pierre Lombard, ses rapports avec les initiatives des Canonistes. Etudes, recherches et documents. Deuxieme edition. xvi+594 p. (Mu- seum Lessianum, Section historique n? Io). Bruges, De Tempel, I948.


HUNT, R. W. Stephen of Antioch. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2, I72-73, I950.

MIEROW, CHARLES CHRISTOPHER. Bishop Otto of Freising: historian and man. Transactions and Proceedings of the Ameri- can Philological Association 8o, 393-402, 7949.

MILLAS-VALLICROSA, J. M. Encore une note sur "Abrahismus." Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 856-58, I950.

PEDRO ALFONSO. Disciplina clericalis. Edi- cion y traduccion del texto latino por Angel Gonzilez Palencia. x1+238 p. Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, I948.

Reviewed by A. R. Nykl, Hispanic Review z8, 265-66, 1950. ROSENTHAL, FRANZ. al-Asturllb! and as-

Samaw'al on scientific progress. Osiris 9, 555-64, 1950.



12th Century (second half) 315

TATLOCK, J. S. P. The legendary history of Britain; Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae and its early vernacular versions. xi+545 p. Berkeley, University of California Press, I950.


ALONSO, MANUEL (S.I.). Teologia de Averroes (Estudios y documentos). 384 p. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Instituto Miguel Asin, Madrid 1947.

AVERROES. Corpvs commentariorvm Averrois in Aristotelem. Consilio et avspiciis Academiae Americanae Mediaevalis adivvantibvs Vnitis Academiis. Ediderunt Henricvs Avstryn Wolf- son, David Baneth, Franciscvs Howard Fobes. Versionum Latinarum, volvmen VII. Averrois Cordvbensis compendia librorvm Aristotelis qvi Parva Natvralia vocantvr. Recensvit Aemilia Ledyard Shields. Adivvante Henrico Blvmberg. XXXiV+276 p. Cambridge, Mass., Mediaeval Academy of America, I949.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 45, 306-07, 1950. BLENNER-HASSETT, ROLAND. A study of

the place-names in Lawman's Brut. 77 p. (Stanford University Publications, University Series, Language and Literature, 9). Stanford, Cal., Stanford University Press, 1950. $1.00.

For the Brut of Lawman (or Layamon) see In- trod. (2, 453). "The main purpose and principal result of this study is to permit the more accurate interpretation of a really difficult ME text in which geography plays an important role. But the usefulness of such a study can extend far beyond this literary-linguistic boundary. The modern historian, ethnologist and archaeologist are becoming increasingly aware of the importance to their researches of this newest branch of philological activity. One has but to read Hodgkin's History of the Anglo-Saxons to see what excellent use has been made of modern English place-name study. In the case of Lawman, such an investigation has the added interest of shed- ding light on the relations between his so-called Brut and its immediate sources, Wace's Brut and Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniac and, to a lesser extent, the more remote Historia Brittonum of Nennius. The text of Lawman's Brut contains about 325 different names of places, peoples and derived adjectives. Dealing as it does inter alia with the 'whole life' of Arthur, it ranges geographically from Ireland to Asia Minor and from Iceland to North Africa, thus presenting a representative picture of the state of the geographical knowledge in England in the second half of the twelfth century." BOKSER, BEN ZION. The legacy of

Maimonides. ix+I 28 p., frontispiece. New York, Philosophical Library, I950. $3.75. "The study here presented is an attempt to portray

the inner system of ideas which informs the varied writings of Maimonides. It is hased primarily on the Gtide to the Perplexed, but his other works were consulted as well. A philosopher remains a philosopher even in his unguarded moments, and relevant philosophical material appears throughout his writings. They were all drawn upon for whatever light they could shed on the Maimonidean world outlook.

The author, Dr Ben Zion Bokser has lectured in theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary. For the last fifteen years he has been rabbi at the Forest Hills Jewish Center, Forest Hills, N. Y. He is the author of Pharisaic Judaism in Transition.

DEAN, RUTH J. Unnoticed commentaries on the Dissuasio Valerii of Walter Map. Medi- aeval and Renaissance Studies 2, I28-50, I950.

GANDZ, SOLOMON. The astronomy of Maimonides and its sources. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 835-55, 1I950.

HALKIN, A. S. Ibn 'Aqnln's commentary on the Song of songs. Alexander Marx Jubiee Volume i, 389-424, I950.

HUNT, RICHARD W. Hugutio and Petrus Helias. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2,

I74-76, I950.

KELLY, AMY. Eleanor of Aquitaine and the four kings. xii+43I p., II ills., map. Cam- bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1950.

Reviewed by Loren C. MacKinney, Speculu{m 26, x66-7o, 1951.

LAOUST, HENRI. Le pr6cis de droit d'Ibn Qudima. 1x+342 p. (Publications de l'In- stitut franVais de Damas). Beyrouth, 1950.

Translation of the Kitab al-'umda fi ahk tm al-fiqh of Muwaffaq al-din ibn Qudima (1146-1223).

LIEBESCHOUTZ, HANS. Mediaeval humanism in the life and writings of John of Salisbury. 126 p. (Studies of the Warburg Institute, 17).

London, Warburg Institute, 1950.

[MAIMONIDES]. The Code of Maimonides. Book nine. The Book of Offerings. Trans- lated from the Hebrew by Herbert Danby. xXi+236 p. (Yale Judaica Series, 4). New Haven, Yale University Press, 1950. $3.50.

Two volumes of this translation have already appeared, Book 13, The Book of Civil Laws (I949; Isis 41, 6I) and Book 14, The Book of judges (1949; Isis 41, 337). The present volume contains The Book of Offerings, which consists of six treatises: Laws concerning Passover Offering, Laws concerning the Festal Offering, Laws concerning Firstlings, Laws concerning Offerings for Transgressions Com- mitted through Error, Laws concerning Those Whose Atonement is Not Complete, Laws concerning Sub- stituted Offerings. Those offerings are first described which must be brought at specified times in the year. A further scheme in the sequence would seem to be that of giving precedence to what is of concern to the greater number. Thus every Israelite, male or female, was bound to keep the Passover, whereas no obligation to bring the festal offerings rested on women and bondsmen; and only the class which owned flocks and herds was affected by the laws of firstlings and tithe of cattle. The subject of the fourth treatise concerned only an indefinite number of persons at uncertain times, while only four groups of persons formed the subject of the fifth treatise. The last treatise is of the nature of an appendix and applies only to those who would replace what they had already dedicated by something of, probably, less worth. Herbert Danby is Regius of Hebrew and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. G. S.



3 I I2th Century (2nd half) - I3th Century MOLERO, FRANCISCO X. RODRIGUES

(S.J.). Originalidad y estilo de la anatomia de Averroes. Al-Andalus 15, 47-63, 1950.

PE1RUELA, J. M. (S.J.). "Die Goldene" des ibn al-Mun&aif. Ein Beitrag zur medizinisch- arabischen Lexikographie und zur Geschichte der spanisch-arabischen Literatur im Zeitalter der Almohaden. xix+x84 p. (Scripta Pon- tificii Instituti Biblici). Rome, Papstliches Bibelinstitut, 194I.

Ibn al-Munisif was called Abi 'Abdallah Muham- mad ibn Isa ai-Azdi al-Qurtubi. His ancestors had flourished in Cordova and distinguished themselves as judges. He was born in Tunis or in Mahdlya, in iI68; he lived in Tunis, Tlemcen, was qad4 in Va- lencia and Murcia, he was in his ancestral home Cordova only a short time (c. 1217) and died in Marrakush in 1223. His Mudhhaba fi nazm al-.ifit min al-hula wal-shiydt here edited, translated into Gcrman, and commented upon was composed before 1194. The first part of that work on physiognomy called khalq al-insan is an anatomical lexicon in verse! The editor has added glossaries of terms in Arabic, other Semitic languages, Latin and Greek. His work may be considered a complement to that of Adolf Fonahn (1922; Isis 5, 170-72) (Brockel- mann I, 497; not in Intl-od.). G. S. REEVES, MARJORIE E. The Liber figurarum

of Joachim of Fiore. Mediaeval and Renais- sance Studies 2, 57-8I, I950.

ROTH, LEON. The Guide for the Perplexed: Moses Maimonides. I4I p. (Hutchinson's University Library). New York, Longmans, Green, I950.

Reviewed by Jacob I. Dienstag, Speculum 26, 20I-

o6, I195I.

VERNET, JOAN. Averroes, medico. Revista Las Ciencias 15, I93-99, Madrid I950.

VERNET, JOAN. Un tractat d'obstetricia astrologica. Boletin de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, 22 69-96, I949.

Notes derived from MSS of Ahmad ibn Yiisuf Ibn al-Kammad, a Spanish or Moroccan astronomer who had been left out of my Introd. (vol. 2) because of chronological uncertainties (see vol. 3, 1514). One text is given in Latin and Catalan, the other in Catalan only. G. S.

WALKER, CURTIS HOWE. Eleanor of Aquitaine. XiV+274 p., ill. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, I950.

Reviewed by A. C. Krey, American Historical Re- t'iew 56, 84-87, 1950.


CROMBIE, A. C. Theory & experiment in the science of Robert Grosseteste. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science I, 86, 1950.

DONOVAN, JOSEPH P. Pelagius and the fifth Crusade. ix+I24 p. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, I950. $2.50.

This is one of the Crusade studies inspired by the late Prof. La Monte. It is devoted to the dismal Fifth Crusade and particularly to the Benedictine Pelagius,

who became a Cardinal Deacon in I206 and Cardi- nal Bishop of Albano in 1213, and died at Monte Cassino in 1230. This monograph concerns the historian of politics, lay and ecclesiastical, not the historian of science. G. S.

MURAYAMA, S. Vber die Inschrift auf dem "Stein des Cingis." Oriens 3, I08-12, 2 plS., 1950.

The oldest monument of the Mongolian language in Uighur-Mongolian script dated 1225, engraved on the monument of Chingiz Khan (Introd. 2, 6o8-io) discovered in NE Mongolia in I8i8.

SHANNON, ALBERT CLEMENT. The popes and heresy in the thirteenth century. ix+ 148 p. Villanova, Pa., Augustinian Press, I949.


CAPPELLINI, ICILIO. I medici Fiorentini alla battaglia di Montaperti (4 settembre I260). Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 42, I5-50, 3 figs., 1950.

DIEZ, ERNST. The zodiac reliefs at the portal of the Gok Medrese in Siwas. Artibus Asiae 12, 99-I04, 4 figs., I949.

EDEN, W. A. St. Thomas Aquinas and Vitru- vius. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2,

I83-85, I950.

GOODRICH, L. CARRINGTON. A bronze block for the printing of Chinese paper cur- rency (ca. I287). American Numismatic So- ciety Museum Notes 4, I27-30, 3 pls., 1950.

GOROSCH, MAX. El fuero de Teruel. 667 p. (Leges Hispanicae medii aevii, I). Stockholm, I950.

This first volume of the collection of Spanish Mediaeval Laws edited by Gunnar Tilander, Profes- sor of Romance languages at the University of Stock- holm, is devoted to the Fuero of Teruel (E. Spain), which is one of the most ancient and the most elaborate. This first edition has been prepared with considerable care by one of Tilander's disciples, Max Gorosch. The critical text covers p. 94-398 and includes no less than 789 articles. It is preceded by a long philological introduction, by indices, a summary (p. 432-33), vocabulary, proper names, Latin glossary. It would be interesting to find out whether Arabic influences (words and things) can be detected in it. G. S.

GRABMANN, MARTIN. Guiglielmo di Moer- beke 0. P., il traduttore delle opere di Aris- totele. xi+I94 p. (Miscellanea Historiae Pontificiae, II, Collectionis n. 20. I Papi del Duecento e l'Aristotelismo 2). Roma, Pon- tificia Universita Gregoriana, I946.

GRABMANN, MARTIN. Die theologische Erkenntnis- und Einleitungslehre des heiligen Thomas von Aquin auf Grund seiner Schrift In Boethium de Trinitate. Im Zusammenhand der Scholastik des I3. und beginnenden I4.

Jahrhunderts dargestellt. xv+392 p. (Thom- istische Studien, 4). Freiburg i. d. Schweiz, Paulus-Verlag, I948.



i3th Century (2nd half) - 14th Century 317

GUERRERO LOVILLO, JOSP,. Las cintigas; estudio arqueologico de sus miniaturas y arqueologia. 435 p., 2I2 pIs. Madrid, Insti- tuto Diego Velizquez de Arte, 1949.

HAENISCH, ERICH. Zu den Briefen der mongolischen Il-Khane Argun und (ljeitU an den Konig Philipp den Schonen von Frank- reich (I289 U. I305). Oriens 2, 2I6-35, 2 pIs., '949.

HARTNER, WILLY. The astronomical instruments of Cha-ma-lu-ting, their identification, and their relations to the instruments of the Observatory of Maragha. Isis 41, I84-94, 1950.

MORGAN, BAYARD QUINCY; STROTH- MANN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. Middle high German translation of the Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas. Edited with a Latin-German and a German-Latin glossary. 400 p., frontispiece. (Stanford University Publications, University Series, Language and Literature, 8). Stanford University Press, 1950. $4.00.

Very careful edition of a German translation of the Summa Thcologica, based upon a single MS written in the Weingarten abbey in the fourteenth century and now kept in Stuttgart (the MS was wrongly entitled Liber germanicus D. Thomas contra Gen- tiles). Its linguistic importance is great, comparable to that of the OHG translation of Boetius; it shows that much of the vocabulary usc( by Luther in his Bible translation was already available more than a century before his time. The OHG and Latin text are printed on opposite pages, annotated and followed by elaborate Latin-German and German-Latin glossaries. G. S. MtILLER, FRANZ WALTER. Der Rosen-

roman und der lateinische Averroismus des I3. Jahrhunderts. 47 p. Frankfurt a.M., Klostermann, I947.

MUROZ SENDINO, JOS&. La escala de Mahoma. Traduccion del irabe al castellano, latin y frances, ordenada por Alfonso X el Sabio. Edicion, introduccion y notas. xxv- 56i p., 3 pls. Madrid, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Direcci6n general de relaciones culturales, I949.


OLSCHKI, L. Poh-lo: une question d'onom- atologic chinoise. Oriens 3, I83-89, 1950.

"Quoi qu'il en soit, ces remarques ne sont pas sans aboutir a quelque conclusion. En premier lieu elles auront scrvi 'a avertir les savants engages 'a la recherche de Marco Polo dans la jungle des documents chinois (le l'epoque mongole qu'ils sont - et ont toujours ete -sur une fausse piste. La fascination de ce grand nom les a menes 'a Bolod aqa, un pur mongol. Elle pourrait meme les mcttrc cn presence d'un autre Po-lo qui fut decapite, en 1330, pour avoir pratique la magie noire et sacrifie 'a la Grande Ourse." TILANDER, GUNNAR. Traduction anglaise

de Dancus. Studia Neophilologica 22, 196- 207, Uppsala 1950.

The Boke of Saint Albans printed in 1486 includes among other things an English translation of many

of the recipes given in the famous treatise on falconry ascribed to "King Dancus." Prof. Tilander will soon edit an early Spanish version of the same treatise as well as the Latin text. His present article shows in opposite columns extracts from the Latin text and the English version given in the Boke of St Albans. For more information on King Dancus, see Introd. (2, 1071, 779; 3, 231, iI85). G. S. VAN STEENBERGHEN, FERNAND. Les

oeuvres et la doctrine de Siger de Brabant. 195 p. (Acad. Royale de Belgique, Cl. des Lettres, Mimoires, 39), 1938.

VERNET GIN1S, JOAN. Dos notas sobre historia de la astronomia arabe. Vrania, nusm. 220, 5 p., Tarragona, 1949.

Two astronomical notes, mainly derived from the Kitab minhaj al-tilib of Ibn al-Banna' (XIII-2), the first on the origin of the era of Alexander the Great, the second on the equation of time. G. S. WAGNER, HENRY R. Marco Polo's narrative

becomes propaganda to inspire Colon. Irnago Mundi 6, 3-13, I949.

WEBB, CLEMENT C. J. Some notes on the problem of Siger. Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 2, I21-27, I950.

Apropos of Siger of Brabant (Introd. 2, 945).

14th CENTURY -whole and first half ABANO, PIETRO D'. Il trattato De venenis

commentato ed illustrato dal Alberigo Bene- dicenti. Firenze, Olschki, I949.

ARNAKIS, G. GEORGIADES. Gregory Pala- mas among the Turks and documents of his captivity as historical sources. Speculum 26, I04-I8, 1951.

CLAGETT, MARSHALL. Richard Swineshead and late medieval physics. I. The intension and remission of qualities. Osiris 9, I3i-6I, I950.

CLEAVES, FRANCIS WOODMAN. The Sino- Mongolian inscription of I335 in memory of Chang Ying-jui. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies z3, I-I3I, 35 pls., 1950.

DEDERING, SVEN (editor). Das biogra- phische Lexikon des $alahaddin Khalil ibn Aibak a~-$afadl. Teil 2. 406 p. (Bibliotheca Islamica 6b). Istanbul, Milli Egitim Basimevi, 1I949.

Rcviewed by C. Brockelmann, Oriens 3, 123-24, 1950. Continuation of the edition of the biographical dictionary of al-$afad; (XIV-i, Introd. 3, 959- 6i). EDWARDS, KATHLEEN. The English secular

cathedrals in the Middle Ages; a constitutional study with special reference to the fourteenth century. xv+415 p. (Publications of the Uni- versity of Manchester, 3o0; Historical Series 82). Manchester University Press, I949.

GASPARRINI LEPORACE, TULLIA. Un in- c(lito erbario farmaceutico del trecento. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 42, 51-72, 7 figs., I950.

Illustrated vellum MS of thc University of Pavia, Aldini 21 1, of the fourteenth century.



3I8 14th Century

HEYMAN, HARALD J. Suno Karoli de Suecia och de f6rsta Forelasningarna i astronomi vid Paris Universitet. Lychnos 2 I2-I6, 1948-49. Apropos of the Swedish astronomer Suno (Introd.

3, 679). HUGENHOLTZ, F. W. N. Drie Boerenopstanden

uit de veertiende eeuw: Vlaanderen, I323-I328; Frankrijk, 1358; Engeland, 138I. Onderzoek naar het opstandig bewustzijn. Haarlem, Wil- link, 1949.

Three peasant revolts in Flanders 1323-28, France 1358, England 138I.

LOUCKER, MARIA ALBERTA. Meister Eckhart und die Devotio moderna. viii+175 P. (Stu- dien und Texte zum Geistegeschichte des Mit- telalters, I). Leiden, Brill, 1950.

MAIER, ANNELIESE. Die Vorlaufer Galileis im 14. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Naturphiloso- phie der Spdtscholastik. 307 p. Roma, Storia e Letteratura, 1949.

Reviewed by E. J. Dijksterhuis, Isis 41, 207-10, 1950.

MARTINOVITCH, NICHOLAS N. Die verlo- rene Handschrift von Rashid ad-din. Artibus Asiae 5, 213-21, 1935.

MOGENET, JOSEPH. Les deux traites sur Pas- trolabe de Nicephore Gregoras. IlIe Congr&s National des Sciences, 25-26, Bruxelles 1950.

OLSCHKI, LEONARDO. Mohammedan escha- tology and Dante's other world. Comparative Literature 3, 1-17, 1951.

PETRARCA, FRANCESCO. Invective contra medicum: testo latino e volgarizzamento di Ser Domenico Silvestri. Edizione critica a cura di Pier Giorgio Ricci. Roma, Storia e Letteratura, 1I950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Introduction to the history of science. Volume III. Science and learning in the fourteenth century. xxxvi+IoI8 p.; xiv+1138 p. (Carnegie Institution publication no. 376). Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1948. Reviewed by Leo Bagrow, Imago Mundi 6, IOI-

02, 1949; by H. Engel, The Amste-dam Naturalist r, 54, 1950; Vakblad voor Biologen 30, 130, Amster- dam 1950; Centaurus I, 176-77, 1950; Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde no. 49, p. 3558, I950; by Milton V. Anastos, Church History 59, 134, 1950; by Eduard Fueter, Zeitschrift fur schweizerische Geschichte 30, 313, I950; by Johan Nordstr6m, Lychnos, 242-45, 1948-49; by Q. Vetter, tasopis pro pestovani matematiky a fysiky 752 D 335, 1950; by R. 0. Winstedt, Journal of the Royal Asiatic So- ciety 207, 1950. Elaborate review in Arabic by 'Umar Farriikh in the Journal of the Arabic Academy of Damascus (vol. 26, i, p. 101-13, I95I). TAESCHNER, FRANZ. Der anatolische Dichter

Nasirl (um 1300) und sein Futuvvetname, mit Beitragen von Wilhelm Schumacher. iOO, 64 p. (Abhandl. fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 29). Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1944.

Reviewed by H. Ritter, Oriens 3, 145, 1950. Ap- ropos of the Futuwwet-name see Introd. (3, 154).

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Peter of Modena again. Isis 41, I96, 1950.

TURYN, ALEXANDER. The Sophocles recension of Manuel Moschopulus. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Asso- ciation 80, 94-I73, I949.

Several Byzantine recensions of Sophocles are identified separately as those of Manuel Moschopulos, Maximos Planudes, Thomas Magistros, and Deme- trios Triclinios. The Moschopulean recension is analyzed systematically, and its characteristic readings are recorded. A list of Moschopulean manuscripts of Sophocles is presented. WILKINS, ERNEST H. A general survey of

renaissance Petrarchism. Comparative Litera- ture 2, 327-42, 1950.


APEL, WILLI (editor). French secular music of the late fourteenth century. With foreword by Paul Hindemith. (Edition of the literary texts by Robert W. Linker and Urban T. Holmes, Jr.). Cambridge, Mass., Mediaeval Academy of America, 1950.

ARDERNE, JOHN. John of Arderne and cancer of the rectum. Cancer 3, 567-70, facs., 1950.

Partial reproduction of MS and English text from D'Arcy Power's edition of I9I0 with note by Dr J. D. H. Widdess (Introd. 3, 1700-1704). G. S. BONET, HONORt (c. 1340-C. 1407). The Tree

of battles. An English version with introduction by G. W. Coopland. With a hitherto unpublished historical interpolation. 316 p., frontispiece. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1949.

Reviewed by G. Sarton, Isis 41, 207, 1950.

BRODIN, GOSTA. Agnus Castus. A middle English herbal reconstructed from various manuscripts. Edited with introduction, notes, and glossary. 329 p. (The English Institute of the University of Upsala, Essays and Studies on English Language and Literature, 6). Up- sala, Lundequist, 1950.

Excellent study undertaken under the direction of Prof. Sten Bodvar Liliegren of Uppsala. It is a pity it did not appear before, because Agnus castus ought to have been included in my Introduction; it is an important document concerning botanical knowledge in England at the end of the fourteenth century. The original Latin text was written in England; it was soon translated into English and even into Welsh. No MS is complete but the main English MS Stock- holm X go was written c. 1425 in Norfolk. It is a herbal, wherein 248 plants are arranged in alpha- betical order (A through S, not further). The title is the name of the first plant dealt with Agnus castus (Vitex agnus castus; the original Greek name was agnos, a willowlike tree; this was confused with hagnos, holy, chaste). The names are given in Latin and English, seldom in French; the qualities (hot, cold, etc.) and medicinal properties of each plant indicated. The leaves and the appearance of stalk, root, seed are described. There is more botany than is usual in mediaeval herbals, and this has helped the editor to identify the plants, their names being some- times misleading. The persons quoted are Hippoc- rates, Plato, Dioscorides, Galen, Isidore of Seville, Platearius. The text was popular in England; it was



14 Century (2nd half) - Isth Century 319

printed at the beginning of Blanckes' Herbal (1525) and later herbals. The author does not seem to be acquainted with Delatte's Herbarius (1936, 1938; Isis 30, 395). The ME text has been edited by him with considerable care (p. 119-205) and is followed with copious annotations. G. S. DEMPSTER, GERMAINE. A chapter of the

manuscript history of Canterbury Tales. PMLA 63, 436-84, 1948.

DEMPSTER, GERMAINE. The fifteenth-century editors of the Canterbury Tales and the problem of Tale order. PMLA 64, 1123-42,

1949.

DEMPSTER, GERMAINE. On the significance of Hengwrt's change of ink in the Merchant's tale. Modern Language Notes 325-30, May 1948.

ELDER, EARL EDGAR. A commentary on the creed of Islam: Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazan; on the creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafl. xxxii+ I89 p. (Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies, 43). New York, Columbia University Press, I950.

Edition and translation of the Sharh al-'aqd'id al-nasafiya (Introd. 3, 1462).

FRIEDENWALD, HARRY. Themon Judaeus and his work. Alexander Marx Jubilee Volume I, 343-45, I950.

About Themo Judaei see Introd. (3, 1539-40).

HAGEN, S. N. The Kensington Runic inscription. SpecUIum 25, 321-56, 2 pls., I950.

Vindication of the Kensington inscription of 1362,

now preserved in the Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington. See Introd. (3, I609oII, 1155). It is far more probable, however, I now recognize, that the inscription is a late forgery. G. S. HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. The fourteenth

century discovery of America by Antonio Zeno. Scientific Monthly 72, 24-3I, I95I.

The author shows that Zeno must have discovered Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in 1390. Zeno's very inaccurate map, when corrected for the deviations of the magnetic compass, about which he knew nothing, constitutes an excellent diagram of the lands bordering the North Atlantic. C. Z. HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. Zeno and the

cartography of Greenland. Imago Mundi 6, 15-I9, 6 figs., I949.

(KHALDON, IBNI. An Arab philosophy of history. Selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldiun of Tunis (1332-1406). Translated and arranged by Charles Issawi. xiv+Igo p. Lon- don, Murray, I950. 6s. Selections from the Muqaddama illustrating vari-

ous aspects of Ibn Khaldiin's genius. See the author's introduction or Sarton's (3, 1767-79). Strangely enough, this is almost the first presentation of Ibn Khaldiun's thought in his own words to English readers. It is very welcome and the author deserves much praise. We should praise also the editor of this excellent series Wisdom of the East of which this is the iooth volume. This generous collection was begun in 1905 by Launcelot Cranmer-Byng and S. A. Kapadia, and I gratefully remember that I owe my Oriental initiation to the early volumes, particu-

larly The burden of Isis (igio). Cranmer-Byng is now the only editor. Our best wishes for the success of this particular volume and of the whole collection. Crescat et floreat. G. S. LAWRENCE, WILLIAM WITHERLE. Chau-

cer and the Canterbury Tales. ix+I84 p. New York, Columbia University Press, 1950.

PRATT, FLETCHER. The third king. 313 p. New York, Sloane, 1950.

Reviewed by Waldemar Westergaard, American Historical Review 55, 96i, 1950. Biography of Val- demar IV Atterdag, king of Denmark (I1340-75).

SOMOGYI, JOSEPH. Chess and backgammon in ad-Damiri's Hayat al-hayawan. Etudes orientales a la memoire de Paul Hirschler, iOI-

io, Budapest 1949.

SOMOGYI, JOSEPH DE. Ad-Damiri's .Hayat al-hayawin. An Arabic zoological lexicon. Ositrs 9, 33-43, I950.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. The tables of Barcelona of the XIVth century. Isis 41, 283-85, I950.

UGOLINO DA MONTECATINI. Tractatus de balneis. Trascrizione, traduzione italiana, introduzione e note a cura de Michele Giuseppe Nardi. (Biblioteca della Rivista di Storia delle Scienze, 4.) Firenze, Olschki, I950.


GANDZ, SOLOMON. The calendar-reform of Pletho (c. I355-c. 1450). Its significance and its place in the history of the calendar. Osiris 9, 1I99-210, I950.

KENNEDY, E. S. A fifteenth-century planetary computer: al-Kishl's Tabaq al-Mandteq. I. Motion of the sun and moon in longitude. Isis 41, I80-83, I ill., 1950.

MERCIER, PAUL AD. La perspective normale, sa decouverte au XVe siecle. Experientia 6, 278-80, 2 ills., I950.

PRAGER, FRANK D. Brunelleschi's inventions and the "Renewal of Roman masonry work." Osiris 9, 457-554, I3 figs., I950.

SCHNEIDER, ALFONS MARIA. Die Bev6l- kerung Konstantinopels im XV. Jahrhundert. Nachrichten der Akademie d. Wiss. in Got- tingen, Phil.-Hist. Kl., 233-44, I949.

Reviewed by H. Ritter, Oriens 3, 147, 150.


BELLONI, LUIGI. tVber das Wappen und die vermeintliche Triorchidie von Bartolomeo Col- leoni. Centaurus I, 43-6I, 7 figs., I950.

BERRILL, N. J. The signs Columbus followed. Natural History 59, 360-65, 382-83, ills., I950.

CAMBIER, R. Diogo Cao et la d6couverte du Congo. Bull. de la Soc. R. Belge de giogr. 73, I-42, I9 figs., I949.

CELTIS, CONRAD. Selections from Conrad Celtis. Ed. with translation and commentary by Leonard Forster. Xii+123 p. London, Cambridge University Press, 1948.



320 I5th Century (2nd half) - i6th Century

GOFF, FREDERICK R. Fifteenth century books in the Library of Congress. A check list. 82 p. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, I950.

In I850, the Library of Congress owned 4 incunabula; in I866, 200; in 1950, 5,337 plus 26 single leaves or fragments. The present catalogue lists i96 items not included in the Second Census, edited by Margaret Bingham Stillwell in 1940 (Isis 33, 96), in addition it provides concordances of LC copies with the Second Censtus, Gesamtkatalog, Hain and Proctor. G. S. GOLDSCHMIDT, E. P. The printed book of

the Renaissance. Three lectures on type, illustration, ornament. Quarto 94 p., ill., 8 pls. Cambridge, University Press, I950. A very original contribution to the early history of

printing, itself beautifully printed and illustrated. G. S.

HIRSCH, RUDOLF. The invention of printing and the diffusion of alchemical and chemical knowledge. Chymia 3, II5-4I, I950.

This includes a very useful checklist of chemical books published from 1469 to 1536. G. S.

HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. The track of the Columbus caravels. Michigan Alumnus 56, II8-25, 2 figs., I950.

HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. The track of the Columbus caravels in I492. Hispanic American Historical Review 30, 63-73, I950.

LEONARD DA VINCI. The drawings of Leo- nardo da Vinci. Compiled, introduced and annotated by A. E. Popham. I9I p., 320 PIs. London, Cape, I946 (2nd ed. I947).

Of the plates, 2 are cartographical, I8 technologi- cal, 12 botanical, 49 zoological and 40 anatomical.

C. W. A.

LERCH, PETER. Das Regimen pestilentiale aus der Strattliger Chronik. Mit Erlauterungen herausgegeben. 44 p. (Nr. 8 der Berner Bei- trage zutr Geschichte der Medizin und Natur- wissenschaften). Bern, Haupt, I949.

LEVILLIER, ROBERT. America la bien Ila- mada. Vol. I, XXXii+239 p., 37 maps, 2I ills.

Vol. 2, 407 p., I4I maps, ii ills. Buenos-Aires, Kraft, I948.

Reviewed by Duarte Leite, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 748-59, 1950.

MARCONDES DE SOUZA, THOMAS OSCAR. Amerigo Vespucci e suas viagens. 313 p. (Fa- ciddade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Univer- sidade de Sdo Paulo, Boletim no. CV, Histcria da Civilizaado Brasileira, no. Io). Sio Paulo, Universidade de Sio Paulo, I949.

Reviewed by William Jerome Wilson, American Historical Review 56, 328-29, 1951.

PRESCOTT, H. F. M. Friar Felix at large: a fifteenth-century pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 254 p. New Haven, Yale University Press, I950.

Reviewed by Jeremiah F. O'Sullivan, American Historical Review 56, 92-93, 1950.

SCHOENRICH, OTTO. The legacy of Chris- topher Columbus: the historic litigations involving his discoveries, his will, his family, and his descendants. 2 vols. 349 p.; 320 p. Glen- dale, Calif., Clark, I949.

Reviewed by William Jerome Wilson, American Historical Review 56, 328-29, 1951.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Giovanni Bianchini in Paris manuscripts. Scripta Mathematica I6, 5-I2; I69-8o, 1950.

TtYRST, CONRAD. Iatro-mathematisches Ge- sundheitsbiuchlein fur den Berner Schultheissen Rudolf von Erlach. Mit Erliuterungen hrsg. von Alfred Schmid. 8o p. (Berner Beitriige zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissen- schaften, 7). Bern, Haupt, I947.

VASCO DA GAMA. Diario de viagem. Fac- simile do codice original, transcricao e versao em grafia actualizada com uma introdusao por Damiao Peres, leitura paleografica por Antonio Baiao e A. de Magalhaes Basto, texto actuali- zado por A. de Magalhaes Basto [P. 2.] a apreciavao e critica n'autica da viagem pelo al- mirante Gago Coutinho e a versiio portuguesa, pelo comandante Moura Bra's, do estudo exaus- tivo que ao Diario consagrou Franz Hiimme- rich. P. I-2. 2I+90+(90)+I5I p., ill., 4 pls.; 574 p., 4 pls. (Biblioteca histdrica de Portugal e Brasil, serie udtramarina, 4). Porto, Livraria Civilizasio, I945.

Reviewed by Erik Gren, Lychnos, 391-95, 1948- 49. VOGEL, KURT. Das alteste Deutsche gedruckte

Rechenbuch Bamberg I482. Gymnasium und Wissenschaft, 23I-77, ill., Munich I949.

Elaborate analysis of the Rechenbuch published anonymously in Bamberg 1482, with facsimiles of 6 pages. Might bc compared with D. E. Smith's analyses of the arithmetic Treviso 1478 (Isis 6, 311-31, 1924) and of the commercial arithmetic of Pietro Borgi, Venice 1484 (Isis 8, 41-49, 1926). G. S. WECKMANN, LUIS. The Middle Ages in the

conquest of America. Speculum 26, I30-4I,

I95I.


A. Mathematics

BOYER, CARL B. Cardan and the Pascal tri- angle. American Mathematical Monthly 57, 387-90, I950.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

ARMITAGE, ANGUS. Copernicus and the reformation of astronomy. 24 p. London, Philip, I950.

IDELSOHN, N. I. (and others). Copernicus, a symposium. 217 p. Moscow I947 (in Russian).

ROSSMANN, FRITZ. Nikolaus Kopernikus. Erster Entwurf seines Weltsystems. ioo p., I pL., io ills. Munich, Rinn, I948.



i6th Century (whole & ist half) 321

C. Natural Sciences

HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. Verrazano's voyage along the North American Coast in I524. Isis 4z, 268-77, 5 figs., I950.

LAWSON, EDWARD W. The discovery of Flor- ida and its discoverer Juan Ponce de Leon. 6+I27 p., I2 pIS., 3 maps. St. Augustine, Flor- ida, I946.

WINTER, HEINRICH. Francisco Rodrigues' atlas of ca. I5I3. Imago Mundi 6, 20-26, pL.,

I949.

D. Medical Sciences

ARTELT, WALTER. Das Titelbild zur "Fa- brica" Vesals und seine kunstgeschichtlichen Voraussetzungen. Centaurus z, 66-77, 6 figs., I950.

DUVEEN, DENIS I. Brassavola's "Examina- tion of medicinal simples." Journal of the His- tory of Medicine 5, 448, i pI., I950.

ETZIONY, M. Science resurrected. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 327-34, I950.

Essay review about the English edition of Vesalius' Epitome (New York I949; Isis 41, 210-I2).

FRACASTORO, GIROLAMO. II contagio. Le malattie contagiose e la loro cura. Traduzione, introduzione e note a cura di Vincenzo Busa- cchi. (Biblioteca della Rivista di storia delle scienze 3.) Firenze, Olschki, I950.

GALDSTON, IAGO. The psychiatry of Paracel- sus. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 205-I8, I950.

PARACELSUS. Katalog 36, 8 p., 94 items. Zii- rich, Ziegler (received Feb. I95I).

SHERRINGTON, SIR CHARLES. The endeavour of Jean Fernel, with a list of the editions of his writings. X+223 p. Cambridge Univer- sity Press, I946.

Reviewed by Henry Guerlac, Isis 41, 212, 1950.

SINGER, CHARLES. Marcantonio Contarini (died I550), official of the Venetian Republic and patron of dissection. Journal of the His- tory of Medicine 5, 209, I950.

[VESALIUS]. The Epitome of Andreas Vesalius. Translated from the Latin with preface and introduction by L. R. Lind. With anatomical notes by C. W. Asling. And a foreword by the late Logan Clendening. 36-I03 p., 23 pls. (Publication no. 2I, Historical Library, Yale Medical Library). New York, Macmillan, I949.

Reviewed by Charles D. O'Malley, Isis 41, 210-12,

1950.

E. Alia

CHAPIRO, JOSA. Erasmus and our struggle for peace. XV+i96 p. Boston, Beacon Press, I950.

This includes a translation of Erasmus' Querela pacis of 1517 (Isis 27, 429). G. S. DEELMAN, H. T. Het skelet van Erasmus.

Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der geneeskunde 28, 37-4I, 2 figs., I948.

FRANQON, MARCEL. Note sur Rabelais et les nombres. Isis 41, 298-300, I950.

HALL, VERNON, JR. Life of Julius Caesar Scaliger (I484-I558). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 40, 85-I70, 2

figs., I950. $I.50.

This is an excellent biography of one of the greatest scholars of his age; it will interest not only those who are interested in Scaliger himself but also the friends of Erasmus, Rabelais, Cardano, Etienne de la Boetie, Etienne Dolet, Fracastoro, and of lesser men such as Bandello and the quack Nostradamus. The nobility of Scaliger's birth cannot be proved but is very plausible. Scaliger was Italian born and German bred but was naturalized a Frenchman and his early marriage with Andiette de la Roque of Agen fixed him in that city for the rest of his life. In medicine Scaliger was a modern against Rabelais, in Latin literature he was an ancient against Erasmus. He accepted the vacuum against the majority of his contemporaries, and he was one of the first to realize the nced of new botanical research (most historians of botany have neglected him, I believe, wrongly). He had some Protestant leanings which it would have been suicidal for him to advertize, but we are not surprised that his illustrious son, Joseph, became a Protestant, which was easy, when the latter resided in Geneva and Leiden. Let us hope that the author will give us a life of Joseph Justus Scaliger (I540- I609), which he is already well prepared to write. Father and son cover completely the sixteenth century. G. S.

HART, HENRY H. Sea road to the Indies. An account of the voyages and exploits of the Portuguese navigators, together with the life and times of Dom VTasco da Gama. Capitao- Mor, Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira. Xii+296 p. New York, Macmillan, I950. $4.50.

The first hundred pages deal with Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomeu Dias and the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, and the famous mission of Pero de Covilhan. The remainder deals with the exploits of Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese ad- venture into India. The author stresses the barbarous cruelty of Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese ex- ploiters of the new trade and the "hi(leous trail of blood and hatred" left behin(d them. Although undocumented, this work contains a long bibliography; also an index. I. B. C.

HOPF, CONSTANTIN. Martin Bucer and the English Reformation. XiV+290 p. Oxford, Blackwell, I946.

HOYOUX, JEAN. Les moyens d'existence d'E- rasme. Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Renais- sance 5, 7-59, I944.

LONGHURST, JOHN EDWARD. Erasmus and the Spanish inquisition: the case of Juan de Valdes. II4 p. (University of New Mexico Publications in History, no. -.) Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, I950.

PALM, ERWIN WVALTER. A vault with cos- motheological representations at the "Imperial Monastery" of the Dominicans on the Island of Hispaniola. Art Bulletin 32, 2I9-25, 8 figs., I950.



32 2 i6th Century (2nd half)

PHILLIPS, MARGARET MANN. Erasmus and northern Renaissance. Xxv+236 p. (Teach Yourself History Library.) New York, Mac- millan, I950.

SCHENK, V. W. D. Erasmus' karakter en ziek- ten. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der geneeskunde, Jhrg. 27, 1-7, 1947.

VIAL, EUGENE. La lgende de l'Academie de Fourviere. Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Ren- aissance 8, 253-66, 1946.

The Academy did not exist. The story concerns also the physician Symphorien Champier (1472- 1540). G. S. WHITFIELD, JOHN HUMPHREYS. Machia-

velli. viii+I67 p. Oxford, Blackwell, I947.



DEISCHER, CLAUDE K.; RABINOWITZ, JOSEPH L. The owl of Heinrich Khunrath (1560o-605), its origin and significance. Chymia 3, 243-50, 6 figs., 1950.

C. Natural Sciences

DEMARS, CYP. Rembert Dodoens, 29.6.I517- 10.3.1585. 29 p., ills. Ille Congres National des Sciences, Bruxelles 1950 (in French and Dutch). Brief biography and bibliography of Dodoens with

many well chosen illustrations. G. S. GALLO, RODOLFO. Antonio Florian and his

Mappemonde. Imago Mundi 6, 35-38, 2 maps, 31949.

GLESINGER, LAVOSLAV. Conrad Gessners Beziehungen zu einem kroatischen Gelehrten. Gesnerus 7, 2 7-50, 1950.

KEUNING, JOHANNES. Petrus Plancius, theo- loog en geograaf (1552-1622). 189 p., ill. Am- sterdam, Van Kampen, 1946 (in Dutch). Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 41, 213-14, 1950.

KISH, GEORGE. Some aspects of the mission- ary cartography of Japan during the sixteenth century. Imago Mundi 6, 39-46, 7 maps, 1949.

RATH, GERNOT. Die Briefe Konrad Gessners aus der Trewschen Sammlung. Gesnerus 7, 140-70, 1950.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Les livres des sciences de la nature de Conrad Gesner et Ulysse Aldro- vandi. Biologisch Jaarboek 195-99, 1950.

D. Medical Sciences BEER, KARL. Philippine Welser als Freundin

der Heilkunst. Gesnerus 7, 8o-86, 1950.

BENJAMIN, JOHN A.; SCHULLIAN, DOR- OTHY M. Observations on fused kidneys with horseshoe configuration: the contribution of Leonardo Botallo (1564). Journal of the His- tory of Medicine 5, 315-26, I4 figs., 1950.

HASAN 'ABD AL-SALAM. Dhakhirat al-'attar aw Tadhkira Diaiid fi duw' al-'ilm al-ladith. I80 p. DIr al-ma'arif bi Mi~r 1947 (in Arabic).

Study of the popular drug book of Da'iud ibn 'Umar al-Antaqi in the light of modern science. As his name indicates Da'iid was born in Antioch; in the course of a journey to Asia Minor he learned Greek, he died in 1599/I600 in Mecca, where he had spent less than a year. He had learned Greek upon the advice of a Persian doctor who had cured him of a disease which had plagued him from the agc of seven on. The author, inspector of chemistry in the Egyptian govcrnment, has examined that old book from the point of view of modern chemistry and physiology; e.g., he has classified all the drugs according to their chemical nature and their pharma- codynamic properties. For the MSS see Brockelmann (2, 364). G. S. HOLLARD, AUGUSTE. Michel Servet et Jean

Calvin. Bibliothaque d'Humanisme et Renais- sance 6, I7I-209, I945.

K.ARCHER, J. Felix Platter. Lebensbild des Basler Stadtarztes, 1536-1614. 112 p. Basel, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1949.

Reviewed by B. Milt, Gesnerus 7, 8990, 1950.

PAGEL, WALTER. The circular motion of the blood and Giordano Bruno's philosophy of the circle. Bulletin of the History of Medi- cine 24, 39899, 1950.

STREBEL, J. Zu einer neugefundenen para- celsischen Handschrift von Toxites (Michael Schutz) anno 1577: Von den offenen Schiiden und Geschweren. Gesnerus 7, 50-58, 2 figs., 1950.

E Alia

GLIOZZI, MARIO. Sulla natura dell' "Acca- demia de' secreti" di Giovan Battista Porta. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sci- ences 29, 536-4I, 1950.

MESNARD, PIERRE. Jean Bodin i Toulouse. Bibliothique d'Humanisme et Renaissance Z2,

31-59, 1950.

NAEF, HENRI. La jeunesse de Jean Bodin ou les conversions oubli6s. Bibliothgque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 8, 137-55, 1946.

TURRINI, GIUSEPPE. L'Accademia Filar- monica di Verona dalla fondazione (maggio 1543) al I6oo e il suo patrimonio musicale antico. Atti dell'Accademia di Agricoltura, Scienze e lettere di Verona, vol. z8, Verona, anno 1940-XVIII.

WAGNER, R. LtON. Le vocabulaire magique de Jean Bodin dans la D6monomanie des sorciers. Bibliothaque d'Humanisme et Renais- sance IO, 95-123, 1948.

ZOCCA, LOUIS R. Elizabethan narrative poetry. xii+3o6 p. New Brunswick, N. J., Rutgers University Press, 1950. $5.oo. "This book is an evaluation of some of the six-

teenth century poets who rescued the English language from the morass into which it fell after Chaucer. Most of their work falls into the class of popular narrative poetry, in the writing of which they were faced with the problems of carving out their own rules of prosody and restoring to the language the fluidity of Chaucer's tongue. To these men, predecessors of Shakespeare and Marlowe,



I7th Century (whole & ist half) 323

Spenser and Jonson, must go credit for retracing the steps to great poetry and providing both material and experience for the more renowned poets who followed.

"Dr. Zocca's study is concerned with three classes of Elizabethan narrative poetry: the historical, the fictional, and the mythological. Flourishing under the special conditions of Elizabeth's reign, this narrative poetry shows all the vigor and raciness of the rising middle classes, and reflects the powerful nationalism that marked the Elizabethan Age."


A. Mathematics

ARMITAGE, ANGUS. Rene Descartes (1596- i65o) and the early Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 8, I-I9, I pI., 1950.

BAYON, H. P. Rene Descartes, 1596-I650. A short note on his part in the history of medicine. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 43, 783-85, 1950.

BOYER, CARL B. James Hume and exponents. American Mathematical Monthly 57, 7-8, 1950.

[DESCARTES]. Le tricentenaire de la mort de Descartes (iI f6vrier I650-II f6vrier 1950).

Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 179, 1950.

DE WAARD, C. Sur le destinataire et la date i attribuer a une lettre de Descartes sur une 6pinette parfaite. Revue d'Histoire des Sci- ences 3, 25I-55, 1950.

FLECKENSTEIN, J. 0. Cartesische Erkennt- nistheorie und mathematische Physik des I7. Jahrhunderts. Gesnerus 7, 120-39, 4 figs., 1950.

GAGNEBIN, S. La r6forme cart6sienne et son fondement geometrique. Gesnerus 7, 105-20,

1950.

LENGER, FRADARIQUE. La notion d'involu- tion dans l'oeuvre de Desargues. Ille Con- gras National des Sciences 27-30, Bruxelles, I1950.

MACHABEY, ARMAND, AINA. La philosophie de Pierre de Fermat. 127 p. Li6ge, Dynamo, 1949.

ONFRAY, RENA. L'abime de Pascal. 88 p., 14 facs., I5 figs. Alenton, Imp. Alenqonnaise, 1949.

POLMAN, P. La biographie de Blaise Pascal par Gilberte P6rier. Rev. d'hist. eccldsiastique 45, 95-135, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Query no. 129 and answers to it. Desargues in Japan. Isis 4z, 300,

facs., I950.

SERGESCU, PIERRE. Descartes mathemati- cien. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 262-65, 1950.

SERGESCU, PIERRE. Pascal et la science de son temps. I8 p. Paris, Palais de la D6cou- verte, I950.


AUGER, LEON. La controverse entre Morin et Descartes sur la matiere subtile. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 255-62, 1950.

BANFI, ANTONIO. Galileo Galilei. 366 p., frontispiece, pls. Milano, Casa Editrice Am- brosiana (n. d., 1949).

Revised edition of the Vita di Galileo (1930). The preface is dated December 1948. The book is meant for the general public; it is very rhetorical and completely undocumented. The author is unknown to me; he is more likely a philosopher or man of letters, than a man of science.

G. S.

BOYER, CARL B. Kepler's explanation of the rainbow. American Journal of Physics I8, 360-66, 2 figs., 1950.

CASPAR, MAX. Johannes Kepler. 479 p. Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1948. Reviewed by C. Doris Hellman, Isis 41, 2I6-i9,

1950.

ELIA, PASQUALE M. D' (S.J.). Galileo in Cina. Relazioni attraverso il Collegio Romano tra Galileo e i gesuiti scienziati missionari in Cina (I6I0-I640). XL1+127 p. (Analecta Gregoriana 37, series Facultatis Missiologicae, Sectio A N. z). Rome, 1947.

Reviewed by George Sarton Isis 4z, 220-22, 1950.

KEPLER, JOHANNES. Gesammelte Werke, herausgegeben im Aufrag der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 4, 1941;

Bd. 13, 1945. Munchen, Beck. The new national edition of Kepler's work began

under the direction of the late Walther von Dyck and of Max Caspar. The latter's excellent bibliography appeared in 1936 (Isis 26, 513), vols. I to 3, and 6 of the Opera in 1937-40 (Isis 35, 353). Two other volumes have been seen by me, Vol. 4 (1941) containing smaller writings of i602-I and Dioptrica edited by Caspar and Franz Hammer, and vol. I3 (1945) Kepler's letters 1590-99. One may remember that a selection of Kepler's letters had been published in German by Caspar and Dyck (2 VOIS. 1930; Isis 17, 503). A review of these volumes has appeared in Isis 42, 252-55.

KEPLER, JOHANNES. Life and letters. By Carola Baumgardt. With an introduction by Albert Einstein. 209 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, 1951. $3.75. This book has missed its mark. Although Prof.

Einstein's introduction is the best written portion of this slim volume, I am not in accord with him in feeling "grateful that the letters of . . . Kepler . . .have been made accessible to our English reading public by Mrs Baumgardt's translation." Mrs Baumgardt is apparently an intelligent woman, well-read in German philosophical and historical works. However. her lack of fluency in the English language, even without her evident unfamiliarity with the history of astronomy, should have warned her away from the task she undertook. Although the words are English, the construction is definitely German. Nor are the words always used correctly. One is astonished to read about Kepler's "accurate



124 17th Century (whole & ist hall) imagination" or that he "progressively adopted the calendar reform."

Still more startling than the language is this sentence in the preface: "As far as I can see, even the modern German biographers have not yet based their sketches on a full evaluation of the standard edition of Johannes Kepler in seinen Briefen by Max Caspar and Walther von Dyck. . ." Mrs Baumgardt should have made a point of keeping up with the new relevant literature even after she assembled her initial material. Had she been aware of Max Caspar's own definitive biography of Kepler (Stutt- gart, 1948; Isis 41, 2I6-i9) she would have avoided some serious errors. I refer particularly to the question whether Kepler's first wife was of noble birth and to the reasons of his trip to Swabia in 1596.

The passages selected are interesting. Some of them are even well translated. However, a man and his life's work cannot be divorced and one cannot communicate a picture of "Kepler the man as a personality" without attempting "to bring to the foreground his scientific achievements . . . " although Prof. Einstein suggests that this aim gov- erned the selection.

Misprints on pp. 26 and 27 give the date of Kepler's first calendar as 1495. The calendars are so presented in the bibliography that one might believe that Kepler wrote them for 159I-4 as well as for 1595 to 1599, or that they all came out in one volume or that all were lost (those for 1598 and I599 are extant). Too many other errors make one wary. C. D. H. PLA, CORTPS. La obra trascendente del

Padre Mersenne. Actas de la Academia Na- cional de Ciencias Exactes, Fisicas y Naturales de Lima Z2, 44-57, Lima, I949.

ROSEN, EDWARD. The naming of the telescope. Foreword by Harlow Shapley. xvi+ II0 p., i5 figs. New York, Schuman, I947.

Reviewed by Alexandre Koyre, Isis 41, 219-20,

1950.

ROSEN, EDWARD. The title of Galileo's Sidereus nuncius. Isis 41, 287-89, 1950.

ROSEN, EDWARD. Galileo and the telescope. Scientific Monthly 72, I80-82, I95I.

When Galileo first heard, some time in I609, that a Dutchman had built an instrument which enabled him to see things at a distance, he worked out the principles of the telescope independendy and proceeded to build a number of them.

C. Z. VOSKUIL, J. Behoort Cornelis Drebbel tot de

uitvinders van de projectielantaarn? Faraday 57-66, 1949 (in Dutch). Was Drebbel one of the inventors of the magic

lantern?

C. Natural Sciences

DESTOMBES, M. An unknown chart attrib- uted to Hessel Gerritsz about I628. Imago Mundi 6, I4, pI., I949.

GUDGER, E. W. The history of the discovery (i6oo-i68o) of the spiral valve in the large intestine of the elasmobranchs and a ganoid. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific So- ciety 66, 53-69, 9 figs., i950.

Fabricius ab Aquapendente might have made the discovery in x6oo but failed. The real discoverers were Severinus in I645, Nic. Steno, Claude Perrault, Swammerdam, all in the seventeenth century. The article contains the relevant texts and illustrations.

G. S. KEUNING, JOHANNES. Hessel Gerritsz.

Imago Mundi 6, 49-66, 5 maps, 1949.

K()HLIN, HARALD. Georg von Schwengeln and his work, I620-i645. Imago Mundi 6, 67-72, 3 maps., I949.

MERTON, E. S. Sir Thomas Browne as zoolo- gist. Osiris 9, 413-434, 1950.

ROSTAND, JEAN. Descartes et la biologie. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 265-69, 1950.

D. Medical Sciences

DE FEYFER, F. M. G. Johan Baptist van Helmont as arts. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der geneeskunde 27, 20-27, 34-47, I ill., r947.

FORD, WILLIAM J. Old Parr. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 2I9-26, I950.

FREEMAN, JOSEPH T. Franqois Ranchin, contributor of an early chapter in geriatrics. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 422-3r,

I pl., I950.

KEYNES, GEOFFREY. The portraiture of William Harvey. London, Royal College of Surgeons, I950.

MERTON, E. S. Sir Thomas Browne's em- bryological theory. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 4I6-2I, I950.

SMERDON, G. T. Daniel Whistler and the English disease. A translation and biographical note. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 397-4I5, I950.

Translation of the Dc morbo puerili Anglorum (Leyden I645). G. S.

E. Alia

FARRINGTON, BENJAMIN. Francis Bacon, philosopher of industrial science. 202 p., 8 pls. (Life of Science Library). New York, Schuman, 1949. Reviewed by Dorothy Stimson, Isis 41, 215-I6,

1950.

FRENCH, J. MILTON. The life records of John Milton. Vol. 2. vi+395 p. New Bruns- wick, Rutgers Univ. Press, I950. $5.00. This is the second volume of Professor French's

detailed documentation of Milton's life year by year and day by day when possible. The items referring to Milton's life, gathered from "contemporary letters, manuscripts, vital records, legal actions, books from Milton's library, copies of his books owned by others, government records," etc., are quoted- often in extenso-under the appropriate day. Be- ginning in the fall of I639, this volume takes its subject to February i65I. The compiler devotes 4 pages to a letter in French, another 4 to its translation, dealing with Milton's visit to Galileo on his Italian journey. Supposedly written to Louis XIV,



I 7th Century (2nd half) 325

this letter is, as the compiler indicates, "almost certainly spurious." One wonders at its inclusion, as also Louis XIV's alleged reply, Milton's letter to Voiture, etc. For vol. I, see Isis 41, 348.

I. B. C.

HARRIS, VICTOR. All coherence gone. 255 p. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I949. Reviewed by Francis R. Johnson, Isis 4!, 308,

1950.

GIBSON, R. W. Francis Bacon. A bibliography of his works and of Baconiana to the year 1750. xvii+369 p. Oxford, Scrivener Press, 1950. Very elaborate bibliography, including many fac-

similes, an abundance of notes and good indexes. Mr. Hugh G. Dick of the University of California is planning an annotated bibliography of Bacon and Baconiana (exclusive of the Shakespeare controversy) from the year 1750 onward. G. S.

JOHANSSON, BERTIL. Religion and superstition in the plays of Ben Jonson and Thomas Middleton. 339 p. (The English Institute of the University of Upsala, Essays and Studies on English Language and Litera- ture, 7). Upsala, Lundequist, 1950.

Excellent thesis prepared under the direction of Prof. S. B. Liliegren of Uppsala. Ben Jonson and Thomas Middleton wrote their plays during the last years of Elizabeth, the whole rule of James I, and the first years of Charles I (James died in I625, Middleton in I627, Jonson in I637, Charles was executed in I649). Their plays contain a wealth of information on religion and superstitions. The author's study of the latter may interest historians of science; it deals with astrology, alchemy, magic, witchcraft. He has added for comparison documents taken from other sources, e.g., an extraordinary compact with the Devil written in I7I8 by a Swedish student, Daniel Salthenius; the original is preserved in the University Library, Uppsala (facsimile p. 250). He finally asks (p. 3I3), Do the people still believe in witches? Well, the Rev. Montague Summers does, and he does his best to spread his perversity (Introd. 3, I051).

LAFLEUR, LAURENCE J. Descartes' role in the history of science. Scientific Monthly 7I, II-14, I950.

MARTENSEN, HANS LASSEN (1808-84). Jacob Boehme (1575-i624). Studies in his life and teaching. Translated from the Danish. New revised edition with notes by Stephen Hobhouse. XXXiii+205 p. London, Rockliff, I949.


A. Mathematics

AGOSTINI, AMEDEO. L'opera matematica di Pietro Mengoli, I626-86. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 8I6-34, 1950.

ANDRADE, EDWARD NEVILLE DA COSTA. Isaac Newton. iii p. London, MacParrish; New York, Chantecler, I950.

BOYER, CARL B. Newton as an originator of polar coordinates. American Mathematical Monthly 56, 73-78, I949.

HOFMANN, JOS. E. Die Entwicklungsges- chichte der Leibnizschen Mathematik waihrend des Aufenthaltes in Paris (I672-I676). 252 p. Munchen, Leibniz Verlag, 1949.

Reviewed by D. J. Struik, Isis 41, 309-10, 1950.

HOFMANN, JOS. E. tlber Gregorys system- atische Naherungen fUr den Sektor eines Mittelpunktkegelschnittes. Centaurus I, 24-

37, I950.

IANOVSKAIA, S. A. Michel Rolle as critic of the infinitesimal analysis. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy I, 327-46 (in Russian), 1947.

LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM. Vortrage der aus Anlass seines 300. Geburtstages in Hamburg abgehaltenen wissenschaftlichen Tagung. Herausgegeben von der Redaktion der Hamburger Akademischen Rundschau. 418 p. Hamburg, Hansischer Gildenverlag, Heitmann, 1946.

Reviewed by Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, Isis 41, 310-I3, I950.

MACOMBER, HENRY P. A descriptive catalogue of the Grace K. Babson Collection of the works of Sir Isaac Newton and the material relating to him in the Babson Institute Library, Babson Park, Mass. With an introduction by Roger Babson Webber. XiV+228 p., 20 pls. New York, Reichner, I950.


MILLER, JAMES E. How Newton discovered the law of gravitation. Americant Scientist 39, 134-39, 195I-

A beautifully written satire. Newton is depicted as a faculty member of a modern university working on a governmental research grant. The object of the investigation is to breed a variety of apple which will taste good, have good keeping qualities, and will fall to the ground so lightly that it will not bruise. Most of the progress reports have to be made out in quintuplicate. C. Z.

[NEWTON, ISAAC]. Sir Isaac Newton theological manuscripts, selected and edited with an introduction by H. McLachlan. vii+147 p. Liverpool University Press, 1950.

OSMOND, PERCY H. Isaac Barrow: his life and times. Vii+230 p. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1944.

SHIRRAS, G. FINDLAY. Newton and the gold standard. The Listener, 43, 877, I950.

VAVILOV, S. I. Isaac Newton. 176 p. Phonix Bicherei. Wien, "Neues Osterreich" Zeitungs- u. Verlagsgesellschaft, 1948.

This general account of Newton's life and work has been translated from the Russian by Josef Grin. That Vavilov, Presidcnt of the Soviet Acad- emy of Sciences, has long been interested in Newton is well known. His discussion of Newton's atomism



326 17th Century (2nd half) was printed in the Newton Tercentenary Celebra- tions of the Royal Society (Cambridge U. P., 1947; see review by A. Koyre in Isis 41, II4-I6). From the bibliography at the end of the present work, we learn that Vavilov has published a Russian translation of Newton's Opticks (Moscow 1927) and that his translation of the Lectiones Opticae is "im Druck." This well-informed book does not contain much, if any, of the Marxist slant usually found in Soviet historical writings; in fact, I did not anywhere find the name of Marx, or of Lenin or Stalin; and the Marxist interpretation of Newton by Hessen, which has aroused so much discussion in the non-Russian world, is not so much as listed in the bibliography. It would be useful if the present program of translating Russian scholarly works into English could include Vavilov's writings on Newton. I. B. C. VAVILOV, S. I. Newton's "Lectures on optics."

Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy I, 315-26, (in Russian), 1947.


ABERG, BERTIL. Urban Hiaerne. The first Swedish chemist. J. Chem. Ed. 27, 334-37, portr., 2 ills., 1950.

Brief biography of Hiaerne (often spelled Hjarne) (I64I-1724), Swedish chemist, poet, playwright, and physician. W. D. M.

BOAS, MARIE. Boyle as a theoretical scentist. Isis 41, 26i-68, I950.

CAQUOT, ALBERT. Ce'r6monie commemora- tive du trois-centieme anniversaire de la naissance de Denis Papin A la Closerie des Coudraies, Chitenay, Loir-et-Cher, le dimanche 20 juillet 1947. 6 p. Paris, Institut de France, Acadetmie des Sciences, 1947.

CROMMELIN, C. A. The clocks of Christiaan Huygens. Endeavour 9, 64-69, 8 figs., I950.

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. Christiaan Huygens (bij de voltooiing van zijn Oeuvres completes). 29 p. (Haarlemse Voordrachten Io). Haarlem, Bohn, 1951.

Lecture on Huygens to celebrate the completion of the Oeuvres completes (in Dutch).

KOYRI:, ALEXANDRE. A note on Robert Hooke. Isis 41, 195, 1950.

MADDISON, R. E. W. Robert Boyle's library. Nature z65, 98I, I950.

PATTERSON, LOUISE D. A reply to Profes- sor Koyr6's note on Robert Hooke. Isis 4I,

304-05, 1950.

ROWBOTTOM, MARGARET E. The earliest published writing of Robert Boyle. Annals of Science 6, 376-89, 3 facs., I950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Boyle and Bayle. The sceptical chemist and the sceptical historian. Chymia 3, iSS-89, ii figs., 1950.

WITTOP KONING, D. A. J. R. Glauber en zijn Pharmacopoea spagyrica. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 83, 273-83, 1950.

C. Natural Sciences

ARMAO, ERMANO. Vincenzo Coronelli. Cenni sull'uomo e la sua vita. Catalogo ragionato delle sue opere. Lettere. Fonti bibliografiche. Indici. Biblioteca di bibliograflia italiana, z7. xi+326 p., fig. Firenze, '944. Reviewed in Imago Mundi 6, 103, 1949. Vin-

cenzo Coronelli (I650-I7I8) was the founder in 1684 of the Accademia degli Argonauti, a geographical society; he drew over 400 maps and his Atlante Veneto (I69I-95) was the first Italian atlas including maps not only of Italy but of the whole world. G. S. CARDEW, F. "M. R. T. P. D. S. M.": "Instruc-

tions pour les arbres fruictiers." Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 206-07, 1950.

COLE, F. J. The Biblia naturac of Swammer- dam. Nature I65, 5Ii, I950.

Of the 53 plates bound together in the library of Leyden University, 33 are original drawings, io are engraved substitutes, and io are mixed.

C. W. A. ENGEL, HENDRIK. Records on Jan Swam-

merdam in the Amsterdam archives. Cen- taurus z, 143-55, ills., 1950.

RAVEN, CHARLES E. John Ray, naturalist, his life and works. xix+5o6 p., frontispiece. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1950.

$7.00 (35 s.). This second edition of Canon Raven's interesting

study of Ray appears to be a photo-offset reproduction of the original (1942) edition which was reviewcd in Isis 34, 3I9-24; hence, although some "small corrections have been made in the text itself, . . . the method of reprinting did not allow of extensive changes." Longer corrections and additions are collected on pp. 483-85, and their existence is indicated at the appropnate spot in the text by printing a small star in the margin. The small number of such addenda is eloquent testi- mony to the author's care and skill in preparing the original work. We must be grateful to the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press for making !ohn Ray once again available, and we hope that the next of Canon Raven's studies on the making of British botany will be completed and published ere too long. 1. B. C. ROOSEBOOM, MARIA. Leeuwenhoek, the

man: a son of his nation and his time. Bul- letin of the British Society for the History of Science Z, 79-85, I950.

ROSSI, ETTORE. A Turkish map of the Nile River, about I685. Imago Mundi 6, 73-75, 2 maps, 1949.

SCHIERBEEK, A. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Zijn leven en zijn werken. vol. I, 278 p., 45 figs. De Tijdstroom, Lochem, 1950.

This is the first volume (out of two) of an elaborate biography of Leeuwenhoek by one of the leading historians of science in Holland. My only regret is that my old friend, Clifford Dobell, could not witness its publication. This volume is divided into 6 chapters: I. Biography proper. 2. His microscopes and methods. 3. His conception



17th Century (2nd half) 327

of the anorganic sciences. 4. Microbiology. 5. Lower animals. 6. Entomology. The book is beautifully printed and well illustrated. The index will appear at the end of vol. 2. G. S.

SCHIERBEEK, A. Leeuwenhoek's gift of 26 microscopes to the Royal Society. Ned. Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 9I, 708-09, 1947

(in Dutch).

SEN, SURENDRA NATH (Editor). The In- dian travels of Thevenot and Careri: being the third part of the travels of M. de Thevenot into the Levant and the third part of a voyage round the world by Dr John Francis Gemelli Careri. lxiv+434 p. (Indian Records Series). New Delhi, National Archives of India, 1949.

STENO, NICOLAUS. On the passage of yolk into the intestines of the chick (De viteUi in intestina pulli transitu). Translated with an introduction and commentary by Margaret Tallmadge May. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 119-43, 1950.

D. Medical Sciences

BAUMANN, E. D. Franqois De le Boe, Sylvius. 242 p. Leiden, Brill, 1949.

Reviewed by J. H. Sypkens Smit, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 999-1001, 1950.

GARBOE, AXEL. Thomas Bartholin, et bidrag til Dansk natur- og laegevidenskabs historie i det 17. aarhundrede. Vol. 2. 203 p., 17 ills. (Acta Historica scientiarum naturalium et medicinalium, VI). Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1950.

The first volume of this elaborate biography of the illustrious Danish anatomist appeared in 1949 (Isis 41, 68); the second volume contains, we are glad to report, an English summary of generous size (p. I88-96). Thomas Bartholin (x6i6-8o) (the date of birth is I616 not I605) was the second son of Caspar Bartholin (1585-I629) who was himself a famous physician and theologian. Thomas' fame is based largely on his observations of the lymphatics, and the history of that discovery is told in great detail. It is a complicated question implying Bartholin, the Swede Olof Rudbeck and the Frenchman, Jean Pecquet. Note that the "glandulae Bartholinianae" are named after Caspar Bartholin junior, not Thomas' father, but his son who succeeded him as professor anatomiae in I677. The Bartholin family was the outstanding scientific dynasty in Denmark in the seventeenth century. The book is well illustrated and well indexed.

G. S.

JUNG, P. Ein behordlicher Erlass gegen Kurpfuscherei aus dem 17. Jahrhundert (I693). Gesnerus 7, 69-73, I950.

PLEADWELL, FRANK LESTER. Samuel Sorbiere and his Advice to a young physician. I. Samuel Sorbiere (I6I5-I670); physician, priest, and philosopher. Bulletin of the His- tory of Medicine 24, 255-87, 2 figs., portr., 1950.

STENO, NICOLAUS. A dissertation on the anatomy of the brain. Read in the assembly held in M. Thevenot's house, in the year I665. With a preface and notes by Edv. Gotfredsen. xiv+6o+viii+5o p, frontispiece, pl. Copen- hagen, Busck, I950.

The members of the XVIII International Physio- logical Congress, held in Copenhagen in I950, were fortunate to receive this delightful memento of the session. It was prepared at the expense of the Rash-Orsted Foundation, by the Professor of the History of Medicine of the University of Copen- hagen. The original was presented in French at an assembly held in the home of M. Th6venot in 1665, and was published by Robt. de Ninville in Paris in I669. Thevenot later became librarian to Louis XIV, and the meetings at his home developed into the Academie Royale des Sciences.

Nicolaus Steno (I638-I686) was distinguished as an anatomist, geologist, and theologian. He made important contributions to glandular secre- tion and to the anatomy and function of muscles. His discussion of the brain was translated by G. Douglas, M.D., for J. B. Winslow's Anatomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body (N. Prevost, London, 1733, Volume 2, pp 56-73). Steno criticizes the theory of animal spirits, marvels at the complexities of fibers in the brain, and rec- ommends detailed dissection and experiments to determine function. He expresses a careful critique of current studies on the brain.

Professor Gotfre(dsen has arranged an attractive facsimile reprint of the original, together with the English translation and a preface and notes.

C. D. L. VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Stephanus Blankaart,

medicyne doctor, en practizyn (I650-1704). Kon. Vlaamse Acad. voor Geneesk. van Belgie, Verhand. z2, 137-63, 1950 (in Dutch).

YOST, R. M., JR. Sydenham's philosophy of science. Osiris 9, 84-105, I950.

E. Alia BUGLER, G. Un pr6curseur de la biologie

exp6rimentale: Edme Mariotte. Revue d'His- toire des Sciences 3, 242-50, 1950.

CLARK, GEORGE NORMAN. Sdence and social welfare in the age of Newton. 2nd edition, i59 p. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1949.

CRAGG, G. R. From Puritanism to the age of reason: a study of changes in religious thought within the Church of England i66o to 1700. vi+247 p. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1950.

DE BEER, E. S. The earliest fellows of the Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7, 172-92, 1950.

DE BEER, G. R. Some letters of Thomas Hobbes. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7, 195-206, i p1., I950.

[EVELYN, JOHN]. John Evelyn's plan for a library. Notes and Records of the Royal So- ciety of London 7, I93-94, 1950.

JONES, HAROLD WHITMORE. Mid-seventeenth century science: some polemics. Osiris 9, 254-74, 1950.



328 r8th Century (whole & ist half) JONES, HAROLD WHITMORE. La Socikt6

Royale de Londres au XVIIe siecle: reflexions diverses. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 2I4-2I, 1950.

LACOSTE, EDMOND. Bayle, nouvelliste et critique litteraire, suivi d'une nouvelle edition des pamphlets de Bayle contre le Marechal de Luxembourg. Acadimie Royale de Belgique, Cl. des Lettres Mimoires 24, 274-92, I929.

MEYER, RUDOLF W. Leibniz und die euro- p-aische Ordnungskrise. 3I9 p. Hamburg, Hansischer Gildenverlag, I948.

SYFRET, (Miss) R. H. Some early critics of the Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 8, 20-64, I950.

SYFRET, R. H. Some early reactions to the Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7, 207-58, i pl., 2 figs., 1950.


A. Mathematics [EULER]. Leonhardi Euleri Opera omnia sub

auspiciis Societatis scientiarum naturalium Helveticae. Edenda curaverunt Andreas Speiser, Louis Gustave Du Pasquier, Hein- rich Brandt, Ernst Trost. Zurich, Orell Fiussli. The publication of Euler's Complete Works was

undertaken by the Swiss Scientific Society in I909 (Isis I, 244) and since then a good many quarto volumes have appeared, to which so many notes havc been (levoted in Isis that we can not enumer- ate them. The latest volumes were listed in Isis 37, 206-07. Since then, at least four new volumes have appeared.

Commentationes arithzmeticae. Volumen quartum edidit Rudolf Fueter (I944).

Introductio in analysin infinitortum. Tomum sec- undum edidit Andreas Speiser (1945).

Theoria motus corportum solidorum seu rigi- dorum. 2 vols. edited by Charles Blanc (1948-50).

G. S. IUSHKEVICH, A. P. Euler and Prussian

mathematics in the i8th-century. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 45-II6 (in Russian), 1949.

KASNER, EDWARD; HARRISON, IRENE. Voltaire on mathematics and horn angles. Scripta Mathematica z6, 13-21, 1950.

KUZNETSOV, B. G. Absolute space in Euler's mechanics. Akademiia nautk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudv I, 347-71 (in Russian), I947.


BEZBORODOV, M. A. Notions of the nature of porcelain in the chemical literature of the i8th-century. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 236-47 (in Russian), 1949.

DINGLE, HERBERT. Thomas Wright's astronomical heritage. Annals of Science 6, 404-15,

1950.

DUBS, ROBERT. Das Segnersche Wasserrad. Experientia 6, 359-60, 2 figs., 1950.

DUFRIDNOY, MARIE-LOUISE; DUFRANOY, JEAN. Le bicentenaire du principe de moindre action. L'Action Universitaire 62-65, octobre 1950.

DUFRIDNOY, MARIE-LOUISE; DUFRANOY, JEAN. Le bicentenaire du principe de moindre action. Revue de Pathologie comparie et HygiMne gbnurale 50, 5 p., I950.

KUZNETSOV, B. G. The physics of Euler and the teaching of Leibniz on the monad. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 226-38 (in Russian), 1948.

PANETH, F. A. Thomas Wright of Durham. Endeavour 9, II7-25, 10 figs., 1950.

Well documented and beautifully illustrated article to celebrate the centenary of Wright's Original theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe (London 1750). The second edition of that famous book was published in I837 by C. S. Rafinesque (!). Dr Paneth remarks that the portrait of Thomas Wright published in Isis (33, 197, 1941) is very doubtful. G. S. PANETH, F. A. Thomas Wright's "Original

theory" of the Milky Way. Nature I66, 49, 1950.

WRIGHT, THOMAS. University of Durham, bi-centenary of Thomas Wright of Durham. Isis 4I, 303, 1950.

C. Natural Sciences

BAGROW, LEO. The Gottorp globe in Russia. Imago Mundi 6, 95-96, 1949.

CAMPBELL, EILA M. T. An English philo- sophico-chorographical chart. Imago Mundi 6, 79-84, I map, 1949.

Map of East Kent by Christopher Packe (i686- 1749).

CRONE, G. R. John Green. Notes on a neglected eighteenth century geographer and cartographer. Imago Mundi 6, 85-91, 1949.

DE BEER, G. R. Johann Heinrich Hottinger's description of the ice-mountains of Switzer- land, 1703. Annals of Science 6, 327-60, 1950.

ENGEL, HENDRIK. Linnaeus in Holland. Vakblad voor Biologen 30, 29-32, 1950.

GORDON, L. S. Natural history opinions of VToltaire. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trundy 3, 406-12 (in Russian), 1949.

GRANT, VERNE. Arthur Dobbs (I750) and the discovery of the pollination of flowers by insects. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 76, 217-19,

1949.

Dobbs in I750 (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 46, 536-49) rccorded that bees cross-pollinated flowers an(I that they did not flit from one species to another but tended to be species constant. Most historians of biology had credited the discovery of



i8th Century (whole & ist half) 329

insect-pollination to Koelreuter (176I-66). Dobbs, however, was not the first to describe insect pollination. C. Z.

[LINN1t]. Svenska Linne-Sallskapets arsskrift, argang 32, 1949. 130 p., ills. Uppsala, 1950.

The new yearbook of the Swedish Linnaean Society contains as usual a number of articles devoted to Linne and his contemporaries such as Benoist (le Maillet. Indispensable to every student of Linne and his times. G. S.

McATEE, W. L. A Linnaean paper needing further attention. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 2I6-

I7, 1950.

McATEE, W. L. The North American birds of George Edwards (I693-1773). Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural His- tory 2, 194-205, 1950.

RICH, E. E.; JOHNSON, A. M. (editors). James Isham's Observations on Hudson's Bay I743. Notes and Observations on a book entitled A voyage to Hudson's Bay in the Dobbs Galley 1749. 352 p. Toronto, Cham- plain Society, I950.

SOBOL, S. L. Experimental investigations of a Russian scientist of the i8th-century on the problem of spontaneous generation. Akade- ntiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 297-322 (in Russian), I949.

VARTANIAN, ARAM. Trembley's polyp, La Mettrie, and eighteenth-century French materialism. Journal of the History of Ideas zz, 259-86, 1950.

D. Medical Sciences

BEER, RODIGER ROBERT. Der Grosse Haller. I37 p., frontispiece, portr. S-ackingen, Stratz, 1947.

DIONESOV, S. M. The teaching of physiology in Russia in the i8th-century. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 323-29 (in Russian), I949.

PICKLES, WILDRED. The treatment of head injuries in France in the early seventeen hundreds. With a note on Pierre Boudou and his recognition and treatment of subdural hematoma. Bulletin of the History of Medi- cine 24, 42I-33, I fig., I950.

STEARNS, RAYMOND PHINEAS. With the assistance of George Pasti, Jr. Remarks upon the introduction of inoculation for smallpox in England. Bulletin of the History of Medi- cine 24, 103-22, 1950.

VIETS, HENRY R. Zabdiel Boylston (I679-

1766). Remarks at his grave, May 22, 1950.

Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 539- 40, 1950.

WEGELIN, CARL. Briefe des St. Galler Stad- tarztes Peter Giller an Albrecht von Haller, I727-56. Gesnerus 7, 1-26, 1950.

E. Alia

DELORME, SUZANNE. Une famille de grands commis de l'Etat amis des Sciences, au XVIIIe si6cle, les Trudaine. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 101-09, 1950.

FAZY, ROBERT. Le P. Ippolito Desideri i

Lhasa, 17I6-I72I et son expose de la religion tib6taine. Bulletin de la Sociitg Suisse des Amis de l'Extreme-Orient 6, 45 p., 1944. St.- Gall, Tschudy, 1945. Elaborate study of Father Desideri's visit to

Lhasa and of his analysis of the Kanjur and the Tanjur (Introd. I, 467-69), which remained unknown until Carlo Puini's publication in I904. Desideri was one of the Western pioneers of Tibetan philology. G. S. GIBBS, F. W. Cromwell Mortimer, F.R.S.,

Secretary, Royal Society, I730-1752. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7, 259-63, 1950.

IZQUIERDO, J. J. Los Elementa philosophiae del P. Altieri, texto fundamental para nuestros bachilleres en artes de fines del siglo XVIII y principio del XIX. Memorias y Revista de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Antigua Sociedad Cientifica Antonio Alzate) 56, 47I-

74, I949. The Elementa philosophiae in 4 volumes of

Father Lorenzo Altieri of Ferrara (I671-I741) was for a century the leading textbook for the young men trying to obtain their B.A. in New Spain. Many pages of the edition of I793 are re- produced in facsimile. Its contents are described.

G. S. RAINOV, T. I. On the role of the Russian navy

in the development of national sciences in the i8th-century Akademiia nauk SSSR, In- stitut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy r, i69- 2I8 (in Russian), I947.

SANTILLANA, GEORGE DE. Vico and Des- cartes. Osiris 9, 565-8o, 1950.

SIREN, OSVALD. La Chine et la pens6e chinoise en Suede au XVIIIe si6cle, 6tudiees surtout en consideration de l'influence trans- mise par les physiocrates et de la correspond- ance entre le marquis de Mirabeau et le comte Carl Fredrik Scheffer. Lychnos z-84 (in Swedish, with summary in French), I948-49.

WADE, IRA 0. Voltaire's Micromigas. A study in the fusion of science, myth, and art. xii+ I90 p. Princeton, Princeton University Press, I950. $3.00. This critical edition of Micromcgas covers only

28 p., but is preceded by a long introduction and followed by abundant notes, many appendices, bibliography and index. Says the author: "Micro- megas, though but a small story in a large setting, seems worthy of a very close study. Not only is it the first work of a newly-created genre, a genre incidentally which was peculiarly Voltaire's own, it is also the first work which incorporates in an artistic way all the threads of Voltaire's humanistic development." He concludes that Microme'gas was written in 1739 (not 1747). To his arguments might be added that there is no reference to



330 i8th Century (2nd half) Trembley whose discovery of the polyps (74I, 1744) interested Voltaire very much (Isis 37, 88). Voltaire was certainly inspired by Gulliver's Travels (1726), which he had read with great delight soon after its publication. G. S. WRIGHT, AUSTIN. Joseph Spence. iX+265 p.

Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1950.

$4.00. Anyone who has worked in the field of eight-

eenth century scholarship will at some time have discovered the amiable "Spence's Anecdotes." Jo- seph Spence (I699-1768) is in this learned volume learnedly memorialized for all those who may wish to gain some acquaintance with the life and works of this useful anecdotist. Unfortunately, Spence, though amiable, was not an interesting person in himself. M. F. A. M.


A. Mathematics

ARCHIBALD, R. C. New information on Isaac Wolfram's life and calculations. Mathematical Tables and other aids to computation 4, I85- 200, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE; TATON, RENE; BEAU- JOUAN, GUY. Documents nouveaux concernant Lagrange. Revue d'Histoire des Sci- ences 3, II0-32, 1950.

I. G. Sarton: La premiere publication mathe- matique de Lagrange, 1754. II. G. Sarton: Deux lettres inedites de Lagrange. Deux lettres de Tal- leyrand le concernant. III. R. Taton: Le second mariage de Lagrange. Adelaide Le Monnier (1767- 1833). IV. G. Beaujouan: Lagrange et Montucla. TATON, RENA. A propos de l'oeuvre de

Monge en physique. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 174-79, 1950.

TATON, RENE. Histoire des sciences. -Deux contributions de Monge a la creation de la geometrie moderne. Comptes rendus des sdances de l'Acaddmie des Sciences 232, 198-

200, 1951.

"L'introduction des coordonnees axiales de la droite et celles des notions d'aires et de volumes orientes, attribuees respectivement b Plucker (I846 et i865) et Cayley (I86o et I869) et a M6bius (I827) sont dues en fait b Gaspard Monge, qui crea la premiere notion entre 177I et 1795 et introduisit l'orientation des aires et des volumes en I809."

TATON, REN1E. Kurze Mathematiker-Biogra- phien. Gaspard Monge. 24 p., portr. (Beikefte zur Zeitschrift "Elemente der Math- ematik"). Basel, Birkhaiuser, 1950. Sw. Fr. 3.50. Another excellent biography added to this col-

lection, the previous nos of which have been listed in Isis, as far as known to the editor. Thus far, ten biographies have appeared: Steiner, Euler, Schlafli, Burgi, Johann and Jacob Bernoulli, Galois, Abel, Monge and Fermat. This one is written in French. G. S. TATON, RENE. Un texte inedit de Monge:

Reflexions sur les equations aux differences partielles. Osiris 9, 44-6I, 2 figs., I950.


ADAMS, C. RAYMOND. Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. Scientific Monthly 71, 380- 86, ill., 1950.

ALDRIDGE, ALFRED OWEN. Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards on lightning and earthquakes. Isis 41, I62-64, 1950.

BERTRAND, GABRIEL. Lavoisier et la d6couverte de l'oxygene. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 807-15,

1950.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Benjamin Franklin and the transit of Mercury in 1753. Together with a facsimile of a little-known scientific work printed by Franklin. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, 221-32,

facs., 1950.

DAUMAS, MAURICE. L'elaboration du Traiti de chimie de Lavoisier. Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 570-90, 1950.

DAUMAS, MAURICE. Les appareils d'exp6ri- mentation de Lavoisier. Chymia 3, 45-62,

13 figs., 1950.

DAUMAS, MAURICE. Les polemiques au sujet des priorites de Lavoisier. Revue d'His- toire des Sciences 3, 133-55, 1950.

DE BEER, G. R. H. B. De Saussure's election into the Royal Society (1788). Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7, 264-67, 1950.

DE BEER, G. R. Rodolph Valltravers, F.R.S. (addendum). Notes and Records of the Royail Society of London 8, II6-I9, I950.

DE BEER, G. R. The diary of Sir Charles Blagden. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 8, 65-89, I950.

DUFOUR, LOUIS. Les premieres descriptions du climat de la Belgique. IlIe Congrls Na- tional des Sciences, 37-38, Bruxelles 1950.

DUJARRIC DE LA RIVI:RE, R. Lavoisier, economiste. II8 p. Paris, Masson, 1949.

DUVEEN, DENIS. Antoine Lavoisier's TraitA eldmentaire de chimie. A bibliographical note. Isis 41, I68-71, 7 figs., 1950.

DUVEEN, DENIS. James Price (1752-1783), chemist and alchemist. Isis 4Z, 28I-83, 1950.

GOETHE, J. W. Naturwissenschaftliche Schrif- ten. i. Teil: Schriften zur Farbenlehre (Gedenkausgabe der Werke, Briefe und Gesprache, i6). ZUrich, Artemis-Verlag, 1949.

McKIE, DOUGLAS. "Mr Warltire, a good chymist." Endeavour IO, 46-49, 2 figs., 1951.

Although John Warltire gave valuable assistance to Joseph Priestley in the isolation of oxygen in 1774, and although he observed, late in 1776 or early in 1777, that a 'whitish cloud' was produced in the combustion of 'inflammable air,' practically nothing has been known of him and no biographical notice or study of his writings has hitherto appeared. Dr McKie's article is therefore a welcome addition to the biographical literature of chemistry.



i8th Century (2nd half) 331

MINCKELERS, JAN PIETER. Inauguration du Monument Minckelers-Arenberg i Louvain 5 Sept. 1948. Discourse by Pierre de Smet, in Dutch and in French. 8 typewritten pages. Union des Ingenieurs de Louvain, Soixante quinzieme anniversaire. The Fleming, Jan Pieter Minckelers, was the first

to invent the distillation of lighting gas out of coal in 1783. See Van de Velde 1948 (Isis 40, 367). When Canon Rome came to Cambridge to attend the Mathematical Congress (August 1950) he kindly brought me this document as well as two photographs of the beautiful monument erected in Louvain. The monument represents Minckelers and his patron, the blind duke Engelbert Louis van Arenberg. G. S.

NEAVE, E. W. J. Chemistry in Rozier's journal. I. The journal and its editors. Annals of Science 6, 4I6-21, I p1., I950.

RUSSELL-WOOD, J. The scientific work of William Brownrigg, M.D., F.R.S. (I7II-I800).

I. Annals of Science 6, 436-47, 5 figs., 1950.

SMEATON, JOHN. A catalogue of the civil and mechanical engineering designs, 1741-1792

of John Smeaton, F.R.S. preserved in the library of the Royal Society. xv+386 p., 7 pls. (Extra publication no. 5). London, Newcomen Society, 1950.

SOBOL, S. L. The microscope and microscopical methods of investigation in the work of M. V. Lomonosov. Akademiia nauk SSSR, In- stitut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 197-

225 (in Russian), 1948.

VAN DOREN, CARL. Jane Mecom. The favorite sister of Benjamin Franklin: her life here first fully narrated from their entire surviving correspondence. Viii+225 p., 15 pls. New York, Viking Press, 1950. $4.00.

VAN DOREN, CARL (editor). The letters of Benjamin Franklin & Jane Mecom. Princeton, Princeton University Press for the American Philosophical Society (Memoirs of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, 27). 1950. $5.00.

These two works are the last to come from the pen of Carl Van Doren, who read the proofs of both before he died in the summer of I950; they supplement his biography of Franklin, prcsenting much new manuscript and background material. Not only are they valuable in adding to our knowledge of Franklin, but they revivify a most engaging x8th-century Bostonian lady. It was my good for- tune to find for Mr Van Doren the actual copy of Franklin's book on electricity which he had sent to Jane Mecom and thereby, in very small part, repay his many kindnesses to me. It is fitting to recall, on the occasion of a notice of his last publications, that Mr Van Doren was a generous scholar who appreciated criticism of his writings as an occasion for learning and who went out of his way to send to other scholars manuscript finds that were related to their own special interests that they might have the honor of publishing them rather than publishing them himself. His last contribution was to make available to us the life and writings of a worthy, but hitherto little known, I 8th-century

figure, and to give us a more intimate glimpse into the familial life of the greatest American.

I. B. C.

C. Natural Sciences

ANKER, JEAN. Otto Friderich Miller's Zoologia danica. I08 p., 9 figs. (Library Research Monographs, z). Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1950.

Elaborate study of the illustrious Danish naturalist, Otto Friderich Muller (born in Copenhagen in 1730; died in 1784), or more exactly of one of his works the Zoologia danica, the prodromus of which and first two parts appeared within his lifetime (Copenhagen I776, 1777, 1780); parts 3 and 4 appeared posthumously (1789, i8o6). G. S.

BAILEY, EDWARD B. James Hutton, founder of modem geology (1726-I797). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B 63, 357-68, 1I949.

CARDEW, F. A note on the number of plates in Curtis's "Flora londinensis," I1777, and Hooker's enlarged edition, 1817-1828. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 223-24, 1950.

DOBELL, CLIFFORD. Samuel Hoole, translator of Leeuwenhoek's Select works. With notes on that publication. Isis 4z, 17I-80,

i facs., 1950.

ERHARD, HUBERT. Goethe und die Urzeu- gung. Gesnerus 7, 76-79, 1950.

FLURY, FRANZ. Karte Geneva Civitas von J. B. Micheli du Crest. Gesnerus 7, 59-69, I1950.

FORSSKAL, PETRUS (1732-63). Resa till lycklige Arabien. Med anmairkningar utgiven av Svenska Linne-Saillskapet. 209 p., 8 pls. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell, 1950.

Forsskal was one of Linnaeus' best disciples, but his youthful publications Dubia de principiis philosophiae recentioris (G6thingen 1756) and Pensees sur la liberti civile (1759) jeopardized his career in Sweden. Thanks to Linnaeus' recommendation to Frederik V of Denmark, he was attached as naturalist to Carsten Niebuhr's expedition to the Near East. He died of the plague in Arabia in 1763. Dr Arvid Hj. Uggla has edited Forsskal's diary "Travel to Arabia Felix 176I-63" with great care and has been assisted by Prof. Zetterst6en for all Arabic and Islamic difficulties. The book is handsomely published but lacks an index. G. S.

GOETHE. Schriften iuber die Natur. Geordnet und ausgewaihlt von Gunther Ipsen. 343 p. (Kroiners Taschenausgabe Bd. 62). Stuttgart, Kroner, I949.

GOETHE. Die Schriften zur Naturwissenschaft. Vollstaindige, mit Erliauterungen versehene Ausgabe hrsg. im Auftrage der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher zu Halle von Gunther Schmid, Wilhelm Troll und Lothar Wolf. Erste Abtg: Texte. Erster Bd.: Schrif- ten zur Geologie und Mineralogie I770o-i8io.



332 i8th Century (2nd half) 391 p., 20 pIs. 1947. Zweiter Bd.: Schriften zur Geologie und Mineralogie I8I 2-1832.

438 p., 34 pls. Weimar, Bohlaus, 1949.

Reviewed by H. Fischer, Gesnertus 7, 91, 1950. HIGGINS, L. G. The "Zoophylacium grono-

vianum," I78I, and Meuschen's index. Jour- nal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, I85-86, I950.

[HUTTON, JAMES, 1726-971. Commemora- tion of the Isoth anniversary of his death. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh, 63, 1948-49, 347-402, frontispiece, 4 PIS., 1950. The Royal Society of Edinburgh has done well

to pay this tribute to one of its earliest and most illustrious members. His Theory of the Earth was published in the first volume of the Transactions of that Society. See facsimile of the titlepage of that volume and of the first and last pages of Hutton's famous work in Isis 2, 360 (I did not know then that I would become a few years later a Fellow of that academy). The articles of this Festschrift are listed in this bibliography under their authors' names. G. S. KULIABKO, E. S. Lomonosov as a botanist.

Akademiia Nauk SSSR. Vestnik, no. 9, 78- 82, I950.

LARSEN, ESTHER LOUISE. Peter Kalm, preceptor. Penn. Mag. Hist. Biography, 5oo- II, I950.

Mrs Esther Larsen Doak, who has translated into English so many of Peter Kalm's scientific papers on the American Colonies here discusses Kalm as a teacher and presents a translation of a thesis dated July 13, 1754, by one of his students, Daniel And. Backman, entitled "The benefits which our dear Fatherland might have derived from the Colonies in America formerly called New Sweden."

C. Z.

LARSEN, ESTHER LOUISE. Pehr Kalm's description of the North American mulberry tree. Agric. Hist. 24, 221-27, I950.

A translation from the Kong. Svenskla Vetenskaps Acad. Handlingar 33, 143-63, (1776). NOVIKOV, P. A. Academician Stepan Petrovich

Krasheninnikov (I7I3-55) as the first in- vestigator of the animal life of Kamchatka. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 262-96 (in Russian), I949.

SAWYER, E. C. Some natural history drawings made during Captain Cook's first voyage round the world. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 190-

93, PIp., 1950.

SCHURER, H. Bicentenary of the discovery of rubber in Europe, 175I-1951. Journal of Rubber Research 20, 9-I8, I95I.

D. Medical Sciences BEEKMAN, FENWICK. William Hunter's

early medical education. Part II. He goes to London to complete his studies and remains there. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, Ic78-96, 1950.

BROWN, MARION E. Adam Kuhn: eighteenth century physician and teacher. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, I63-77, 1950.

CORNER, BETSY COPPING. William Ship- pen, Jr, pioneer in American medical education. A biographical essay. With notes, and the original text of Shippen's Student diary, London, 1759-1760; together with a translation of his Edinburgh Dissertation, I76I.

xiii+i6i p., frontispiece, 8 figs. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1951. $2.75. Biography of William Shippen, Jr (1736-i808),

professor of anatomy and surgery in America's first me(lical school founded in 1765 at the College of Philadelphia. The book is based on Shippen's student diary, London I759-6I and includes a translation of his doctoral thesis on the connection of the placenta with the uterus (Edinburgh 176I). This is a family achievement, because Mrs Corner was helped by her husband, G. W. C., the anatomist, and by her son, G. W. C., Jr, the obstetrician.

G. S.

COSBY, C. B. James Currie and hydrotherapy. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 280-88, I950.

DIECKMANN, HERBERT. Theophile Bordeu [I722-17761 und Diderots "Reve de D'Alem- bert." Romanische Forschungen 52, 55-122,

1938.

Elaborate study of Bordeu in relation not only to Diderot, but also to the general currents of thought of the x8th century. While Dieckmann's approach is that of the good philologist, he presents a wealth of important information for the intellectual historian and all who are interested in I8th-century science and medicine. A graduate of Montpellier, Bordeu proves in this study to be of sufficient importance to merit further study by the medical historian. I. B. C. IZQUIERDO, J. J. La antigua facultad de

medicina, las primeras academias medicas y la primera escuela de medicina de Puebla. Gaceta Medica de Me'xico 8o, 78-86, I950.

(JENNER, EDWARD]. Inokulation und Vac- cination. Zum Gediichtnis Edward Jenners, geb. 17. Mai I749. Liste 32, 8 p., 6i items. Zurich, Ziegler, (received January I95I).

MALONEY, W. J. Michael Underwood: a surgeon practising midwifery from I764 to I784. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 289-3I4, portr., I950.

PEYER, BERNHARD. Goethes Wirbeltheorie des Schadels. I29 p., 87 figs. Neujahrsblatt, hrsg. von der Naturforschen Gesellschaft in ZUrich auf das Jahr I950. Zurich, Fretz, I950.

POWELL, J. H. Bring out your dead. The great plague of yellow fever in Philadelphia in 1793. xi+304 p. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.

Dramatic account of the plague of yellow fever which decimated Philadelphia in 1793. RODDIS, LOUIS H. James Lind, founder of

nautical medicine. xi+177 p., 8 ills. New York, Schuman, I950. $3.oo.



i8th Century (2nd half) 333

Biography of the conqueror of scurvy, Dr James Lind (7I6-94) who introduced the use of lemon and lime juice. The account is completed with a bibliography and a very useful chronology. Lind's Treatise on the scurvy first appeared in 1753, his Essay on the most effectual means of preserving the health of seamen in the Royal Navy in 1757, and his Essay on diseases incidental to Europeans in hot climates in 1768. These books were many times reprinted and translated into French, Italian, Ger- man, and Dutch. The author being a naval surgeon is able to appreciate the full value of Lind's work. Lind was an older contemporary of Jenner, and like him one of the greatest benefactors of mankind. The history of scurvy should have been told at greater length: the earliest accounts of it are those of Joinville (relating to the year 1249; Introd. 3, 929) and of Pigafetta (1520). The first book on naval medicine in English (and perhaps in any language) is the Cures of the diseased in forraine attempts of the English nation (London 1598) of which Charles Singer published a facsimile in 1915 (Isis 3, io8); Captain Roddis does not speak of it. G. S.

SAUSSURE, RAYMOND DE. French psychiatry of the eighteenth century. Ciba Symposia II, 1222-52, ills., 1950.

SCHOUTE, D. Scheepschirurgijns-journaal van een slavenschip der Middelburgsche Com- mercie compagnie. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der geneeskunde 28, I9-36, 1948.

Journal of a surgeon aboard a Dutch slave ship, 176i-63- G. S.

TEMKIN, OWSEI. German concepts of on- togeny and history around I8oo. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 227-46, 1950.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Herinnering aan Edward Jenner. Biologisch Jaarboek i89-94, 1950.

WOOD, SAMUEL. A link with Jenner-post- script. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 269-79, 1950.

ZEMAN, FREDERIC D. William Withering as a mineralogist. The story of Witherite. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 530-

38, 1950.

E Alia

BALD, R. C. Sir William Chambers and the Chinese garden. Journal of the History of Ideas II, 287-320, 1950.

CLIFFORD, JAMES LOWRY (editor). Dr Campbell's diary of a visit to England in 1775. Ed. from the MS. With an introduction by S. C. Roberts. xvi+148 p. London, Cam- bridge University Press, 1947.

DIECKMANN, HERBERT. The autopsy report on Diderot. Isis 4z, 289o0, 1950.

DVOICHENKO-MARKOV, EUFROSINA. The American Philosophical Society and early Russian-American relations. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, 549- 6I0, 14 figs., 1950.

FISCHER, HANS. Goethes Naturwissenschaft. 94 p., frontispiece. Zurich, Artemis, I950.

General survey of Goethe's scientific views: physi- ognomics, biological morphology, metamorphoses of plants, comparative anatomy, geology and mineralogy, chemistry, theory of colors. Unfortunately, the abundant notes (30 p.) printed at the end of the book, escape one's attention at the very time when one needs them most. G. S. GRtYNTHAL, ERNST; STRAUSS, FRITZ.

Abhandlungen zu Goethes Naturwissenschaft. 11 5 p., pIs., figs. (Berner Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Medizin Io). Bern, Haupt, ' 949. Reviewed by H. Fischer, Gesnerus 7, 93-94, 1950.

HINDLE, BROOKE. The American Academy of Sciences and the American Society held at Philadelphia for Promoting and Propagating useful knowledge, 1765-1I766. Isis 41, 197,

1950.

KANT, IMMANUEL. "Critique of practical reason" and other writings in moral philosophy. Translated and edited with an introduction by Lewis Beck White. xv+370 p. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949.

$5.00.

There are brought together here, in a volume of the "Chicago Editions," new translations of Kant's major writings in moral philosophy: Foundations of the metaphysics of morals (Riga, I785), two previous English translations, here in excerpts; Critique of practical reason (Riga, 1788), one previous Engl. trans.; An inquiry into the distinctness of the principles of natural theology and morals (1764), one previous English trans., What is enlightenment? (1784), one previous Engl. trans.; What is orientation in thinking? (1786), one previous Engl. trans., Perpetual peace (Konigsberg, 1795), many times trans. into English; On a supposed right to lie from altruistic motives (1797), one previous Engl. trans.; and selections from The metaphysics of morals (twice before trans. into English). The translator gives an account of the circumstances of writing of each of these works, an account of the various editions, and their previous translations into English. Nowhere is it stated why there was a need of translating each work. The translator has provided an extensive introduction in which Kant's position as a moral philosopher is explored at length and is compared to that of his predecessors; there are many explanatory footnotes. The translation seems to have been done with scrupulous care, and in each selection, running page references are given to Ernst Cassirer's edition, except in one case where the selection is to be found only in the earlier edition of the Prussian Academy. One wonders why new translations of Kant's moral writings are made when so many important philosophical works - both primary and secondary - remain untranslated.

I. B.C. LATIMER, JOHN F. American classical schol-

arship and Caleb Alexander. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological As- sociation 80, 403-22, 1949.

MEYERHOF, OTTO. UVber Goethes Methode der Naturforschung. Proceedings of the Ru- dolf Virchow Medical Society in the City of New York 8, 3-19, 1950.



334 igth Century (whole & ist half) OBERHOFFER, M. Goethes Krankengeschichte.

Goethes Krankheiten nach seinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen und nach Ausserungen seiner Zeitgenossen. 144 p. (Heilkunde und Geistes- welt, z). Hannover, Schmorl & von Seefeld, 1949.

RINMAN, SVEN. Der Neuhumanismus an der Akademie Abo. Lychnos, 85-113 (in Swedish with summary in German), x948-49.

RODDIER, HENRI. J. J. Rousseau en Angle- terre au XVIIIe si≤ l'oeuvre et l'homme. 435 p. Paris, Boivin, 1950.

ROTH, CECIL. Hungarian Protestants and English Jewry: an appeal on behalf of the Collegeat Debreczen, I767. Etudes Orientales a la mdmoire de Paul Hirschler, 28-31, Buda- pest 1950.

VOLTAIRE. Lettres in&dites aux Tronchin. Introduction de Bernard Gagnebin. T. x, xl+301 p.; T. 2, 246 p., frontispiece; T. 3, 259 p., frontispiece. (Textes Litttraires franfais). Geneve, Droz, 1950.

This is the first complete edition (as far as possible) of V.'s correspondence with the illustrious Tronchin family of Geneva. The bulk of this correspondence is owned since 1937 by the Bibliotheque publique of that city. Previous editions were frag- mentary and very poor. The letters deal with a great variety of subjects. The main correspondents were Thcodore Tronchin, his physician, Franqois Tron- chin, his adviser and Jean Robert Tronchin, his banker. The correspondence with the physician is interesting for the study of V.'s psychology, for he was an egregious hypochondriac; that with the banker illustrates his business activities and his greed which was increasing as fast as his wealth. The 712 letters range from 1754 to 1778; they are well annotated and indexed. The editor is keeper of MSS in the Geneva library. G. S.

19th CENTURY -whole and lirst half

A. Mathematics

BOLZANO, BERNARD (1781-1848). Oeuvres de Bernard Bolzano, ed. par la Societe Royale des Lettres et des Sciences de Boheme, t. V, M6moires g6ometriques, publi6s et com- ment6s par Jan Vojtech. 2I6 p. Prague, 1948.

Vol. I of this edition was reviewed in Isis (I5, 353-55). For later volumes see Isis (X9, 404-05; 24, 490).

BOLZANO, BERNARD. Paradoxes of the in- finite. Translated from the German of the posthumous edition by Fr. Pfihonsk' and furnished with a historical introduction by Donald A. Steele (S.J.). ix+i89 p. New Haven, Yale University Press, I950.

Bolzano (1781-1848) wrote the Paradoxien des Unendlichen during the last two years of his life. The book was published by his friend, P?ihonsk?, in i851. It has subsequently been republished in I889 (Wissenschaftliche Klassiker in Faksimiledrucken, Berlin) and in 1921 (in Meiner's Philosophische Bibliothek, with notes by the mathematician, H. Hahn). Dr Steele of Fordham University has now

given us an English translation, preceded by a historical introduction of 55 pages and followed by a selected bibliography. The introduction contains a sketch of B.'s life and a scholarly appraisal in the light of our present knowledge of B. as a mathematician, a logician and a theoretical physicist (this last mainly because of B.'s thoughts on space and statics); there are a few words about B.'s position in the scholastic tradition. The author has also replaced Phihonsk"'s synopsis of contents by a more detailed analysis. On page 54, we meet the sug- gestion (based on Jalek's studies) that some inadequacies in the text of the Paradoxes may be due to the editor of 1851, so that a critical study of the original manuscript may still be necessary for a final edition. D. J. S. DANJON, ANDRE. C&r6monies du deux-

centieme anniversaire de la naissance de Pierre-Simon Marquis de Laplace, i l'Unii- versite de Caen le 21 mai 1949 et i Beaumont- en-Auge le 22 mai 1949. 20 p. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, 1949.

DEPMAN, I. Ia. New material about N. I. Lobachevskii. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 56I-63 (in Russian), 1948.

DORWART, H. L. An early American unpublished work in mathematics. Scripta Mathe- matica r6, I8I-85, I950. Apropos of Jonathan Knight, 1787-1858.

IUSHKEVICH, A. P. On the origin of the concept of Cauchy's definite integral. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy I, 373-411 (in Russian), 1947.

LEMAITRE, GEORGES. Laplace et la m&can- ique celeste. L'Astronomie 64, 89-97, 3 figs., I950.

LOBACHEVSKII, NIKOLAI IVANOVICH. Instructions for teachers of mathematics in the gymnasium. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 554-6o (in Russian), 1948.

NAGAEVA, V. M. N. I. Lobachevskii as agent of enlightenment. Akademiia nauk SSSR, In- stitut istoril estestvognaniia, Trudy, 3, 368- 77 (in Russian), 1949.


BENNETT, GEORGE W. Pioneer sdentists of the Western Lea. III. "Old Jakey Green" at Canonsburg. Proceedings of the Pennsyl- vania Academy of Science 23, 2I8-2I, 1949.

Green was one of the most famous American chemists of the early igth-century. W. D. M. BLANCK, ANTON. Berzelius' Studienjahre in

Upsala. Lychnos I68-205 (in Swedish with summary in German), 1948-49.

CARTWRIGHT, F. F. Humphry Davy's contribution to anaesthesia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Sect. Hist. Med., 43, 571-78, 1950.

COULSON, THOMAS. Joseph Henry: his life and work. 352 p. Princeton Univ. Press, I950.



1gth Century (whole & ist half) 335 DAUMAS, MAURICE. Gay-Lussac (1778-

I850). Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 337- 42, 1950.

FARBER, EDUARD. Bio-active substances in the nineteenth century. Chymia 3, 63-76, I950.

FIERZ, M. Die Formulierung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik durch R. Clausius vor hundert Jahren. Experientia 6, I99, I950.

HOLMBERG, ARNE; AHLSTRtJM, 0. En optisk dyrgrip. Briinnspegeln i Armemuseum. Jons Jacob Berzelius och brannspegeln i Frotuna kyrka. Meddelande XI frdn Kungl. Armtmuseum, I00-12, Stockholm, I950.

KING, H. C. The optical work of Charles Tulley. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science, z, 87, i850.

KLICKSTEIN, HERBERT S. An early Ameri- can "Discourse on the connexion between chemistry and medicine." Library Chronicle z6, 64-8o, I9j0.

During the first half of the XIX century there was a dispute among the medical faculty of the Univ. of Penna. concerning the value of chemistry in the medical curriculum. Thomas Cooper wrote the Discourse in defense of the study of chemistry.

W. D. M. MATTHIS, A. R. Oersted et la de-couverte de

l'electromagnetisme. Soc. belge des electriciens. Bull. 66, 62-74, 4 figs., I950.

PRANDTL, WILHELM. Humphry Davy, Jons Jacob Berzelius, zwei fiihrende Chemiker aus der ersten Hiilfte des i9. Jahrhunderts. 264 p., 23 figs. Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Ver- lagsgesellschaft, I948.

PRELAT, CARLOS E.; VELARDE, ALBERTO G. La quimica en los "Elements de chimie" de Orfila. Chymia 3, 77-93, 2 ills., 1950.

RHEINBOLDT, HEINRICH. Bunsens Vor- lesung Uber allgemeine Experimentalchemie. Chymia 3, 223-4I, 1950.

ROSENFELD, L. A Joule Museum at Man- chester. Nature z66, I59, 1950.

ROWE, J. S. The life and work of George Fownes, F.R.S. (I8I5-49). Annals of Science 6, 422-35, I pI., 1950.

SCOTT, JOHN MARK. Karl Friedrich Mohr, I806-I879, father of volumetric analysis. Chymia 3, 191-203, 1950.

SNEYERS, RAYMOND. De la valeur des donn&es meteorologiques recueillies k Bruxelles au XIXe siele. Ille Congr&s National des Sciences, 43-44, Bruxelles 1950.

TIMPANARO, SEBASTIANO. Luigi Pacinotti (I807-89). Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 555-69, 1950.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. J. B. A. Dumas en Fr. Wohler twee beroemde chemici geboren in x800. Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie Z2, 3-12, Brussel, 1950.

WALLS, GORDON L. Sir John Herschel and contact lenses. Science ziz, 50I, I950.

WEBB, K. R. Gay-Lussac (I778-i85o) as chemist. Endeavour 9, 207-IO, ills., 1950.

C. Natural Sciences

BARNARD, K. H. The dates of issue of the "Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa" and the "Marine investigations in South Africa." Journal of the Society for the Bibli- ography of Natural History 2, I87-89, 1950.

BONACINA, L. C. W. Wordsworth's responses to natural scenery. Nature z65, 62I-25, I950.

BENEDICT, R. C. Ferns, microscopes, and Brownian movement. American Fern Journal 40, 83-88, 1950.

BOUVIER, R.; MAYNIAL, E. Aim6 Bonpland, explorateur de l'Amazonie, botaniste de la Malmaison, planteur en Argentine (1773- I858). I93 p, portr. Paris, Soci6t6 d'Edition d'Enseignement superieur, 1950. Reprinted from Mercure de France (Isis 39, 254).

BOUVIER, R.; MAYNIAL, E. Der Botaniker von Malmaison -Aim6 Bonpland. Ein Freund Alexander von Humboldt. Neuwied- Rhein, Lancelot Verlag, 1948.

CONSTANTIN-WEYER, MAURICE. Dans les pas du naturaliste. 23I p. (Les livres de Nature, 77). Paris, Stock, I950.

Biography of Audubon. DAVIS, A. G. Notes on Griffith's geological

maps of Ireland. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 209-

II, I950.

DOUGLAS, J. A.; EDMONDS, J. M. John Phillips's geological maps of the British Isles. Annals of Science 6, 361-75, 2 pls., 1950.

HAGEN, VICTOR WOLFGANG voNi. Was this the fate of the library of Alexander von Humboldt? An inquiry. Isis 4z, I64-67, 1950.

HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. Palmer's maps of the South Shetlands and the Palmer Pen- insula. Connecticut Historical Society Bule- tin I5, 25-29, 3 figs., 1950.

LINDROTH, STEN. Sven Nilsson's English contacts (Lyell, Darwin and Lubbock). Lychnos 144-58 (in Swedish with summary in English), 1948-49.

PIVETEAU, JEAN. Le d6bat entre Cuvier et Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire sur l'unit6 de plan et de composition. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 343-63, 1950.

RAIKOV, B. E. The last days of K. E. von Baer. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 575-83 (in Russian), 1948.

RICKETT, H. W. John Bradbury's explorations in Missouri Territory. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, 59-89, 1I950.



336 igth Century (whole & ist half) SALAMANCA, LUCY. With Audubon in the

Florida Keys. Natural History 6o, 24-3I,

ills., I95I.

TASCH, PAUL. Darwin and the forgotten Mr Lonsdale. Geological Magazine 87, 292-96, 1950. Apropos of the English geologist, William Lons-

dale (1794-1871), one of the early evolutionists. G. S.

D. Medical Sciences

ABELL, IRVIN. Professional attainments of Ephraim McDowell. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, I6I-67, I950.

BIANCHI, VINCENZO. L'antimalarico che ha appassionato gli Italiani per mezzo secolo. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 42, 73- 8I, 2 figs., I950.

CASTALDI, LUIGI. Francesco Boi (I767- i86o), primo cattedratico di anatomia umana a Cagliari e le cere anatomiche fiorentine de Clemente Susini. (Biblioteca della Rivista di Storne deUe Scienze, I). Firenze, Olschki, 1947.

EATON, LEONARD K. Military medicine on the Louisiana frontier: a letter of Melines Conklin Leavenworth to Dr Eli Todd (1831).

Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 247-

53, I950.

ERICKSON, ARVEL B. An early attempt at medical reform in England, I844-I845. Jour- nal of the History of Medicine 5, I44-55,

1950.

HORINE, EMMET FIELD. The stagesetting for Ephraim McDowell, I77I-I830. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, I49-60, 1950.

IZQUIERDO, J. J. El primer ensayo de farmacopea mexicana, 1832. Revista de la Sociedad mexicana de historia natural zo, 347-5I, 1949.

IZQUIERDO, J. JOAQUIN. Temprano ensayo mexicano de interpretacion bioquimica. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 20, 65-69, 1949.

Apropos of the Praelectiones et concertationes medicac pro Hippocratis Aphorismis interpretandis by Luis Montafia (Mexico I817). G. S.

LAWSON, HAMPDEN C. The early medical schools of Kentucky. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, I68-75, 1950.

MULLETT, CHARLES F. Augustus Bozzi Granville: a medical knight-errant. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 25I-68, I950.

RODDIS, LOUIS H. Thomas Harris, M.D., naval surgeon and founder of the first school of naval medicine in the New World. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 236-50, portr., 1950.

ROSEN, GEORGE. Politics and public health in New York City (I838-I842). Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 44I-6I, I950.

SLAUGHTER, FRANK G. Immortal Magyar. Semmelweis, conqueror of childbed fever. 211

p., frontispiece, 4 ills. New York, Schuman, I950. $3.50.

"Semimelweis' fight against puerperal fever began in a Vienna obstetrical clinic, where he became Assistant in 1846. He found the fever raging in the wards, and doctors and nurses powerless to halt its spread and save the victims. Then, one day, a colleague died of a dissection wound. Semmelweis read the autopsy report on the case, and, like a flood of light, came the realization that the post-mortem findings were almost identical with those in cases of childbed fever. Careful investigation led him to the full significance of what he had observed - and to a remedy.

"But though he applied his findings with marked success at the Vienna clinic, he found obstacles and opposition on every side. Driven out of Vienna by political and personal persecution, he continued his lifesaving task in Hungarian hospitals, only to meet with more opposition. Embittered and angry, he continued his lonely struggle until his death in 1865 at the early age of 47." TILTON, ELEANOR M. Amiable autocrat, a

biography of Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes [IS09-94]. xii+3+470 p. New York, Schu- man, I947.

Reviewed by Theodore Hornberger, Isis 41, 222, 1950. UNDERWOOD, E. ASHWORTH. Catalogue

of an exhibition illustrating medicine in I850. 64 p., 9 ills. (Publications of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, Occasional Papers series, no. 2). London, Oxford University Press, 1950. 3 s. The Catalogue is divided into I5 sections:

I. Physics, 2. Chemistry, 3. Biology, 4. Physiology, 5. Anatomy, 6. Microscopic technique and histology, 7. Pathology and bacteriology, 8. Diagnostic instruments, 9. Clinical medicine, io. Ophthalmology,

i. Pharmacology, 12. Therapeutics, 13. Infectious diseases, 14. Public health, I5. Hospitals and nursing.

G. S. WITTOP KONING, D. A. De geneeskundige

school te Hoorn. Med. Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 94, 1287-90, 1950.

History of the small medical school which existed in Hoorn, Netherlands, from 1823 to I865.

G. S.

E. Alia

PETTENGILL, GEORGE E. Walter Rogers Johnson (1794-I852). Journal of the Frank- lin Institute 250, 93-II3, ill., I950.

PLAMENATZ, JOHN. Mill's "Utilitarianism," reprinted with a study of the English Utili- tarians. 228 p. Oxford, Blackwell; New York, Macmillan, I949. $2.25.

Mill's Utilitarianism was first published in I86I, two years after his famous essay on Liberty, when according to Plamenatz, Mill was "a sick man in his premature old age." Both works "exhibit all his defects as a thinker, his lack of clarity, his incon- sistency, his inability either to accept wholeheartedly or to reject the principles inherited from his father and from Bentham. . . For all their defects, Liberty



igth Century (2nd half) 337 and Utilitarianism are important works. The very candor that obliges Mill to admit so much that is inconsistent with the principles handed down to him by his father and Bentham throws a strong light on the inadequacies of the utilitarian theory." Very little of the introductory essay (which is three times as long as the Mill reprint) is devoted to Mill himself; the author is more concerned to trace the development, applications, and vicissitudes of the theory from Hume to Mill in Britain, and notes only two minor utilitarians outside of Britain, Beccaria and Helvetius. I. B. C.


A. Mathematics

BERNARD-MAITRE, HENRI. Un historien des mathematiques en Europe et en Chine: Le Pere Henri Bosmans, S.J. (I852-I928).

Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 6I9-56, I950.

GODEAUX, LUCIEN. Ernest-Joseph Mathy (I855-I923). IlIe Congres National des Sci- ences, 34-35, Bruxelles I950.

PRUDNIKOV, V. E. Academician P. L. Chebyshev and Russian school. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, II7-35 (in Russian), I949.

SARTON, GEORGE. Query no. I26. Who was the mathematician, Frere Gabriel Marie? Isis 4I, 199, 1950.

SCHLAFLI, LUDWIG (I8I4-I895). Gesam- melte mathematische Abhandlungen, Bd. I. 392 p., 2 figs. Basel, Birkhauser, 1950.


BROGLIE, LOUIS DE. Ceremonie du centenaire de la naissance de Floris Osmond & la Sorbonne le vendredi 7 octobre I949. 27 p. Paris, In- stitut de France, Academie des Sciences, I949.

CORY, RALPH. Fifty years at the Royal In- stitution. Nature I66, I049-53, 1950.

DELtPINE, MARCEL. Vie et oeuvres de J. A. Le Bel. 222 p. Paris, Masson, I949.

HALSTEAD, PHILIP E. Oliver Heaviside and his influence on modem radio research. Amer. Scientist 78, 6io-6ir, I950.

JACKSON, WILLIS. Life and work of Oliver Heaviside (May i8, i850-February 3, I925).

Nature Z65, 99I-93, I950.

KEDROV, B. M. Stages in the development of D. I. Mendeleev's periodic law. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 288-322, I948.

LOCKEMANN, GEORG. Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. Lebensbild eines deutschen Natur- forschers. 262 p., 7 figs. (Grosse Natur- forscher, 6). Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Ver- lagsgesellschaft, I949.

Reviewed by Eduard Farber, Isis 41, 313, I950.

LUTHER, FREDERIC. The earliest experiments in microphotography. Isis 41, 277-8I,

I950.

[MILLIKAN, ROBERT A.]. The autobiography of Robert A. Millikan. 3II p. New York, Prentice-Hall, I950.

Reviewed by P. W. Bridgman, Science II2, 316,

1950.

OESPER, RALPH E.; LEMAY, PIERRE. Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, I8i8-i88I. Chymia 3, 205-2I, port., 1950.

RHEINBOLDT, HEINRICH. Fifty years of the Grignard reaction. Journal of Chemical Education 27, 476-88, I7 ills., I950. A biography and resume of the work of Franqois

Auguste Victor Grignard (I871-1935). This paper is in honor of the 5oth anniversary of the Grignard reaction, which was announced in the May 14, I900

issue of the Comptes rendus of the French Academy of Science. (Compt. rend. I30, 1322, I900).

W. D. M.

RIGHI, AUGUSTO (i850-I920). Scelta di scritti di Augusto Righi a cura di G. C. Dalla Noce et G. Valle. xxxi+374 p., portr. Bologna, Zanichelli, I950.

RUNGE, IRIS. Carl Runge, und sein wissen- schaftliches Werk. 2I4 p. Goettingen, Van- denhoeck und Ruprecht, I949.

Reviewed by Otto Oldenberg, Isis 41, 222-24,

1950.

SCHMIDT, GUSTAV. The discovery of the nitroparaffins by Victor Meyer. Journal of Chemical Education 27, 557-59, I950.

VAN GILS, J. M. La genese des stations seismologiques belges. IIIe Congrts National des Sciences, 45-47, Bruxelles 1950.

VELGHE, A. L'Uranom6trie generale de J. C. Houzeau, I876. IlIe Congres National des Sciences, 39-42, i fig., Bruxelles I950.

WATSON-WATT, SIR ROBERT. Oliver Heaviside: I850oI925. Scientific Monthly 7z,

353-58, I950. A biographical sketch of the great mathematician

and physicist, co-discoverer of the Kennelly-Heavi- side layer. C. Z.

WINDERLICH, RUDOLF. Lothar Meyer. J. Chem. Ed. 27, 365-68, 4 ills., I950.

Brief biography of the work of Meyer (I830- I895). W. D. M.

C. Natural Sciences

BATCHELDER, CHARLES FOSTER. A bibliography of the published writings of Charles Johnson Maynard (I845-I929). Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 227-60, I95I.

BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (I803-89). Observations, botanical and physiological, on the potato murrain, together with selections from Berkeley's vegetable pathology. io8 p. (Phytopathological Classics, published by the American Phytopathological Society, no. 8). East Lansing, Mich., I948.



338 1_th Century (2nd half) COHN, FERDINAND (I828-I898). Le grand

botaniste et bacteriologiste. By Jacob Seide. Revue d'Histoire de la Mddecine Hebraique no 5, 28 p., portr., I950.

DARWIN, CHARLES. Autobiography. With his notes and letters depicting the growth of the Origin of Species. Edited by Sir Francis Darwin. And an introductory essay, "The meaning of Darwin," by George Gaylord Simpson. 266 p., frontispiece. New York, Schuman, 1950. $3.50.

The editor had the excellent idea of republishing Darwin's autobiography, adding to it the recollec- tions of his son, Francis, notes and sketches illustrating the genesis of his thought from I837 to I844, and letters covering the period I843 to i859 when the Origin of Species was published. Our readers may recall that facsimile copies of the joint an- nouncement of Darwin and Wallace's independent discoveries appeared in Isis (14, 132-54); that facsimile reprint included Darwin's letter to Asa Grey dated Sept. 5, I857. This letter is also reprinted here but out of the chronological order. The reader of this book will have a faithful portrait of Darwin, and realize that the latter was not only a successful discoverer, but a great man of science (one of the very greatest) and what matters almost as much, a very great man. Maybe the book will send the reader back to the whole correspondence. Darwin's thinking on the origin of species did not stop in I859 but continued until the end of his life; one of the best signs of his greatness is that he remained open-minded, and was always welcoming scientific objections, caring more for them than for unscientific praise or blame. For the discussion of social Darwinism see the article by Gloria McCon- naughey (Osiris 9, 397-412, I950). The book would be a most suitable gift to any young biologist, for the latter could not have a better example before him than Darwin's. G. S.

[DARWIN, CHARLES]. Darwin's letters to Lyell. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 8, I22-24, I950.

These letters have been bought in I950 by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.

G. S.

(DARWIN]. Three unknown Darwin letters. Edited by Arne Portman. Lychnos, 206-i0, I948-49.

DAVITASHVILI, L. SH. V. 0. Kovalevskii. 420 p. Moscow, Acad. Sc. U.R.S.S., I946 (in Russian). Reviewed by N. Menchikoff, Archives interna-

tionales d'Histoire des scienceS 29, 977, 1950.

DAVITASHVILI, L. SH. V. 0. Kovalevskii and T. Geksli as naturalist-evolutionists. Akade- miia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy, 3, 35I-67 (in Russian), I949.

DAWSON, WARREN R. Sir Joseph Hooker and Dawson Turner. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2,

2I8-22, I950.

FERMOR, SIR LEWIS. Geological survey of India. Centenary celebrations. Nature z67, IOI2, I95I.

HAAST, H. F. VON. The life and times of Sir Julius von Haast. Explorer, geologist, museum builder. xxi+II42 p., 4 maps, frontispiece. Wellington, New Zealand, I948.

Elaborate biography of Julius von Haast, born at Bonn i822, died at Christchurch I887. Explorer of New Zealand, geologist, palaeontologist, prehistorian, founder of the Canterbury Museum. This book written by his son is a fundamental document for the history of science in New Zealand; it is so rich that it is impossible to summarize it nor even to indicate the main points. There are 72 chapters, two of the most interesting to me being those devoted to the controversies concerning moas, and moa- hunters, the prehistoric inhabitants before the Maori. Though primarily devoted to New Zealand, the book will interest historians of European science. Haast had become an international personality and was in touch with leading men of science in Eng- land, Germany, America, etc. A splendid monument to the memory of a great man. G. S.

HAMMOND, GEORGE PETER; GOAD, EDGAR F. A scientist on the trail: travel letters of A. F. Bandelier, i88o-i88I. xi+I42 p. (Quivira Society Publications, Io). Berke- ley, I949.

HARPER, ROBERT S. The first psychological laboratory. Isis 41, I58-6i, I950.

JESPERSEN, P. HELVEG. Charles Darwin and Dr Grant. Lychnos I59-67, 3 ills., I948-

49.

JOHNSON, ORSON BENNET (I848-I9I7). Biography of a pioneer naturalist of the Pacific Northwest by Melville H. Hatch. Studies Honoring Trevor Kincaid, II-22, ills.,

Univ. of Washington Press, I950.

KERR, SIR JOHN GRAHAM. A naturalist in the Gran Chaco. Xi+235 p. New York, Cam- bridge University Press, I950. $4.50. This is an account of two expeditions by the

author, the first during I889-9I, the second during I896-97 to the Chaco in search of material for studies to be made on the lungfish. The book is extremely interesting both for its account of the natural history of the Chaco and of the various personalities and adventures which the author en- countered. M. F. A. M.

LETROYE, ARMAND. La premi6re mission scientifique belge au Congo (i8go) (Observa- tions astronomiques et magnitiques). IIIe Congres National des Sciences, 50-52, Bruxelles, I950.

McCONNAUGHEY, GLORIA. Darwin and social Darwinism. Osiris 9, 397-4I2, I950.

ROGERS, ANDREW DENNY, III. Liberty Hyde Bailey. A story of plant science. 5+6 p., 3 ills. Princeton University Press, I949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 41, 242, 1950.

TOWNSEND, A. C. A note on P. de Loriol: "Notes pour servir i l'itude des &chinodermes," I884-I905. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2, 208, I950.



1gth Century (2nd half) 339

D. Medical Sciences

BELLONI, LUIGI. La necrologia e le medaglie del medico triestino Antonio Carlo Lorenzutti (I806-I867). Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 42, 88-94, I fig., I950.

BOAS, ERNST P. First use of the laryngoscope in the United States. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 452-54, I950.

DUBOIS, A. Les debuts de la recherche medicale au Congo. Henri de Marbaix, I2 aofit i868- I3 mars i897. Ille Congres National des Sciences, 56-58, Bruxelles I950.

FISH, STEWART A. The death of President Garfield [I88I]. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 378-92, 2 figs., I950.

GUTHRIE, DOUGLAS. Lord Lister, his life and doctrine. Viii+I28 p. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, I949.

HAMPTON, ISABEL A., and others. Nursing of the sick, I893. Papers and discussions from the International Congress of Charities, Corrections and Philanthropy, Chicago I893, published in I949 under the sponsorship of the National League of Nursing Education. XiX+2i8 p. New York, McGraw-Hill, I949.

HUME, EDWARD H. The contributions of David Livingstone as a medical scientist. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 434-

40, I950.

IZQUIERDO, J. J. A proposito de un libro reciente sobre Cajal, explorador del cerebro humano. Revista de la Sociedad mexicana de historia natural IO, 353-58, I949.

KISCH, BRUNO. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Cortis Taitigkeit in Bern. Gesnerus 7, 74-76, I950.

KRAMER, HOWARD D. Early municipal and state boards of health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 503-29, I950.

MARQUARDT, MARTHA. Paul Ehrlich. With an introduction by Sir Henry Dale. XX+255

p. ills. New York, Schuman, I95I. $3.50.

The author was Ehrlich's secretary from 1902 to his death in 1915. She published a brief biography of him in German in 1924 (Isis 8, I89-9I); the present volume is more than a translation of her earlier work, but a revision and amplification of it. In his introduction, Sir Henry Dale explains that it is a great mistake to think of the master only as the discoverer of Salvarsan (6o6); this was only the culmination of a method which he had begun to investigate twenty years earlier; his first discovery goes back to I874. The book is anecdotal, but it evokes a great personality; for scientific details it would be well to turn to the Festschrift dedicated to him on his 6oth birthday, Paul Ehrlich: Einc Darstellung seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens (1 4 March 1914, Jena). The book is very readable and stimulating, well illustrated; it is followed by chronological tables but lacks an index. G. S. MARTIN, HAYES; EHRLICH, HARRY;

BUTLER, FRANCELIA. J. Marion Sims, pioneer cancer protagonist. Cancer 3, I89- 204, 6 figs., I950.

MEYERDING, HENRY W.; VAN ASSEN, J. Dr. Antonius Mathijsen, de uitvinder van het gipsverband. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der geneeskunde 28, I4-I8, 4 figs., I948.

Dr Ant. Mathijsen (b. in Budel, N. Brabant I805; d. in Hamont, Belgium I878). Inventor of plaster bandaging in I852. PRATT, JOSEPH H. A year with Osler, I896-

97. XX+209 p., 5 ills. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, I949.

RACHFORD, B. K. The story of a quarantine. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 432-43,

I950.

It happened in I889 in Nassau, Bahama. ROBINSON, JUDITH. Tom Cullen of Balti-

more. xii+435 p., ill. London, Oxford Uni- versity Press, I949.

ROSEN, GEORGE. William Henry Welch, I850-I934. Journal of the History of Medi- cine 5, 233-35, I950.

SPEHL, EMILE. Vie et souvenirs d'un m6decin, I854-I948. 345 p. Bruxelles, Stoops, I948.

TANNER, W. E. Sir W. Arbuthnot Lane (I850-I943). His life and work. I92 p., ills.

Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, I946.

TEMKIN, OWSEI; KOUDELKA, JANET. Simon Newcomb and the location of Presi- dent Garfield's bullet. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 393-97, 1950.

WASHBURN, WALTER L. Leprosy among Scandinavian settlers in the Upper Mississippi Valley, I864-I932. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, I23-48, I950.

WELCH, WILLIAM H. (I850-I934). Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, no. 4, I950.

A large part of this number is dedicated to the memory of Dr Welch. It contains articles by Owsei Temkin, Barnett Cohen, Richard Harrison Shryock, and Carl Julius Salomonsen. G. S.

E. Alia

GREEN, H. GWYNEDD. John Hanson: a maker of microscope slides. Nature 165, 887, I950.

LEVENSON, JOSEPH R. The breakdown of Confucianism: Liang Ch'i-ch'ao before exile, I873-I898. Journal of the History of Ideas II, 448-85, 1950. "Liang Ch'i-ch'ao (I873-1929), a brilliant jour-

nalist, scholar, and political figure, began his public career as the most ardent and influential follower of K'ang Yu-wei in the espousal of western-type reforms for China. In I 898, under sentence of death, he fled to Japan. This article is concerned with the first phase of his life and is in two sections, biographical and analytical." STEIN, LEON. The racial thinking of Richard

Wagner. XiV+252 p. New York, Philosophical Library, I950. $4.75.

For many years I had hoped that someone would write this book. Now that it has made its appearance it is a matter for congratulation that it fell to the lot of Dr Leon Stein to write it. Dr Stein is



340 20th Century himself a distinguished musicologist and composer, and evidently a student of culture and of philosophy. His book reflects all these interests, and, indeed, it is only a man with such interests as Dr Stein's who could have written this book as well as he has done.

The influence of Richard Wagner's racial writings has not really been properly understood. Dr Stein puts that influence in its proper perspective. It becomes clear that such monuments of murderous nonsense as were perpetrated by Houston Stewart Chamberlain and his successors stemmed directly from the stimulus received from Wagner's racial writings as well as from the works of Gobineau and lesser fry. Wagncr's anti-Semitism, it seems to me, was of a pathological kind. It served him as a purgative, and he himself seems to have realized that it was a deep-seated emotional need with him. But what the causes of racialism in Wagner were is a less important consideration than the understanding of the contribution which his own ravings made to what eventually became the official doctrine of racism in Germany. To that end Dr Stein's volume is the most important contribution which has thus far appeared. Dr Stein's book throws a most unpleasant and revealing light upon Richard Wagner. M. F. A. M. STEPHENS, I. K. The hermit philosopher of

Liendo. xiii+402 p., Io ills. Dallas, Texas, Southern Methodist University Press, I95I. $5.00.

This is a double biography, for it tells the vicissitudes not only of Edmund Montgomery (I835- I9iI) but also of his wife, the German sculptress, Elisabet Ney (I833-1907), a grandniece of Marechal Ney. They were married in Madeira, lived together in Cannes, Rome, Thomasville (Georgia) but chicfly at the plantation Liendo in Hempstead, SE Texas, then a solitude near the frontier. The double story is tragic and romantic, full of unexpected events and of mysteries. Whatever one may think of Mont- gomery's scientific and philosophic views, one must admire his independence and his honesty. In the light of eternity, Edmund and Elisabet are worth more than all the oilmen of Texas put together. I am grateful to the Southern Methodist University for having published this book as well as Keeton's book, The philosophy of Edmund Montgomery (1950; Isis 41, 365). Thanks to its generous initiative, these two free and noble souls will live forever.

G. S. WAKEFIELD, EVA INGERSOLL (editor).

The letters of Robert G. Ingersoll (1833-99). Xii+747 p. New York, Philosophical Library, I3953I. $7.50. Editeci with an excellent biographical introduction

by his grancidaughter, these letters of Robert Inger- soll are as fascinating as one might expect of so great and noble a human being. More sharply than ever Ingersoll's great faith in scicnce is revealed in his letters, and he must be credited with having played a great role in advancing its influence in the United States. M. F. A. M.

20th CENTUJRY

A. Mathematics

LEGGET, H. W. Bertrand Russell: a sketch of his life and work. 79 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, 1950.

A charmingly illustrated brief account of the life and work of Bertrand Russell. There is an annotated bibliography of Russell's principal works. I should think that all admirers of Russell would want to possess this attractive little volume.

M. F. A. M. RICHARDSON, ROLAND G. D., 1878-1949.

Obituary by R. C. Archibald, BuUetin of the American Mathematical Society 56, 256-65, 1950.

SEVERI, FRANCESCO. Memorie Scelte. Vol. I. A cura di Beniamino Segre. xc+458 p. (Comitato Nazionale per le onoranze a Francesco Severi). Bologna, Zuffi, 1950.

SIMONS, LAO GENEVRA. Obituary by Caro- lyn Eisele. Scripta Mathematica z6, 22-30,

portr., I950.

WEDDERBURN, JOSEPH HENRY MAC- LAGEN (I882-I948). Obituary by H. S. Taylor. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 619-25, portr., 1949.


BARNARD, JOSEPH EDWIN (1870-1949).

Obituary by J. A. Murray. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 3-8, portr., 31950.

BROGLIE, LOUIS DE. La physique contemporaine et l'oeuvre de Albert Einstein, Assodc etranger de l'Academie. Lecture faite en la s6ance annuelle des prix du 19 d6cembre 1949.

28 p. Paris, Institut de France, Acad6mie des Sciences, 1949.

DEE, P. I. The Rutherford memorial. Nature z66, 9317-19, 1950.

DEMPSTER, ARTHUR JEFFREY (I886- 1950). Obituary by George K. K. Link on June I, 1950, at Bond Chapel, University of Chicago, II p.

tDESLANDRES, HENRI]. Fun6railles de Henri Deslandres, membre de la Section d'Astronomie, h Paris, le lundi 19 janvier 1948. Discours de Bernard Lyot. 6 p. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, 31948.

EUCKEN, ARNOLD (I884-I950). Obituary by Ralph E. Oesper. Journal of Chemical Education 27, 540-41, portr., 1950.

FRANK, PHILIPP. Einstein, sa vie et son oeuvre. 44o p., 8 pls. Paris, Michel, 1950.

The original American edition 1947 was reviewed in Isis 38, 252-53.

EINSTEIN, ALBERT. Out of my later years. 282 p. New York, Philosophical Library, 1950. $4.75. This is a collection of 6o samples of Einsteiniana,

some essays, some merely paragraphs. They are compiled from books to which he has contributed, newspaper interviews, statements on various occa- sions, prefaces, etc., some never before published (including statements made on the radio). The topics embraced concern the philosophy of science,



20th Century

Zionism and Judaism, socialism, politics, and scientific problems; but the most interesting parts are the short sketches of some of his contemporaries, Madame Curie, Planck, Nernst, Ehrcnfcst, Gandhi, and von Ossietzky. In this and earlier books of the same kind, we have had collected every utterance of Einstein, every note, as well as genuine articles: a phenomenon unique in modern scicnce and re- sembling the collection of relics and utterances of holy men in the past. They providc a basis for the complete portrait of Einstein the man; but no reader is expected to take seriously everything that Einstein has said on every topic, and his political and social ideas are extremely naive. I. B. C. EINSTEIN, ALBERT. Philosopher, scientist.

Edited by Paul A. Schilpp. (Library of Living Philosophers, 7). Evanston, Ill., I949.

Reviewed by L. Rosenfeld, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des sciences 29, 962-63, 1950, and by C. Manneback, Revue des Questions scientifiques I22, 155, 1951.

FAYOL, AMtDME. Le savant et inventeur Joseph Bethenod. I67 p., 5 ills. Paris, Edi- tions Culture et Documentation, 1950.

GIBSON, CHARLES STANLEY (I884-I950). Obituary by J. L. Simonsen. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 115-37,

portr., 1950.

GOUDSMIT, SAMUEL A. Alsos. XXiv+254 p. New York, Schuman, 1947.

Reviewed by Henry Guerlac, Isis 41, 224-27, 1950.

GUERLAC, HENRY. The radio background of radar. Journal of the Franklin Institute 250,

284-308, 1950. "Radar was developed by men who were familiar

with the ionospheric work. It was a relatively straightforward adaptation for military purposes of a widely-known scientific technique, which explains why this adlaptation -the development of radar took place simultaneously in several different countries." HEINRICH, FERDINAND (1871-1945). Obit-

uary by Leonhard Birkofer. Chemische Berichte 83, vii-xiu, portr., I950.

Heinrich was the author of many articles on the history of chcmistry. W. D. M. HENDERSON, GEORGE HUGH (1892-1949).

Obituary by W. B. Lewis. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 155-66, portr., 1950.

HOPKINS, SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND. Hopkins and biochemistry, I86I-I947. Papers concerning Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, with a selection of his addresses and a bibliography of his publications. Edited by Joseph Needham and Ernest Baldwin. Cambridge, Heffer, 1949.

KARRER, P. Alfred Werner in Richard Will- statters Selbstbiographie Aus meinem Leben. Experientia 6, 359, 1950.

KIPPING, FREDERIC STANLEY (I863- 1949). Obituary by F. Challenger. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 183-219, portr., 1950.

KOENIGS, ERNST (I878-I945). Obituary by Walter Hilckel. Chemische Berichte, 83, xv- xviii, portr., 1950.

McCREA, W. H. Relativity physics. vii+87 p., 8 ills. (Methuen's Monographs on Physi- cal Subjects). London, Methuen; New York, Wiley, I950. $1.25.

First edition 1935; 2. 1947; 3. 1950. "The purpose is to provide an accessible account of the deduction of results of relativity theory which find common application in physics. It is natural that some brief description of certain of the applications themselves should be included. But it is hoped that physicists will not be surprised at the absence of experimental details; their discussion would be entirely outside the stated purpose." PERRIN, JEAN. Allocution de Emile Borel, A

la Sorbonne i Paris, le vendredi i8 juin 1948.

5 p. Paris, Institut de France, 1948.

PERRIN, JEAN. Transfert des cendres de Jean Perrin. Allocution de Jean Cabannes. 5 p. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sci- ences, 1948.

PLANCK, MAX. Biography by Walter Meissner and articles on the quantum theory by Albert Einstein, A. Sommerfeld and F. Bopp, Linus Pauling, and Henry Margenau. Fifty years of quantum theory. Science z13, 75-101, 1951.

RAYLEIGH, ROBERT JOHN STRUTT, fourth baron (I875-1947). Obituary by A. C. Eger- ton. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 503-38, portr., 1949.

ROBERTSON, ROBERT (I869-I949). Obit- uary by R. C. Farmer. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 539-6I, portr., 1I949.

ROSENFELD, L. Early history of quantum mechanics. Nature z66, 883-84, 1950.

SILVERMAN, ALEXANDER. Pittsburgh's contribution to radium recovery. J. Chem. Ed. 27, 303-08, 5 ills., I950.

Brief history of the early commercial production of radium. At Pittsburgh was located the laboratory of the Standard Chemical Company which produced the first commercial radium in the world (Dec. 19q2), and which produced more than half of the world's supply between 1913 and I920.

W. D. M. SIRY, JOSEPH W. The early history of rocket

rescarch. Scientific Monthly 71, 326-31, 1950.

SIRY, JOSEPH W. Rocket research in the twentieth century. Scientific Monthly 71,

408-21, I950.

SMITH, SAMUEL WALTER JOHNSON (1871-1948). Obituary by J. S. G. Thomas. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 579-98, portr., 1949.

"Smith never failed to point out that the general equation of the wave surface in crystals was unknown to Hamilton and to Humphrey Lloyd, when the former predicted the phenomena of internal and external conical refraction, and the latter verified Hamilton's prediction experimentally . . . the equation was derived by Archibald Smith of Jordanhill (Phil. Mag. 12, 335, I838)." C. W. A.



342 20th Century

STRAUS, FRITZ (x877-1942). Obituary by Heinrich Hauptmann. Chemische Berichte 83, i-v, portr., I95o.

VAN DER BIJL, PIETER (1887-1948). Obitu- ary by B. F. J. Schonland. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 27-34, portr., 1950.

WEIL, HERBERT. History of chromatography. Nature z66, xOOo-Ox, I1950.

'It appears that the discovery of chromatography ought properly to be associated with the names of Day and of Engler and Albrecht rather than with that of Tswett, and that this year, therefore, marks the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery. Further particulars on the work of Day are being published elsewhere." See Zechmeister's article on Tswett in Isis 36, 108-09, 1946; Isis 38, 243. G. S. WILLSTATTER, RICHARD. Aus meinem

Leben. Von Arbeit, Musse und Freunden. Hrsg. und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Arthur Stoll. 453 p., 33 pls. Basel, Verlag Chemie, 1949.

Reviewed by Eduard Farber, Isis 45, 315-16, 1950. See Karrer, above.

C. Natural Sciences

BELTRAN, ENRIQUE. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Volumen de homenaje al Prof. Enrique Beltrin en su XXV aniversario cientifico y docente. Tomo X, 1949. iv+394 p., frontispiece. M6ico, D. F., diciembre 1949.

This beautiful Festschrift is dedicated to the great Mexican biologist, Enrique Beltrin, on the occasion of his silver jubilee. It includes a curriculum vitae (from his birth in Mexico City on 26 April 1903 to now), a bibliography and portrait. Ad multos annos! G. S. BIFFEN, ROWLAND HARRY (1874-1949).

Obituary by F. L. Engledow. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 9-25, portr., 1950.

CLEPPER, HENRY. Forestry's first fifty years. Scientific Monthly 71, 387-92, 1950.

DANGEARD, PIERRE-AUGUSTIN (1862- 1947). Notice sur sa vie et ses travaux. Par Raoul Combes. I8 p., portr. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences 1949.

DANGEARD, PIERRE-AUGUSTIN (1I862- 1947). Obituary by Roger Heim, Io p. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, 1947.

DOBELL, CLIFFORD, F. R. S.: 1886-1949. Obituary by Gordon H. Ball, Science ZZ2,

294, 1950; obituary with bibliography by Cecil A. Hoare and Doris L. Mackinnon. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 35-6I, portr., 1950.

DUFF, ROGER. Pyramid Valley, Waikari, North Canterbury. 48 p., 31 ills. Christchurch, New Zealand, Association of Friends of the Canterbury Museum, 1949.

Discovery in 1937, and partial excavation in 1939-49, of a swamp containing the richest find to date of moa remains. No complete skeletons have been found; but the greater part of 140 individuals of the four genera. "More questions have received answers than by any other find." C. W. A. DUNSTAN, WYNDHAM ROWLAND (1861-

1949). Obituary by T. A. Henry. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 63-81, portr., I950.

FERNALD, MERRITT LYNDON (1873-1950). No. 626 of Rhodora, Journal of the New England Botanical Club, dedicated to him (vol. 53, Lancaster, Pa., Ig5I).

Five studies on Fernald's personality and work. FORSTER-COOPER, CLIVE (1880-1947).

Obituary by D. C. S. Watson. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 83-93, portr., I950.

FRYER, JOHN CLAUD FORTESCUE (I886- 1948). Obituary by H. McD. Edelsten. Obit- uary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 95-Io6, portr., I950.

GARWOOD, EDMUND JOHNSTON (1864- 1949). Obituary by W. B. R. King. Obitu- ary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 107-13, portr., 1950.

GOLDSCHMIDT, RICHARD. Fifty years of zoology. Scientific Monthly 71, 359-68, 1950.

HJORT, JOHAN (I869-x948). Obituary by A. C. Hardy. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, I67-8I, portr., 1950.

KINCAID, TREVOR. Studies honoring Trevor Kincaid. Melville H. Hatch, editor. iii+x67 p., 2 pIS. Seattle, University of Washington Press, I 950. $2.50.

The Canadian naturalist Kincaid was born in Peterboro, Ontario, in 1872; for 45 years (1905-50) his life was closely connected with the activities of the department of zoology and physiology of the University of Washington. This Festschrift contains his portrait, biography, bibliography, a very long list of the plants and animals named after him, and many zoological studies dedicated to the beloved teacher by his colleagues and friends. G. S. KROGH, AUGUST SCHACK STEENBERG

(1874-1949). Obituary by A. V. Hill. Obitu- ary Notices of FeUows of the Royal Society 7, 221-37, portr., I950.

LACROIX, ALFRED (I863-1948). Lecture faite en la seance annuelle des prix du 13

decembre 1948, par Robert Courrier. 127 p., portr. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, 1948.

MANDELBAUM, DAVID G. (editor). Selected writings of Edward Sapir. xv+617 p. Berke- ley, University of California Press, 1949. $6.50. Edward Sapir (1884-1939) was one of America's

most distinguished anthropologists. In linguistics he was certainly the most distinguished figure in anthropology of any day. It is, therefore, appropriate that in this volume of selections from his writings the greater proportion of them should represent Sapir's studies in linguistics. Lest any reader of this



20th Century 343

review conclude that these must be dry-as-dust studies which would not interest him, let it be said at once that the distinction of Sapir lay, among other things, in his ability to make interesting whatever he treated. Anyone wishing to gain a view of the functioning of mind through, as it were, a new window, could hardly do better than read these fascinating studies. The second part of the volume contains some of the most exciting of Sapir's papers on culture, and the third part papers on the inter- play of culture and personality, in both of which fields Sapir was an original pioneer. There is a complete bibliography of Sapir's writings, and also a complete bibliography of his poems.

M. F. A. M. MARSHALL, FRANCIS HUGH ADAM (I878-

1949). Obituary by A. S. Parkes. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 239-51, portr., I950.

MILLER, LOYE. Lifelong boyhood. Recollec- tions of a naturalist afield. 226 p. Berkeley, University of California Press, I950. $2.75.

This volume, prepared at the request of Professor Miller's sons, pupils, and colleagues at the University of California, is in two parts: i. autobiographical notes; 2. selections from his non-technical writings on birds and bird fossils. Autobiographical accounts by scientists are especially valuable to the historian and this one is doubly so, since it describes the author's education as well as his scientific achievement. It will, of course, have a special appeal to bird-lovers, especially the charming and informative essay on "The singing of the mockingbird."

I. B. C. PUNNETT, R. C. The early days of genetics.

Heredity 4, 1-10, 1950.

An account of the coming of Mendelism to Britain and of the controversy which ensued. C. Z. SAPIR, EDWARD (I884-1939). See Mandel-

baum, D. G., 1949.

SINGLETON, W. RALPH. Some highlights on the first half century of genetics. Scientific Monthly 71, 401-07, 1950.

STEARN, WILLIAM T. Bonnier and Douin's "Flore complete, illustr6e . . . de France, Suisse et Belgique." Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 2,

212-15, 1950.

STEIN, EMMY. Dem Gedachtnis von Carl Erich Correns (I864-I933) nach einen halben Jahrhundert der Vererbungswissenschaft. Na- turwissenschaften 37, 457-63, 1950.

STEPHENSON, MARJORY (I885-1948). Obit- uary by M. Robertson. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 563-77, portr., 1949.

STERN, CURT. Boveri and the early days of genetics. Nature z66, 446, 1950.

"Theodor Boveri (I862-I915) explicitly predicted the discovery of genetic linkage and crossing over, and provided the now accepted cytological interpretation . . . in 1904."

STEVENS, NEIL EVERETT (I887-1949). Obituary by C. L. Shear, Mycologia 42, 333- 41, portr., 1950.

TAYLOR, GRIFFITH (editor). Geography in the twentieth century. x+630 p. New York, Philosophical Library, 1951. $8.75. The scope of this volume may best be indicated by

giving an account of its contents. Introduction, Griffith Taylor; Geography in the nineteenth century, G. Tatham; The French School of geography, R. J. Harrison Church; The German School of geography, S. van Valkenburg; The West Slav geographers, J. Krgi and J. Kondracki; Environmentalism and pos- sibilism, G. Tatham; The progress of geomorphology, S. W. Wooldridge; Geographical aspects of meteorology, F. K. Hare; Climatic influences, Stephen S. Visher; Soils and their geographical significance, D. F. Putnam; Settlement by the modern pioneer, Isaiah Bowman; Geography and Arctic lands, A. L. Washburn; Exploration of Antarctica, Griffith Tay- lor; Geography and the tropics, Karl J. Pelzer; Geography and regionalism, E. W. Gilbert; Land use surveys with special reference to Britain, L. Dudley Stamp; Geography is a practical subject, D. F. Putnam; Geography and empire, Charles B. Fawcett; Racial geography, Griffith Taylor; The sociological aspects of geography, J. W. Watson; Urban geography, Griffith Taylor; Geography and aviation, Elsworth Huntington; The field of the Geographical Society, J. K. Wright; Geography in practice in the Federal Government, John K. Rose; Geopolitics and geopacifics, Griffith Taylor; A concise glossary of geographical terms, Griffith Taylor; Index. M. F. A. M. THOMPSON, D'ARCY WENTWORTH (i86o-

1948). Obituary by C. Dobell. Obituary Notices of FeUows of the Royal Society 6, 599-6I7, portr., 1949.

WEEVERS, TH. Fifty years of plant physiol- Ogy. xi+3o8 p. Amsterdam, Scheltema & Holkema, 1949.

WILSON, JAMES THOMAS (I861-1945). Obituary by J. P. Hill. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 643-60, portr., 1949.

WINIWARTER, HANS DE (I875-1949). Obit- uary by P. Gerard. Archives de Biologie 6I, I-XI, portr., 1950.

D. Medical Sciences ANDERSON, ODIN W. Health insurance in

the United States, 1910-1920. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 363-96, 1950.

BACQ, ZINON-M. Historique et developpe- ment de la notion d'hormone. Cahiers du Nord 21, 71-72, 1948, No. I, p. 71-77.

British Medical Journal. Fifty years of medicine. 330 p. London, 1951. 15S.

DAVISON, WILBURT C. John Howland: (I873-1926). The seventy-fifth anniversary of his birth. Journal of the History of Medi- cine 5, 197-205, portr., 1950.

DUBOIS, A.; DUREN, A. Soixante ans d'or- ganisation medicale au Congo Belge. Annales de la Soc. Belge de medecine tropicale. Liber jubilaris J. Rodhain, I-36, decembre 1947.

FISCHER, WALTHER; GRUBER, GEORG B. Funfzig Jahre Pathologie in Deutschland. 334 p., 2 PIS. Stuttgart, Thieme, 1949.



344 20th Century

FRANKLIN, K. J. Fifty years of physiology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 43, 789-96, I fig., 1950.

FULTON, JOHN F. Functional localization in relation to frontal lobotomy. xii+I40 p., ill. New York, Oxford University Press, I949.

GREENWOOD, MAJOR (I88o-I949). Obitu- ary by L. Hogben. Obituary Notices of Fel- lows of the Royal Society 7, I39-54, portr., 1950.

IZQUIERDO, J. J. La obra de Sir Charles Sherrington. Gaceta Mddica de Mdxico 8o, 67-77, I950.

KROGH, AUGUST (I874-I949). Obituary by G. Liljestrand. Acta Physiol. Scand. 20, 109- i6, I950.

A tribute to the great Danish physiologist who so thoroughly described the functional activity of the capillary bed. C. D. L. LEVINSON, ABRAHAM. Abraham Levinson

anniversary volume. Studies in pediatrics and medical history in honor of Dr Abraham Levinson on his sixtieth birthday. Edited by Solomon R. Kagan. 365 p., ill. New York, Froben Press, 1949.

McCALLUM, E. V. Fifty years progress in nutritional research. Scientific Monthly 7z, 376-79, 1950.

ODY, FRANQOIS. Testament d'un chirurgien. 285 p. Gen6ve, Editions du Cheval Aile, 1948.

The title of this book might be misunderstood by our readers even as it was by me. The book written by a distinguished Swiss surgeon is not a philosophical testament; it contains technical reminiscences and is of little interest except to other surgeons. G. S. OSLER, SIR WILLIAM. Aphorisms from his

bedside teachings and writings. I59 p. New York, Schuman, 1950. $2.50.

This collection is based chiefly on notes collected on rounds with Osler by Robert Bennctt Bean, M.D. (1903-04, 1904-05), and now expanded and edited by the latter's son, William Bennett Bean, who contributes an introductory note about Osler and Bean pere. A foreword by John F. Fulton discusses Osler's style and influence. This delightful collection will prove of interest to many a physician and re- vivifies for us Osler's warm personality.

I. B. C. ROGERS, SIR LEONARD. Happy toil. Fifty-

five years of tropical medicine. XVi+27I p.,

8 pls. London, Muller, I95o. SURGEON GENERAL, U. S. German aviation

medicine, World War II. Prepared under the auspices of. 2 Vos, 1302 p. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, I950.

THOMSON, ELIZABETH H. Harvey Cushing, surgeon, author, artist. xviii+347 p., 12 pls.

New York, Schuman, I950.

In view of John Fulton's full-scale biography of Harvey Cushing published scarccly four years ago (Isis 37, 92), a second biography in general covering almost the same ground, might appear to be un-

necessary. However, as John Fulton, the writer of the foreword, points out, many reviewcrs and correspondents have experienccd the desire to see a shorter story prepared for the general reader and the young physician or medical student. Furthermore, a shorter version was required for inclusion in the series of the Life of Science Library, the aim of which is to give the non-scientific reader a wider understanding of scientific developments and of the men who contributed to thcm.

Miss Thomson's Harvey Cushling is an excellent biography and in many respects complementary to Fulton's study in that she has employed new source materials which provide greater insight into the character and personality of her subject. Dr Fulton largely allowed Cushing to tell his own story through the medium of numerous extracts from his diaries, letters and writings. Miss Thomson, on the other hand, is more interpretive and personal and therefore, succeeds in evoking a more intimate picture of Dr Cushing, his familiars and family. The writing flows easily and is graced by many humorous touches. The work should prove of great interest to a lay audience and source of stimulus to the medical student. J. B. deC. M. S.

WELSCH, MAURICE. De l'origine et de la signification du terme "antibiotique." Ille Congres National des Sciences, 59-62, Bruxelles 1950.

WENYON, CHARLES MORLEY (1878-1948). Obituary by C. A. Hoare. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6, 627-42,

portr., 1949.

WILLIAMS, THOMAS FRANKLIN. Cabot, Peabody, and the care of the patient (The William Osler medal essay). BuUetin of the History of Medicine 24, 462-81, 1950.

Apropos of Richard Clarke Cabot (1868-1939) and Francis Weld Peabody (I881-1927). G. S.

E. Alia

CHADWICK, HECTOR MUNRO (1870-1947). The early cultures of North-West Europe (H. M. Chadwick Memorial Studies). Edited by Sir Cyril Fox and Bruce Dickins. Xv+44I p., frontispiece, 12 pls., 17 ills. Cambridge, University Press, I950. $I1.30.

This splendid volume, rich in contents and beautifully printed, had been prepared as a Festschrift in honor of the illustrious student of ancient and mediaeval traditions in N.W. Europe (Introd. 3, I870), but he died on 2 Jan. 1947 and the Festschrift meant as a gift to the living man became a tribute to his memory. The book contains a biographical outline, bibliography, portrait, and 22 studies divided under the headings Archaeological, Celtic, Anglo- Saxon, Early Norse, and Place-Names. G. S.

CROCE, BENEDETTO. My philosophy. And other essays on the moral and political problems of our time. Selected by R. Klibansky. Translated by E. F. Carritt. 240 p. London, Allen and Unwin, 1949.

GANDHI, MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND (I869-I948). Autobiography (abridged). 2S3 p. Bombay, Hind Kitabs, I950. Rs. 6.12.



20th Century 345

This abridgment published with the permission of the Navajivan Trust will make it possible for many more English readers to obtain some intimate knowledge of one of the very greatest men, not of India only, but of the whole world. If his teachings were better understood, there would only be one happy world instead of two or more. G. S.

HARDMAN, DAVID (editor). Reflections on our age. 347 p. New York, Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1949. $4.50.

This admirable volume consists of the opening lectures delivered at UNESCO's first conference at the Sorbonne in 1946. There is an Introduction by David Hardman, and a Foreword by Stephen Spender. The remainder of the lectures are as follows: Emmanuel Mounier, Reflections on an apoca- lyptic age; Pierre Bertaux, The intellectual and action; A. J. Ayer, The claims of philosophy; Jean-Paul Sartre, The responsibility of the writer; Andre Malraux, Man and artistic culture; Louis Aragon, The many and the few; Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Indian culture; Louis Massignon, The influence of Arab civilization on French culture; Jean Cassou, Spanish culture; Soloris Skipis, Greek culture; Herbert Read, The plight of the visual arts; Intro- ductory lecture on the action of science, by F. Joliot- Curie; Hans Pettersson, The submarine underworld; J. Needham, The Chinese contribution to science and technology; Ozorio De Almeida, The physiology of the nervous system; T. 0. Caspersson, Genetics; Abbe Breuil, Altamira and Lascaux; A. H. Comp- ton, Atomic power; Howard E. Wilson, Education at a crossroads; G. M. Bowra, International aspects of education; William G. Carr, Conditions necessary for the success of UNESCO; Yuen Ren Chao, The efficiency of the Chinese language; Julian Huxley, A re-definition of 'Progress.' This is a truly beautiful book in the great tradition of scientific humanism.

M. F. A. M.

[HIRSCHLER, PAUL]. Etudes orientales i

la m6moire de Paul Hirschler. Edit6es par 0. Koml6s. 144+(12 p. in Hebrew). Buda- pest, 1950.

Festschrift including many memoirs in French, English, Hebrew and Magyar. The biography of Hirschler PE to whose memory the book is dedicated is unfortunately written in the last-named language which is hardly known outside of Hungary.

G. S.

HIUSSERL, EDMUND (I859-I938). Cartesia- nische Meditationen und Pariser Vortraige. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von S. Strasser. XXXi+244 p. (Husserliana, z). The Hague, Nijhoff, 1950.

HUSSERL, EDMUND. Die Idee der Phanom- enologie. Fiunf Vorlesungen. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Walter Biemel. xi+94 p. (Husserliana, 2). The Hague, Nijhoff, I950.

LEJARD, ANNA ET ANDR1t (editors). 50

annees de decouvertes 1900-1950. Un bilan dresse par Albert Beguin, Claude-Edmonde Magny, Jean Wahl, Charles-Albert Reichen, Frank Elgar, Francois Le Lionnais, Jacques Bergier. 358 p. Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1950.

This is the first of the mid-century surveys to reach me, and it will probably be followed by many others. Indeed, the editors seem to have been a

little hasty, for the first half of the twentieth century will end only at the end of 1950, and many things may still happen before then. This volume begins with an introduction by Albert B6guin, then follow surveys of literature, philosophy (by Jean Wahl), music and dancing, the arts and movies, the sciences, finally technology (by Jacques Bergier). The scientific section (p. 173-326; almost half of the book) was written by Franqois Le Lionnais, well known because of his book Les grands courants de la pense'e mathe'matique (Paris 1948; IsMs 40, 78). It is divided into four parts: I. La vie de la science. II. La penetration dans le reel. III. Le Grand Oeuvre. IV. La science et l'homme. It is impossible to summarize, but let me say that the scientific part (the only one which I can fully appreciate) is extremely instructive and suggestive. The book will be of great use to historians of science, and its use will be facilitated by synoptic tables conveniently printed at both ends, but there is, unfortunately, no index. G. S.

MENPNDEZ PIDAL, RAM6N. Estudios dedi- cados a Menendez Pidal. Tomo I. viii+64o p., portr. Madrid, Consejo Superior de In- vestigaciones Cientificas, I950.

Vol. I of an admirable Festschrift dedicated to the illustrious Spanish scholar (born in I869), a master of Romanic, chiefly Spanish, philology. G. S.

PATRI, AIMS. Achievements, I900-I950. Li- brary Chronicle, University of Pennsylvania, 17, 43-60, 1950. A translation of an artide in Paru, No. 63,

August-September 1950, listing the outstanding discoveries in mathematics, logic, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, psychology, archaeology, sociology, and philosophy.

POFFENBERGER, A. T. (editor). James McKeon Cattell, man of scence, I860-I944. Vol. I. Psychological Research, viii+582 p.

Vol. II, Addresses and formal papers. viii+ 503 p. Lancaster, Pa., Science Press, I947.

Reviewed by Josef Brozek, Isis 41, 314-15, 1950.

SCHACHT, JOSEPH. Max Meyerhof (I874- I945). Biography, bibliography, portrait. Osiris 9, 7-32, 1950.

Scientific American. The age of science: I900-

1950. Vol. I83, no. 3, September 1950.

This number is devoted to a general survey of the progress of science during the first 49 years of the twentieth century. After an introduction by J. R. Oppenheimer, Harlow Shapley deals with astronomy, Max Born with physics, Linus Pauling with chemistry, Reginald A. Daly with geology, Sir Edmund Whittaker with mathematics, Theodosius Dobzhan- sky with genetics, Otto Meyerhof with biochemistry, E. D. Adrian with physiology, Hadley Cantril with psychology, and A. L. Kroeber with anthropology.

UEBERREITER, KURT. A statistical postwar survey on the natural sciences and German universities. 32 p., 7 charts. Washington, D. C., Library of Congress, 1950.

WELLS, HARRY KOHLSAAT. Process and unreality. A criticism of method in White- head's philosophy. XiV+211 p. New York, King's Crown Press, 1950. $3.00.



346 i. Antiquity 2. Egypt

Part II

Historical and Ethnographical Classification

I. ANTIQUITY

1. Antiquity -Generalities

FORBES, R. J. Men and machines in antiquity. Geloof en Wetenschap 48, 7 p. (in Dutch), 1950.

GORDON, BENJAMIN LEE. Medicine throughout antiquity. xvii+838 p. Philadel- phia, Davis, 1949.

GORDON, PIERRE. L'image du monde dans I'antiquite. 212 p. Paris, Press Univer- sitaires de France, 1949.

GOWERS, SIR WILLIAM. The classical rhinoceros. Antiquity 24, 61-71, ills., I9SO.

For the Muslim rhinoceros see R. Ettinghausen 1950, under Islam. GUNDEL, WILHELM (1880-1945). Planeten.

Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopiidie der clas- sischen Altertumswissenschaft, 2018-2I86, 1950.

This posthumous work was completed by the author's son, Hans Georg Gundel. It is a reprint from PW, but as it covers 170 col. it has the dimension of a book. It is an encyclopae(lia of planetarv knowledge and lore (astronomy and astrology) among the Greeks and the Romans, and even among their followers in the Middle Ages and later. Such a study defies analysis; it must suffice to indicate its availability. G. S. JASNY, NAUM. The daily bread of the ancient

Greeks and Romans. Osiris 9, 227-53, 5 figs., 1950.

PARTINGTON, J. R. The history of ancient technology. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science r, 73-78, 1950.

ROBINSON, CHARLES ALEXANDER, JR. Ancient history. xxiii+738 p. New York, Macmillan, 1I951. $6.oo. This magisterially written volume deals with the

history of man from his earliest beginnings to the death of Justinian in 565 A. D. The essential points of man's history during this long period are admirably set out by Professor Robinson in a volume which will, there can be little doubt, long hold the leading place in its field. There are a very large number of excellent illustrations. The maps by Dr Erwin Raisz should be singled out for special mention. There is a good selected bibliography, and an index. M. F. A. M.

2. Egypt

ALLEN, EDWIN BROWN. Available Coptic texts involving dates. Coptic Studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, 3-33, Boston, Byzan- tine Institute, 1950.

BOEV, G. P. Calculation of the surface and volume of solids of revolution by the ancient Egyptians. Vestnik drevnei istorii, I96-201,

1950. Discussion of the Moscow mathematical papyrus.

BREASTED, JAMES HENRY, JR. Egyptian servant statues. iig p., 99 pls. (The Bollingen Series, 13). Washington, Pantheon, 1948.

CAVE, A. J. E. Ancient Egypt and the origin of anatomical science. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Sect. Hist. Med. 43, 568-7I, 1950.

CERNY, JAROSLAV. Thoth as creator of languages. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 34, 121, 1948.

CLURE, J. J. Un texte astronomique de Tanis. Kemi zo, 3-27, 1939.

Reviewed by Otto Neugebauer, Archives Inter- nationales d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 699, 1950.

CLURE, J. J. Le systFme des d6cades du calendrier du Louvre (Louvre D 37). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 9, 143-52, I p1., 2

figs., 1950.

DAVIES, NINA M. Birds and bats at Beni Hasan. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 35, I3-20, 2 plS., 1I949.

DAWSON, WARREN R. Anastasi, Sallier, and Harris and their papyri. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 35, I58-66, 1949.

DIBNER, BERN. Moving the obelisks. A chapter in engineering history in which the Vatican obelisk in Rome in I586 was moved by muscle power, and a study of more recent similar moves. 6i p., ills. (Publication no. 6). New York, Burndy Library, 1950.

A detailed and beautifully illustrated study of the fascinating subject. The author obtained in Rome "a collection of iI pamphlets of which nine are in praise of the transportation, erection and consecration of the obelisk, in verse and in prose. All were printed in Rome in I586-7, thereby indicating the importance and popularity of the event."

G. S.

FORBES, R. J. Professions and crafts in ancient Egypt. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 599-6I8, 1950.

FORBES, R. J. Viniculture in ancient Egypt. IlermeneVs 21, i90-97 (in Dutch), ills., 1949.

GARDINER, SIR ALAN HENDERSON. Jour- nal of Egyptian Archaeology, 35, viii+i75 p., 1I949.

This volume is a Festschrift dedicated to Sir Alan in honor of his 70th birthday. It includes a portrait and bibliography of the jubilarian and many memoirs. Ad multos annos! G. S.

IANOVSKAIA, S. A. On the theory of Egyptian fractions. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy I, 269-82, (in Russian), 1947.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. Le monde des malades dans les textes non medicaux. Chronique d'Egypte no. 50, 213-32, 1950.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. La circoncision des anciens Egyptiens. Ille Congres National des Sciences, 54-55, Bruxelles 1950.



2. Egypt -3. Babylonia 347

KAMMERER, WINIFRED. A Coptic bibliography. With the collaboration of Elinor Mullett Husselman and Louise A. Shier. Quarto, xV+205 p. (University of Michigan, General Library Publications, no. 7). Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, o950.

Elaborate bibliography containing 3175 items, well classified, well indexed. The only omission which I noticed is Worrell's Note on modern Coptic inks (Isis 37, 149-50, 1947). G. S.

KEIMER, LUDWIG. Die f;lschlich als Okapi gedeuteten altigyptischen Darstellungen des Gottes Seth. Acta Tropica 7, 110-12, 2 figs.,

Basel I950.

LUCAS, ALFRED (I867-I945). Ancient Egyp- tian materials & industries. Third edition, revised. x+570 p. London, Amold, I948. 255.

First ed. 1926 (Isis so, 2I6); second, I934 (Isis 25, 245). The author was able to prepare this revised third edition before his death. Said he in his preface dated Cairo 1945, "As the result of recent excavation, research, analysis and publication since the last edition of this book appeared, so much fresh knowledge about ancient Egyptian materials and industries has become available that in order to bring the subject up to date a new edition is necessary. The book has been largely re-written, re-arranged and much enlarged and three additional chapters have been added, on Adhesives, Beads and Inlaid Eyes respectively. Other new material deals especially with Dyeing, Glass, Glazed Ware, Mummification, Perfumes, Pottery, Stone Vessels, Sugar, Textile Fibres and Wood, but practically no section has been left without some addition and improvement. The Historical Sum- mary and the Chemical Analyses also have been revised and amplified." Quotations in the same preface from Robert Boyle and Lecuwenhoek shows that the author was interested in the history of science in general, not simply Egyptian science.

G. S.

MURRAY, MARGARET A. The splendour that was Egypt. xxiii+354 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, I949. $Io.00.

There are over 200 illustrations, in line, half- tone, and color, and the text is as readable as could be. Add to this the devotion of Miss Murray to her subject and her long experience in teaching it to university students, and we have a book of which it is possible to say that it probably constitutes the best one-volume survey of the main elements of Egyptian culture in the English language. The chapter which is devoted to art and science allots 6I pages to art and 5 pages to science. Even Miss Murray would be forced to admit that this is an unfair disproportion. Egyptian science is quite evidently not within the range of her interest. In her 5 pages allotted to science she does, however, man- agc to suggest more than she tells. Among the many most excellent illustrations there are some glorious color plates, and there are two precious portraits of Miss Murray's particular hero, Flinders Petrie. Miss Murray overpraises Flinders Petrie, and makes him the virtual founder of modern archaeology. This is being just ncither to Flinders Petrie nor to the men who preceded him. Miss Murray worked with Flinders Petrie for many years, and it is, therefore, a great tribute to the powers of that

remarkable man that he should have carned such esteem from his younger colleague. There are useful lists of tables, a good bibliography, and a good index. M. F. A. M. NIMS, CHARLES F. Bricks without straw?

Biblical Archaeologist z3, 22-28, fig., 1950.

ROSELLINI, IPPOLITO. Studi in memoria di Ippolito Rosellini nel primo centenario della morte. xiii+406 p. Pisa, Universiti degli Studi, 1949.

SAVE-S(SDERBERGH, TORGNY. Medical art in ancient Egypt. Lychnos, 114-28 (in Swed- ish with summary in English), 1948-49.

SCHWALLER DE LUBICZ, ISHA. Contribu- tion i l'Egyptologie. Xi+113 p. Le Cure, 1950.

Privately printed for the author, Hotel Louxor, Louxor. STEINDORFF, GEORGE. A royal head from

ancient Egypt. xV+30 p., 29 pIS. (Freer Gallery of Art, Occasional Papers, z, no. 5). Washington, D. C., '95'. Fully illustrated description and discussion of the

Royal Head of the Freer Gallery, which is probably a monument of the VIth Dynasty; it might be the head of Phiops II. G. S. VARILLE, ALEXANDRE. Description som-

maire du sanctuaire oriental d'Amon-rb i Karnak. Annales du Service des Antiquitis de l'Egypte 50, 137-72, 12 figs., 4I pls., 1950.

VARILLE, ALEXANDRE. Deux bases de Djedthotefankh i Karnak. Annales du Service des Antiquitgs de l'Egypte 50, 249-55, 4 figs., Le Caire 1950.

VARILLE, ALEXANDRE. Quelques notes sur le sanctuaire axial du grand temple d'Amon i Karnak. Annales du Service des Antiquites de l'Egypte 50, 127-35, 7 figs., Le Caire, 1950.

VESELOVSKII, I. N. Egyptian science and Greece. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 426-98 (in Russian), 1948.

3. Babylonia and Assyria (Mesopotamia)

BAILKEY, NELS M. A Babylonian philosopher of history. Osiris 9, I06-30, 1950.

Apropos of Kabti-Ilani-Marduk, son of Dahibu.

BRUINS, E. M. Aperqu sur les math6matiques babyloniennes. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 301-14, 8 figs., I950.

GOETZE, ALBRECHT. Old Babylonian omen texts. ix+I6 p., 138 pls. (Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian texts, zo). New Haven, I947.

HARTMAN, LOUIS F.; OPPENHEIM, A. L. On beer and brewing techniques in ancient Mesopotamia according to a tablet in the Metropolitan Museum. Supplement to the Journal of the American Oriental Society no. ZO, 55 p., 4 pl., Dec. 1950.



348 3. Babylonia -4. Greece VAN DER WAERDEN, B. L. Babylonian as-

tronomy. III. The earliest astronomical com- putations. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1O, 20-34, 951.

VERNET, JUAN. La cronologia de la primera dinastia babil6nica. Sefarad 8, 7 p., I948.

VOGEL, KURT. Mathematik in Keilschrft. Sumerer kannten den Lehrsatz des Pythagoras. Neue Zeitung p. 13, 6-viii, 1950.

4. Greece

BLODH, OTTO. Did the Greeks perform experiments? American Journal of Physics z7, 384- 88, 1949.

BRtHIER, EMILE. A propos de deux livres recents sur la science grecque. Revue d'His- toire des Sciences 3, 201-09, 1950.

Apropos of the books of Paul Henri Michel (1950) and Cohen and Drabkin (1948). G. S. COX, J. F.; VAN DEN DUNGEN, F. H.; VAN

MIEGHEM, J. Sur l'influence de la mise en evidence de fluctuations de la rotation de la terre sur quelques vues inspir&es de I'astronomie grecque. Ille Congres National des Sci- ences, p. 24, Bruxelles, 1950.

DEICHGRABER, KARL. Corpus medicorum Graecorum. Entwicklung und Stand des Unternehmens Juli 1950 (Vgl. Bericht im Gnomon II, I935, 105 f.). Forschungen und Fortschritte 26, 301-04, 1950.

Report on the present status of the CMG with bibliography of the parts already published. The apparatus ad hoc is preserved at the Academy in Bcrlin under the direction of K. Schubring, the redaction is directed by Karl Deichgraber in Gottingen. G. S. DEMARGNE, PIERRE. La Crate dedalique.

Etudes sur les origines d'une renaissance. 375 p., 59 figs., i6 pIs., 3 maps. (Bibliotheque des Ecoles franVaises d'AthMes et de Rome, 164). Paris, de Boccard, 1947.

FARRINGTON, BENJAMIN. Greek science: I. Thales to Aristotle. II. Theophrastus to Galen. London, Pelican Books, I944; 1949.

GRAGOIRE, HENRI. Asklepios, Apollon Smintheus et Rudra. Etudes sur le dieu k la taupe et le dieu au rat dans la Grace et dans l'Inde. Avec la collaboration de R. Goossens et de M. Mathieu. 204 p., II Ills., 2 maps. Bruxelles, Palais des Academies, I949.

HJELMSLEV, JOHANNES. Eudoxus' axiom and Archimedes' lemma. Centaurus Z, 2-II,

1950.

JAEGER, WERNER WILHELM. The theology of the early Greek philosophers. Vii+259 p. (The Gifford Lectures 1936). Oxford, Claren- don Press, 1947.

KERANYI, KARL. Pythagoras und Orpheus. Prialudien zu einer zukunftigen Geschichte der Orphik und des Pythagoreismus. 96 p. (Albae Vigiliae, 9). Zurich, Rhein-Verlag, 1950. Sw. F. 8

Der Sinn dieser Schrift, die jetzt in wesentlich erweiterter Form in dritter Ausgabe erscheint, war von Anfang an, neue Gesichtspunkte zum Ver- standnis so wichtiger Erscheinungen der europaischen Geistesgeschichte, wie es die Orphik und der Pythagoreismus sind, zu bieten. Namentlich die griechische Form der Seelenwanderung wird bier mit der erst heute wieder m6glich gewordenen Empfinglichkeit fur Seelenlehren dargestellt. MtULLER, REINER. Der Aeskulapstab. Eine

neue sinnvolle Deutung des arztlichen Zunft- zeichens. Die Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik H. z3, I p., i., I950. The author's thesis is that the "Urbild" of the

snake gliding on Aesculapios' staff is the female of the Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis).

G. S. SBORDONE, FRANCESCO. Richerche sulle

fonti e sulla composizione del Physiologus greco. 201 p. Naples, Torella & Figlio, 1936. Contents: I. Varietl d'ipotesi sull'origine e la

composizione del Physiologus. 2. Le fonti natur- alistiche del Ph. e il libro del Wellmann; 3. Previ- denze d'animali; 4. Innovazioni del Ph. rispetto alla materia zoologica tradizionale. Concordanze con le Koiranides; 5. Timoteo di Gaza e il Ph.: 6. La tradizione parallela dei "luoghi comuni" presso i Padri della Chiesa; 7. II Ph. e l'antica medicina; 8. II Ph. e la tradizione egiziana dei geroglifici; 9. Epoca e luogo d'origine del Ph.; iO. Identificazioni ed esegesi del nome Ph.; ii. II Ph. bizantino. Sbordone's critical edition of the Greek Ph. was published separately by the Society Dante Alighieri (cxix+132 p., Milano 1936).

G. S. SCHUHL, PIERRE-MAXIME. Essai sur la

formation de la pens6e grecque. Introduction historique 3 une etude de la philosophie platonicienne. xiii+482 p. 2ieme id. (Bib- liothUque de Phgosophie contemporaine). Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, I949. Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 41, 227-28, 1950.

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. Investigation and theory of an ancient biochemical observation. Practica of the Academy of Athens, p. IoI-oS, 1949 (in Greek with summary in French). Discussion of the disturbances caused by the

presence of a menstruating woman, as observed by Aristotle (De somniis, 459-60) and Pliny. Her presence will tarnish mirrors, cause flowers to fade, etc. These strange observations have been recently confirmed by the German doctor Schick (?).

G. S. THOMSON, GEORGE. Studies in ancient Greek

society, the prehistoric Aegean. 624 p., 85 figs., 12 maps. London, Lawrence and Wishart, I949.

VAISIftRE, M. L. De la determination des longitudes par les observations astronomiques dans l'antiquite. Ille Congre's National des Sciences, I9-20, Bruxelles 1950.

VIRIEUX-REYMOND, ANTOINETTE. La logique et l'epistemologie des Stoiciens, leurs rapports avec la logique d'Aristote, la logistique et la pensee contemporaines. vi+33I p. Chamb6ry, Editions "Lire," I949. Reviewed by Benson Mates, Isis 41, 3I6, 1950.



4. Greece -6. Middle Ages 349

WACE, ALAN JOHN BAYARD. Mycenae: an archaeological history and guide. xviii+I5o p., Io0 pls. Princeton, Princeton University Press, I949.

WELLESZ, EGON. Music in the treatises of Greek gnostics and alchemists. Ambix 4, I45-

58, I95I .

5. Rome

BELLONI, GIANGUIDO. L'origine del culto di Asklepio a Roma ed un medaglione di Antonino Pio. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 42, 82-87, 1950.

CRAWFORD, 0. G. S. The topography of Roman Scotland north of the Antonine Wall. xii+i62 p., ph., map. Cambridge, University Press, 1949.

FESTER, GUSTAVO A. Materias colorantes en obras de autores Romanos. Revista de la Facultad de Quimica Industrial y Agricola, I5/I6, 19 p., 1946-47. Santa Fe, 1948. Including translation of relevant items in Vitruvius

and Pliny. GAGAt, JEAN. Huit recherches sur les origines

italiques et romaines. 252 p. Paris, de Boccard, I950. 750 fr. fr. Is Rome really an Indo-European foundation, and

have no other peoples, except the Etruscans, htlped to prepare it? The author has reinvestigated that very dark subject and tries to prove that the old Roman rites, as described by Livy and Vergil are probably of Asiatic (pre-Hellenic) origin. "Deux donnees essentielles tendent t s'affirmer a travers ces huit Recherches: d'une part l'importance exceptionnelle des Ombriens dans la formation de la Rome primitive, et la parente anatolienne, voire pisidienne, d'kelments essentiels de leur civilisation religieuse, en m6me temps que l'authenticitE d'un &tablissement des Pelasges, avec leurs rites originaux de formation 'ephebique'; d'autre part, dans l'ancien Latium meme 1'exceptionnelle importance de Tibur, de sa religion et de sa langue, et la survivance d'authentiques traditions sicules." It is impossible to discuss such a book in Isis but necessary to draw to it the attention of historians of ancient science and culture. G. S.

HOLLAND, LOUISE ADAMS. Forerunners and rivals of the primitive Roman bridge. Trans- actions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 8o, 28I-3I9, I949.

MICHELS, AGNES KIRSOPP. The "calendar of Numa" and the pre-Julian calendar. Trans- actions and Proceedings of the American Phi- ological Association 8o, 320-46, I949.

SOUTER, ALEXANDER. A glossary of later Latin to 6oo A. D. Xxxii+454 p. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1949. 42 S. This dictionary of Latin words of the period

following the silver age yet pre-mediaeval is the fruit of fifty years of collection and study. It covers the years i8o to 6oo. The list of books analyzed extends to 23 closely printed pages. The author was professor of humanity in Aberdeen. See obituary in Speculum 25, 4I8-I9. G. S.

I. MIDDLE AGES

6. Middle Ages -Generalities

AUBERT, MARCEL. La sculpture franqaise au Moyen Age. 432 p., 582 ills. Paris, Flam- marion, 1946.

BEAUJOUAN, GUY. Les soi-disant chiffres grecs ou chaldeens (XIIe-XVIe siecles). Re- vue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 170-74, 7 figs., I950.

See Thorndike (Isis 32, 301-03; 41, i96). BERESFORD, M. W. Maps and the medieval

landscape. Antiquity 24, II4-I8, I pI., I950.

BURGER, D. Old tapestries representing the seven liberal arts. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 859-73, 6 figs., I950.

CAM, HELEN. England before Elizabeth. xii+I84 p., Io maps. London, Hutchinson House, I950.

CLARK, JAMES M. The dance of death in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. xi+I3I p., 20 pls. (Glasgow University Publications, 86). Glasgow, Jackson, I950.

Reviewed by Archer Taylor, Speculum 26, 151- 52, 1951. See Introd. (3, 1231).

CONANT, KENNETH JOHN. Benedictine contributions to church architecture. xii+63 p., 29 ills. (Wimmer Lecture, 1947). Latrobe, Pa., Archabbey Press, 1949.

CURTIUS, ERNST ROBERT. Europaeische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter. 6oI p. Bern, Francke, I948.

Reviewed by Walter Pagel, Isis 41, 247-48, 1950.

DAVID, PIERRE. Etudes historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VIe au XIIe sikcle. xiv+579 p. (Collection portugaise publide sous le patronage de l'lnstitut franzais au Portugal, 7). Lisboa, Livraria Portugalia Editora, 1947.

DEFOURNEAUX, MARCELIN. Les Franqais en Espagne aux XIe et XIIe siecles. viii+333 p. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1949.

DICKINSON, J. C. The origins of the Austin Canons and their introduction into England. 308 p. London, S.P.C.K. for the Church His- torical Society, 1950. 20S.

DURANT, WILL. The age of faith. A history of medieval dvilization-Christian, Islamic, and Judaic-from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300. xviii+II96 p., 46 figs., maps. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1950. $7.50. For the earlier volumes of Durant's Story of

Civilization see Isis 36, 41. The present fourth volume is excellent, bettcr even than the preceding ones, which is a normal progress, as the author's knowledge and experience increase. It is an admirable panorama of the Middle Ages, very well documented, pleasantly written, good descriptions being spiced with epigrams and humor; its outstanding merit is to be informed throughout with a generous spirit. The Age of Faith describes the activities inspired by the three religions which



350 6. Middle Ages

dominated the medieval scene in the Western World, but it refers to much else, politics and government, wars and rebellions, philosophy, arts and letters, education, manners and customs. As an example of the author's charity read the section entitled "Morality and religion" wherein he discusses the question "Does the general picture of medieval Europe support the belief that religion makes for morality?" The enormous book is well indexed and may be used as a mediaeval encyclopaedia; it is better, however, to read it consecutively; I myself read most of it with considerable pleasure and emolument. G. S. ERHARDT-SIEBOLD, ERIKA voN. The old

English loom riddles. Philotogica: The Malone Anniversary Studies 9-I7, 3 figs., I949.

GRAND, ROGER; DELATOUCHE, RAY- MOND. L'agriculture au moyen age de la fin de l'Empire romain au XVIe siecle. 740 p. (L'Agriculture i travers les ages, III). Paris, de Boccard, 1940.

This continuation of Savoy's work mentioned below (under botany) is far superior from the historical point of view, being written by a professional chartist who knows all the documents and can use them in a masterly way. The book is divided vertically by subjects rather than horizontally by periods, with the result that its very rich documentation cannot be used as well as would be desirable. This defect might easily have been corrected by the addition of a list of the main documents in chronological order, by an index, or by both. These additions would have cost but little additional work and would have increased very much the book's usefulness for historians. As it is, a historian of, say, the twelfth century, would be obliged to read and excerpt the whole book. A good part of Grand's survey is economic rather than technical, but that is unavoidable, our information concerning mediaeval economic life being more considerable and more tangible. G. S. LEGGE, M. DOMINICA. Anglo-Norman in the

cloisters. The influence of the Orders upon Anglo-Norman literature. I47 p. Edinburgh, University Press, I950. I4S. 6d.

LEHMANN, PAUL. Mittelalterliche Buchertitel, i. 69 p. (Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch- historische Ki., 4, I948). Munich, Kastner & Callwey, I949.

LEVEY, MARTIN; THORNDIKE, LYNN. A type of Arabic or Chaldean numerals. Isis 41,

I96, I1950.

MILLAS VALLICROSA, JOSE MARIA. Estu- dios sobre historia de la ciencia espafiola. 5oI p., i6 pls. (Consejo Superior de Investi- gaciones Cientificas, Instituto "Luis Vives" de Filosofia, Secci6n de Historia de la Filosofia Espaniola, 2). Barcelona, 1949.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 41, 229, 1950.

MOODY, ERNEST A. Laws of motion in medieval physics. Scientific Monthly 72, 18-23,

I95I.

PEREZ EMBID, FLORENTINO. Los descu- brimientos en el Atlantico y la rivalidad castellano-portuguesa hasta el tratado de

Tordesillas, 370 p., ill., maps. (Publicaciones de la Escuiela de Estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla, I9). Seville, 1948.

RENOUARD, YVES. Les hommes d'affaires italiens du Moyen age. iX+262 p. (Collection Economies, Societes, Civilisations). Paris, Colin, 1949.

ROBERTSON, D. W., JR. The doctrine of charity in mediaeval literary gardens: a topical approach through symbolism and allegory. Speculum 26, 24-49, I95I.

ROBINSON, FRED NORRIS. Anniversary reflections. SpecuIum 25, 49I-50I, I950.

Presidential address delivered at the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Mediaeval Academy of America, held in Boston, on 15 April 1950, largely devoted to an outline of mediaeval studies in the United States before the foundation of the Mediaeval Academy. G. S. RUSSELL, JOSIAH COX. British medieval

population. xvi+389 p. Albuquerque, Uni- versity of New Mexico Press, 1948.

Reviewed by Abbott Payson Usher, Isis 41, 228,

1950. SEMYONOV, L. Development of mathematical

knowledge in Armenia in the seventh to thirteenth centuries. Armenian Affairs z, 8o- 8i, I949-50.

Description of a text-book in arithmetic of Ananya Shirakatzi (7th century), whose manuscripts are now being studied in Armenia. An Armenian translation of Euclid's "Elements" by Gregory Magistros dates from the I ith century, though most of it has been lost. Another arithmet- ical text-book, also of the eleventh century, is by Hovhanes Sargavak, in which polygonal numbers are discussed. Reference is made to a paper to be published in the Trans. of the State Repository of Ancient Manuscripts of the Council of Ministers, Armenian SSR. D. J. S. ULLMANN, WALTER. Medieval papalism:

the political theories of the medieval canonists. XiV+230 p. (The Maitland Memorial Lectures, University of Cambridge, 1948). London, Methuen, I949.

VAN DEN BERGH, L. PH. C. Handboek der Middelnederlandse geografie (Handbook of Middle Dutch geography). 3rd edition, completed and rewritten by A. A. Beekman (ob. I947) and H. J. Moerman. Xi+296 p. + 17 p. 's-Gravenhage, Nijhoff, I949.

First ed. I852, 2d. I872.

VAN STEENBERGHEN, FERNAND. Aristote en Occident. Les origines de l'aristot6lisme parisien. 200 p. Louvain, Institut sup6rieur de philosophie, 1946.

WACKERNAGEL, HANS GEORG. Die ma- trikel der Universitit Basel. I. Band 1460- I529. xiv+467 p. Basel, Verlag der Univer- sitaitsbibliothek, I95I. Sw. fr. 48. The University of Basel is preparing to celebrate

its sooth anniversary in I960. It is now beginning the publication of its lists of students, year by year; this will require four thick volumes, of which this



6. Middle Ages -8. Central Asia 351

is the first dealing with the mediaeval period, from 1460 until 1529, when the Reformation was completed and the University was radically changed. The book is based not only upon the rectorial register, but also upon other university archives, especially the registers of the faculties. It shows for every student, not only the date of his immatricu- lation and where he came from, but likewise in which faculty he studied, what examinations he passed, and degrees he took. The students have been identified as exactly as possible. Personal and local indices will facilitate research in the rich contents. The preparation of this first volume was particularly difficult and required the services of an eminent palaeographist, Prof. Dr H. G. Wackernagel.

G. S.

ZUBOV, V. P. On the history of atomism during the mediaeval period. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy z, 283-3I4 (in Russian), 1947.

ZWEIG, FRIDERIKE MARIA. Wunder und Zeichen. Grosse Gestalten des Hochmittel- alters. 256 p., i6 ills. Esslingen, Wurttemberg, Bechtle Verlag, 1949.

Reviewed by Robert Rie, Isis 41, 317, 1950.

7. Byzantium

CHARANIS, PETER. The chronicle of Mon- emvasia and the question of the Slavonic settlements in Greece. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, no. 5, 139-66, I950.

The short chronicle concerning the Foundation of Monemvasia (Malmasia, an island, SE Pelopon- nesos, whence the wine called malmsey) was probably written toward the end of the tenth century. "It can now be affirmed in unambiguous terms that the chronicle of Monemvasia is absolutely trust- worthy and constitutes one of the most precious sources on the Avar and Slav penetration of Greece during the reign of Maurice (582-6021." G. S.

Dumbarton Oaks Papers, number five. Edited for the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection of Harvard University, Wash- ington, D. C. by the Committee on Publica- tions. Quarto, iX+279 p., 76 ills. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1950. $7.50.

A few memoirs of this magnificent publication are listed in the present Critical Bibliography. EVERY, GEORGE. The Byzantine patriarchate

451-1204. XViii+2I2 p. London, Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, I947.

KOUKOULftS, PHAEDO. Byzantine life and culture (in Greek). Vol. 3, 402 p., pls. (Col- lection de l'Institut Frangais d'AthNnes, 43). Athens, 1949.

Reviewed by John P. Cavarnos, Specedum 25, 590-94, 1950. "Volume II is divided into nine chapters: (I) The hippodrome and circus games, (2) Contests and athletic games, (3) Byzantine prisoners-of-war, (4) Parades of derision (exposition of evil-doers to public ignominy), (5) Thieves and prisons, (6) Popular spectacles and entertain- ment, (7) Fairs, (8) Disputes and insults, (g) Curses, good wishes, and oaths."

PEETERS, PAUL (d. 1950). Orient et Byzance. Le trefonds oriental de l'hagiographie byzantine. 236 p. (Subsidia Hagiographica 26). Bruxelles, Soci&t6 des Bollandistes, I950.

Father Peeters' book is a magnificent posthumous gift. In my Introduction, I have shown many times that the translations of scientific writings passed almost always from one language into another (say from Greek into Arabic, from Arabic into Latin or into Hebrew) and not vice versa. The case of hagiographic literature was very different. The author proves that Greek writings might be translated from Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, and that books written originally in Greek might betray oriental influences. This is less surprising when one bears in mind the polyglottism which obtained in the Near East; there were "oriental islands" in the Byzantine empire; the monks of a single monastery spoke many languages; Father Peeters refers (p. 140) to a laura near the Sinai where the abbots knew Latin, Greek, Syriac, Egyptian and Bess (a kind of Thracian language, proto-Romanian?). The whole book is a splendid defense of Oriental vs. Greek tradition. G. S. STEIN, ERNEST (d. 1945). Histoire du Bas-

Empire, II: De la disparition de l'Empire d'Occident i la mort de Justinien (476-565). xxiv+900 p., 3 maps. (Public par Jean-Remy

Palanque). Paris, Descl6e de Brouwer, I949.

Reviewed by A. A. Vasiliev, Specalum 26, 211- 15, 1951. Includes biography and bibliography of the author. TATAKIS, BASILE NICOLAS. La philosophie

byzantine. viii+323 p. (Second supplemen- tary fascicle to Emile Brihier's Histoire de la Philosophie). Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1949.

m. ORIENTAL SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION

8. Asia

Western Asia

DRIVER, GODFREY ROLLES. Semitic writing from pictograph to alphabet. XVi+222 p.,

57 pls. (The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, z944). Oxford University Press, 1948.

FEVRIER, J. G. L'ancienne marine ph6nicienne. La nouvelle Clio, 2, 128-43, 1950.

Central Asia

SHIH-Yt Ytl LI. Tibetan folk-law. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, I27-48, 1950.

Folk-law in A-mdo. TUCCI, GIUSEPPE. Indo-Tibetica, IV. Gyantse

ed i suoi monasteri, Parte I, Descrizione generale dei tempi. 300 p. Parte II. Iscrizioni, testo e traduzione, 330 p. Parte III, Tavole, 397 figs., I carte. Roma, Reale Academia d'Italia, 1941.

TUCCI, GIUSEPPE. To Lhasa and beyond. Arts and Letters, Journal of the Royal India, Pakistan & Ceylon Society 24, 35-41I, 1950.



352 8. Eastern Asia -9. India

Eastern Asia -including works relative to the whole of Buddhist Asia, or to India, Central and Eastern Asia combined

D'UONG BA-BANH. Documents concernant la m6decine vietnamienne. L'Extrime-Orient Medical 2, 13-38, Hanoi 1950.

I. La medecine du Viet-Nam d'aprbs les premiers Europeens qui l'ont etudiee. 2. La legislation medicale dans l'ancien Viet-Nam.

HUARD, P. L'Extreme-Orient et la chirurgie. 4 p. quarto. Four quarto pages received from Indo-China in

Feb. 1951, undated and without indication of origin. G. S.

JANSE, OLOV R. T. Archaeological research in Indo-China. Volume I: The district of Chiu- Chen during the Han Dynasty. General considerations and plates. xl+73 p. folio, I69 pls.; Vol. II: The district of Chiu-Chen during the Han Dynasty. Description and comparative study of the finds. ix+300 p. folio, 40 pls. (IIarvard-Yenching Institute, Monograph Series, ro). Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1947-51.

At the beginning of vol. I (Isis 40, I57), the author stated, "The present volume is the result of archaeological excavations I had the privilege of conducting in Indo-China from 1934 to 1939. The main purpose of our campaign was to study the Chinese civilization in Indo-China, especially under the Han dynasty, and its possible connections with the West." He introduces vol. 2 with the following words: "The first volume of this work presents a general survey of our excavations in Thanh-hol [N. Annam], especially in regard to Chinese tombs and pottery kilns from the latter Han dynasty. In an introductory study we have compared docu- mentary data with facts revealed by our fieldwork. Our excavations have on some points corroborated evidence supplied by the ancient, written documents. In this second volume, we present a more complete description of these tombs, their funerary deposits, and numerous ceramic products, found in the kilns. These findings are not merely of local interest, but throw new light on the little-known, southern sphere of classical Chinese civilization. In addition, comparative studies seem to reveal far-flung commercial and cultural relations with the Indo-Iranian world, and perhaps even with countries around the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean." A third volume is now printing for the Institut belge des Hautes Etudes Chinoises. G. S.

LIGETI, LOUIS. Catalogue du Kanjur Mongol imprime. Vol. I: Catalogue. 345 p. (Bibli- otheca Orientalis Hungarica, 3). Budapest, Socift6 Korosi Csoma, 1942.

LOUNSBERY, G. CONSTANT. Buddhist meditation in the southern school. Theory and practice for Westerners. With a foreword by W. Y. Evans-Wentz. x+I177 p. London, Luzac, 1950. 6s. The first American edition of this book appeared

in I936. The author is President of Les amis du Bouddhisme. It discusses the theory and practice of meditation, and includes a bibliography of English titles and a Pali glossary. G. S.

MALLERET, LOUIS. L'art et la metallurgie de l'etain dans la culture d'Oc-Eo. Artibus Asiae IZ, 274-84, 14 pIs., 1948.

WINSTEDT, SIR RICHARD. Malaya and its history. 158 p. (Hutchinson's University Li- brary, British Empire History). New York, Longmans, Green, I950.

9. India, Pakistan and Ceylon

AGARWAL, SHRIMAN NARAYAN. The two worlds. vi+173 p., pls. Bombay, Hind Kitabs Ltd., I950. Rs. 6.8. Principal Agarwal went around the world in

1949, visiting 15 countries in a few months and came back not with a vision of One World like Wendell Wilkie, but with a vision of Two Worlds. He is a fair and generous man, yet his information was very insufficient, and many of his judgments, superficial. What would he himself think of an American, who would spend three months in India and then presume to judge Hindu conditions and to solve the many problems which perplex and divide the peoples of India? He is a fervent disciple of Gandhi but lacks Gandhian humility. G. S. AHMADULLAH KHAN DEHLAVI. Tahqiq

al-buhran. Critically edited with introduction by Afzal al-ulama Janab Hakim Abdul Qadir Ahmad Sahih, diploma holder of Takmilat- ut-Tibb College, Lucknow. V+25 p. (in Arabic). Madras, Government Oriental Manu- scripts Library, 1950. R. x.8.o. "According to the Unani system of medicines,

some of the diseases undergo a period in which a sudden change appears in the body resulting either in the destruction or complete recovery. This period is called buhran. This is a short and comprehensive book on buhran, divided into seven chapters. The author Hakim Ahmadullah Khan Dehlavi, a renowned physician of his time, wrote and presented it to Nawwab Amirul Hind Walajah Mohamed Ali Khan Bahadur, the ruler of Carnatic (d. 1795). Contemporary authors speak highly of the Hakim who was the court physician, famous for his professional talents." The title reads tahqiq al-buhrin; buhrin or rather bahran is what the Greeks called the crisis of a disease. G. S. ALTEKAR, ANANT SADASHIV. State and

government in ancient India, from earliest times to c. A.D. 1200. V111+26I p. Banaras, Motilal Banarsi Dass, 1949.

BAGCHI, PRABODH CHANDRA. India and China. A thousand years of cultural relations. Second edition, revised and enlarged. viii+ 234 p., I map. Bombay, Hind Kitabs Ltd., I950. Rs 6.12.

The first edition of this excellent little book appeared in 1944. The author is well known because of his work on Le canon bouddhique en Chine (2 vols. Calcutta 1927-38; Isis 11, 506; Introd. 3, I873). This book shows that the cultural relations between India and China were not a one- way traffic; we always think of the Buddhist influence upon China which was enormous, but India was also influenced to some extent by China. Peaches, pears, vermillion, porcelain, silk, tea and leechee were Chinese importations. Hsiian-tsang



9. India 353 (VII-I) translated the Tao te ching into Sanskrit in 647, and Taoism influenced the Buddhist Indian school called Sahajayana. G. S.

BERNARD, THEOS. Hindu Philosophy. xi+ 207 p. New York, Philosophical Library, '947.

BHATTACHARYA, S. Aspects of Indian studies in Great Britain. Arts and Letters, Journal of the Royal India, Pakistan & Ceylon Society 24, 77-84, 1950.

BHATTACHARYYA, TARAPADA. A study on Vistuvidya or Canons of Indian architecture. vii+37I+iii p. Published by the Au- thor, Dariapore Gola, P. 0. Bankipore, Patna (I947). Rs. I4. The book is not dated, but the preface is dated

Patna, Jan. I947, and part of the book was accepted as a doctoral thesis by the University of Calcutta in I948. It contains a history of architectural theories (various styles or orders of Indian architecture), and discussion of the chronology of the Sanskrit treatises on vastuvidya. There are two schools of vastuvidya, the Northern and the Southern. The text Manasara often believed to be the oldest, be- longs to the Southern school and is relatively late. Ch. I19 discusses the relation of Manasara with Vitruvius. One may remember that Prasanna Kumar Acharya had made a deep study of the Manasara (Dictionary of Hindu architecture, Indian architecture, London I927) and suggested that it belonged to the period 500 to 700; the author of this book would place it much later (iooo to 1500).

G. S.

BOWER, URSULA GRAHAM. Drums behind the hill. 270 p., 35 ills. New York, Morrow, 1950. $4.00.

Describing life of the Naga tribes in NE India. G. S.

DORAIRAJAN, C.; UTTAMARAYAN, C. S. Anubhava Vaidya Murai. Critically edited with introduction. 2 vols. xvi+I76 p.; xii+p. 177-395. Madras, Government Oriental Man- uscripts Library, 1950. Rs. 3.14.0; 4.8.o. Edition of a Tamil text based upon a single MS

in the Government library of Madras, transcribed in 1923-24 from a MS of the Maharaja of Ettayapuram. It describes in detail the mantras and medicines for curing different kinds of diseases. G. S.

EMENEAU, M. B. The American contribution to Indic studies. Art and Letters, Journal of the Royal India, Pakistan & Ceylon Society 24, 19-21, 1950.

FILLIOZAT, JEAN. La doctrine classique de la medecine indienne. Ses origines et ses parall6les grecs. Vii+230 p. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1949.

Elaborate study of ancient Hindu medicine, derived from the original texts, and of special interest because of a few parallelisms with the independent development of Greek medicine. There are three great scientific traditions in the world (I) the Greek Islamic Western; (2) the Hindu which was gradually extended to the whole of Buddhist Asia; (3) the Chinese. The first two are very largely independent with a substratum of general ideas; the third is partly independent from them, except

in so far as Buddhism introduced Hindu, Ayurvedic, elements (Isis 41, 121). Filliozat's study is divided as follows: I. Ayurveda; 2. Medical ideas which are pre-Aryan and Indo-Iranian; 3, 4, 5 deal respectivelv with pathology, anatomy and physiology in the Vedic samhita. This includes a glossarv of anatomic terms (p. 121-28); 6. Veda and Ayurveda; 7, 8, 9 deal with Greek-Hindu comparison. 7. Ayurvedic ideas on wind and Greek pneumatism, as represented by the Hip- pocratic de flatibus; 8. Timaeos; 9. Communications between India and Greece before Alexander. Index.

G. S.

FOUCHER, A. Le compendium des topiques (Tarka-samgraha) d'Annambhatta, avec des extraits de trois commentaires indiens (texte et traduction) et un commentaire. xxiii+i84 p. (Elemcnts de systematiquc et de logique indiennes). Paris, Maisonneuve, I949.

HAMMETT, FREDERICK S. Agricultural and botanic knowledge of ancient India. Osiris 9, 2II-226, I950.

HOCART, A. M. Caste. A comparative study. i58 p. London, Methuen, I95I.

MAHABHARATA. For the first time critically edited by Vishnu S. Sukthankar (I925-I943)

and S. K. Belvalkar (since April I943). Vol. 7. The Bhlsmaparvan, being the sixth book . . . critically edited by Shripad Krishna Belvalkar [Fascicules I5 and i6 of the whole work.]. CXCVi+802 p., 8 pls. Poona, Bhandarkar Ori- ental Research Institute, I945-47.

Reviewed by Andrew H. Yarrow, Journal of the American Oriental Society 70, 317-20, I950.

McDONALD, DONALD (editor). Surgeons Twoe and a barber. Being some account of the Life and Work of the Indian Medical Service (I600-I947). 295 p., ill. London, Heinemann, I95I.

MENON, N. MADHAVA. Garbhacikitsa. Crit- ically edited with introduction and notes. II9 p. Madras, Government Oriental Manu- scripts Library, I949. Rs. 3.8.o. Medical work in Malayalam, derived from a

single Madras MS. "This, in many points, is different from ordinary works on Balacikitsa. The title Garbhacikitsa is given to this work probably because it deals with the treatment from the time of conception up to the growth of the child." It deals not only with general diseases but with menstruation, conception, prenatal care, infantile troubles (especially karappan). It much differs from Ayurveda, and comes closer to Tamil vaidyas; it is largely derived from popular experience and folklore. G. S.

MENON, C. ACHYUTHA. Kanakkusaram. Critically edited with introduction. viii+ 85+7 p. Madras, Government Oriental Man- uscripts Library, ig5o. Rs. 2.12.0.

Treatise on practical arithmetic in Malayalam edited on the basis of a single Ms in the Govern- ment Library of Madras. According to the editor, Hermann Gundert must have used it in the compilation of his great Malayalam dictionary (Manga- lore 1872; Intiod. 3, 384). G. S.



354 9. India -.To. China

MENON, C. ACHYUTHA. Kanakkusaram Balaprab6dham. Critically edited with introduction. vi+6o+6 p. Madras, Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, 1950. Rs. 2.0.0.

Edited on the basis of a single MS in the Gov- ernment Library of Madras "This work which is written in Malayalam verses with a commentary deals, in a very telling manner with various problems in arithmetic-especially calculations in respect of gold, timber etc., useful in every day life." It is comparable to the other Ka9akakkuslram edited by Menon; both works cover the same field, but they do it differentlv; the authors are different, but they used the same source. G. S. REDDY, D. V. S. Report of the meeting of the

scientific memoranda sub-committee of the Chopra Committee for review and resuscita- tion of Ayurveda (ancient Hindu medicine). Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 288-

go, I950. RENOU, LOUIS; FILLIOZAT, JEAN. LIlnde

classique. Manuel des Etudes indiennes. T. i, avec le concours de Pierre Meile, Anne-Marie Esnoul, Liliane Silburn. 669 p., map. Paris, Payot, I947.

SASTRY, SRI VETURI PRABHAKARA. Dhanurvidyavilasamu. Critically edited with introduction. viii+170 p. Madras, Govern- ment Oriental Manuscripts Library, I950.

Rs. 4.14.0. Telugu treatise on archery. Edition derived from

2 MSS in the Government Library of Madras. It would be interesting to compare it with the Arabic treatise edited by Nabih Amin Faris and Robert Potter Elmer (Princeton 1945; Isis 36, 219; Introd. 3, I865). G. S. SASTRY, SRI VETURI SANKARA. AuSa-

dhay6gamulu. Critically edited with introduction. xxii+143 p. Madras, Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, I950. Rs. 3.12.0.

Medical treatise in Telugu based upon 2 MSS of the Government library of Madras. It describes specific medicines, their preparation and the diet to be kept during treatment. G. S. SASTRY, SRI VETURI SANKARA. Vaidya-

nighantuvu. Critically edited with introduction. viii+Io8 p. Madras, Government Ori- ental Manuscripts Library, 1950. Rs. 2.12.0.

Dictionary of drugs (herbs and minerals) in Telugu, edited from a single MS in the Government library of Madras. It gives many synonyms of the drugs' names. G. S. VAN LOHUIZEN-DE LEEUW, JOHANNA

ENGELBERTA. The "Scythian" period; an approach to the history, art, epigraphy and palaeography of North India from the first century B.C. to the third century A.D. xii+ 435 p., ill., 70 figs. Leiden, Brill, 1949.

YAZDANI, GHULAM. Bidar. Its History and monuments. XV+240 p., I30 pl., 2 maps. London, Oxford University Press, 1947.

10. China BAGROW, LEO. The story of a Chinese map.

Imago Mundi 6, 76-78, 1949. Set of 20 maps in a Chinese roll, dated 1746.

BAYNES, CARY F. The I Ching or Book of changes. The Richard Wilhelm translation. Rendered into English. Foreword by C. G. Jung. Vol. I, xliii+395 p.; Vol. 2, 376 p. (Bollingen Series I9). New York, Pantheon Books, 1950.

BODDE, DERK. Peking diary. A year of revolution. XXi+292 p., 28 ills. New York, Schuman, I950.

This is a historical document of the very first importance: the description of the Chinese Com- munist revolution by an impartial, generous and moderate eye-witness. G. S. DUBS, HOMER H. China, the land of human-

istic scholarship, an inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 23 Febru- ary 1948. Oxford I949.

DUYVENDAK, JAN JULIUS LODEWIJK. China's discovery of Africa. 35 p. (Lectures given at the University of London on January 22 and 23, 1947). London, Probsthain, 1949.

FRANKE, HERBERT. Some remarks on the interpretation of Chinese dynastic histories. Oriens 3, II3-22, 1950.

GOODRICH, L. CARRINGTON. Note on the Pei-t'ang library in Peking apropos of the article by Boleslaw Szczesniak. Isis 4I, 195, 1950.

HARTNER, WILLY. Heilkunde im Alten China. Sinica z6, 2I7-65, 1941; 17, 266-328, 1942.

Reviewed by Ilza Veith, Isis 41, 230, 1950.

HORINE, EMMET FIELD. Notes on the Chinese pulse theory. Isis 4z, 197, 1950.

KARLGREN, BERNHARD. The Chinese language. An essay on its nature and history. Vi+122 p. New York, Ronald Press I949.

$3.50. The many readers who remember an earlier book

of his Sound and Symbol in China (Swedish ed. I9I8, English 1923) will want to read this new one (Swedish ed. 1945) and will not be disap- pointed. The author's main purpose is to justify his long and deep studies of ancient Chinese pronunciation. "Somebody might ask: What is the use of all this? In view of the fact that it is possible to read and understand the ancient texts, it might be indifferent how they were originally pro- nounced. However, this reconstruction is of the greatest scientific importance and interest." The evolution of the Chinese language is hidden by the combination of phonetic changes with the per- manence of characters. It has been possible to determine the pronunciation of Chinese in the Confucian age, and even before that, and thus to explain many passages in the Book of Odes which had become obscure. The study of ancient pho- netics is made possible by the old rhyming dictionaries, by the studies of words in the Shih ching which were rhyming and do not rhyme anymore, by the comparison of many dialects and the special examination of belated dialects like the one of Shanghai or those of Korea, Japan and Annam or the transcription of Sanskrit words in Chinese Buddhist texts. Chinese is the best example of a monosyllabic and isolating language, but phonetic



io. China -.I. Japan 355 ambiguities introduce an increasing number of dissyllabic words and the isolating nature of the language far from being primitive is the result of a long evolution. "In this respect Chinese is analogous to English, although it has proceeded much further along the road towards simplification and ossification than present-day English has as yet done." Karlgren's very clear account helps us to realize why the reading of the Classics is becoming increasingly difficult for the Chinese people, as the latter put it the early texts are nan chile (hard to chew). G. S. LIU, GAINES KAN-CHIH. Cicadas in Chinese

culture (including the silver-fish). Osiris 9, 275-396, I8 ills., 1950.

MAENCHEN-HELFEN, OTTO. Two notes on the diamond in China. Journal of the Ameri- can Oriental Society 70, x87-88, 1950.

MICHEL, HENRI. Chinese astronomical jades. Popular Astronomy 58, 9 p., 9 figs., May 1950.

SIRftN, OSVALD. Gardens of China. An interpretation of China's garden art by one of the world's great authorities on Chinese art and civilization. 363 p., 289 ills. New York, Ronald Press, 1949. $30.00.

TA,NG SSO-YU; BIGGERSTAFF, KNIGHT. An annotated bibliography of selected Chinese reference works. Revised edition. X+326 p. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, 2).

Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1950. $6.oo. This is a revised edition of the work first pub-

lished in Peiping in 1936 as Monograph Number 12 of the Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies. It in- dudes some 130 new works, all but a few of them published in I935-48. "Three new subdivisions have been added: namely, Bibliographies on Modern China, Dictionaries of New Terms, and Works for Identifying Japanese Names. The number of sino- logical indexes and works on archaeology has been considerably increased." The title of each item is followed by an explanation of its importance and peculiarities. One is impressed by the large number of elaborate indices now available to Sinologists; most of these indices are the work of the last 25 years. A most useful guide. G. S. VEITH, ILZA. Some philosophical concepts of

early Chinese medicine. I5 p. Transaction no. 4, The Indian Institute of Culture, Basa- vangudi, Bangalore, 1950.

VETCH, HENRI. Seritheka XXX. Ts'ung-shu. viii+64 p. Peking, Vetch, 1951.

Catalogue of 253 ts'ung-shui, with index of editor's names. For :s'ung-shu, see Introd. 3, 83i. G. S. WORCESTER, G. R. G. The junks and sam-

pans of the Yangtze. 2 VOIS. zxviii+5o6 p., ill. Shanghai, Statistical Dept. of the Inspec- torate General of the Customs, 1947-48.

YANG, LIEN-SHENG. Buddhist monasteries and four moneyraising institutions in Chinese history. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies

3, 1I74-91I, 1950.

"In Chinese history there are four money-raising institutions which either originated in or had close connections with Buddhist temples and monasteries. These four are the pawnshop, the mutual financing

association, the auction sale, and the sale of lottery tickets. Pawnshops owned by and opened in Bud- dhist monasteries can be traced back to the fifth century. Mutual financing associations were closely connected with monasteries in the T'ang period if not earlier. Personal belongings of deceased monks were auctioned in monasteries under the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan dynasties, and perhaps also in earlier times. Lottery tickets were issued by monasteries to raise funds under the Yuan."

YANG, LIEN-SHENG. Topics in Chinese his. tory. vii+57 p. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, 4). Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1950. $2.00.

This is a combination of syllabus and bibliography, which seems very elaborate yet contains no reference whatsoever to ancient Chinese science. There are chapters dealing with philosophy, religion, and with archaeological subjects but the original Chinese science is completely omitted. This is truly unpardon- able, the more so that there is no excuse for the omission. Even if Prof. Yang has not investigated that essential part of his field himself, at least he could have found in my Introduction to the History of Science, passim, a large amount of materials. Let us hope that in the course of time he will realize the great importance of Chinese science for the understanding of Chinese culture. G. S. YEH TP,-HUI (x864-1927). Bookman's deca-

logue (Ts'ang-shu shih-yuieh). Translated by Achilles Fang. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies I3, 132-73, 1950.

11. Japan

BEAL, EDWIN C., Jr. Japanese mathematics in the Library of Congress. Isis 4I, 303, 1950.

ETTER, CARL. Ainu folklore. Traditions and culture of the vanishing aborigines of Japan. Foreword by Leroy Waterman. XXii+234 p. Chicago, Wilcox & Follett, 1949.

Japan Science Review. Law and Politics. No. I. Retrospect and prospect of the legal and political sciences in Japan. III p. Union of Japanese Societies of Law and Politics, 1950.

LEHMANN, W. P.; FAUST, LLOYD. A grammar of formal written Japanese. Supplement: Kokuji by R. P. Alexander. X+153+31 p. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, 5). Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1951.

"This grammar has been written as a practical description of one of the styles of modern Japanese which is relatively restricted in use. It is based on a large number of official Japanese documents and communications; consequently, that use of this style is stressed rather than its use for scientific or artistic materials. In the schools of Japan it is taught only after the essentials of the colloquial have been mas- tered." NORMAN, E. HERBERT. Ando Shoeki and

the anatomy of Japanese feudalism. 2 Vos. 340 p.; 540 p. (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 2). Tokyo, 1949.

SARTON, GEORGE. Japanese History of Sc- ence Society. Isis 41, I97, 1950.



356 I2.Israel

12. Israel

(Including works devoted to Palestine)

BARON, SALO W. Moritz Steinschneider's contributions to Jewish historiography. Alex- ander Marx Jubilee Volume, I, 83-I48, I950.

BOOKSTABER, PHILIP DAVID. The idea of development of the soul in medieval Jewish philosophy. xi+Io4 p. Philadelphia, Jacobs, 1950. $2.00.

Study of the evolution of Jewish ideas on the soul from Isaac b. Solomon Israeli to Maimonides, or from the ninth to the twelfth centuries. The author who was ordained in 1924 and received a Ph.D. in the same year from the University of Cincinnati, has been ever since rabbi of the Reform Temple, Ohev Sholom of Harrisburg, Pa. G. S. BUBER, MARTIN. Hasidism. Xii+208 p. New

York, Philosophical Library, 1948.

DRIVER, G. R. The plague of the Philistine (i Samuel v, 6-vi, i6). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 50-52, 1950.

FISCHEL, WALTER J. The region of the Persian Gulf and its Jewish settlements in Islamic times. Alexander Marx Jubilee Vol- ume x, 203-30, New York, 1950.

FREIMANN, AARON. Jewish scribes in medieval Italy. Alexander Marx Jubilee Volume x, 231-342, 1950.

List of 491 scribes with brief information concerning the life and activities of each. G. S. KALLEN, HORACE M. Jewish education for

American Jews. 13 p. Boston, Hebrew Teachers College Press, I950.

Address delivered at Commencement exercises, June ii, 1950, Hebrew Teachers College. [Jerusalem]. The Hebrew University of Jeru-

salem, 1925-1950. XVi+207 p., ph., Jerusalem, 1I950.

Beautifully illustrated Festschrift celebrating the first quarter of a century of the Hebrew University. The achievement is immense. The University is at present in exile, cut off from its home on Mt. Scopus and obliged to continue its activities in some 20

buildings scattered in the New Jerusalem. Could one imagine a more tragic situation? A magnificent campus had been built, the commodious buildings made research and teaching as easy as possible, and now the University is cut off from them, its labora- tories and library are within sight yet beyond reach. Nevertheless, the Festschrift reveals no anger, no im- patience. Its serenity appears in the preface by Ein- stein and is maintained throughout. We give special thanks for this to the editor, Dr. Manka Spiegel. Ar- ticles have been provided by Einstein, Selig Brodetsky (president of Hebrew University, historian of New- ton; Isis 11, 452), president Weizmann, Ahad A'am, Chaim Nachman Bialik, Viscount Samuel, etc. The book ends with a list of all the patrons, officers, etc. It was pleasant to recognize among the many portraits the faces of many friends, some of whom, like Judah Magnes, are no longer with us. The great effort will not be intcrrupted; it will increase and provide abundant fruits. This splendid volume is published in two editions, Hebrew and English.

G. S.

MARCUS, JACOB RADER. A brief supplement to the standard Hebrew dictionaries of abbreviations. Alexander Marx Jubilee Vol- ume x, 447-501, 1950.

MARX, ALEXANDER. Jubilee volume. On the occasion of his seventieth birthday. xxxiii+667 p. (in English); 547 p. (in Hebrew). Frontispiece. New York, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1925.

$25.00.

This splcndid Festschrift is divided into two volumes containing respectively the English and the Hebrew papers. It includes biographies of the Jubi- larian, his portrait and long bibliography. Marx was onc of the Lieblingschiiler of Moritz Steinschneider and he is the creator of the library of the Jewish Theological Seminary. When he came to the Scmi- nary in 1903 at the age of 25, the library had 5,ooo books and 3 MSS. It now has over 140,000 books and its collection of 7,0oo Hebrew MSS is one of the largest and finest in the world. The articles of this Festschrift which concern our readers are listed in this C.B., each in its proper place. Ad multos annosl

G. S.

ROWLEY, H. H. From Joseph to Joshua. Biblical traditions in the light of archaeology. (The Schweich Lectures of the British Acad- emy). 200 p. London, Cumberlege, I950.

RUNES, DAGOBERT (editor). The Hebrew impact on Western civilization. XV+92 2 p.

New York, Philosophical Library, I95I. $10.00.

A symposium on the creative influence of the Jew in the major fields of modern civilization, including the following contributions: Abraham I. Katsh, He- braic foundations of American democracy; L. L. Bernard, Jewish sociologists and political scientists; Hugo Bieber, Jews in public office; Maurice J. Karpf, Jcwish social service and its impact upon Western civilization; A. A. Roback, The Jew in modern science; Solomon R. Kagan, The influence of the Jew on modern medicine; Cecil Roth, Jewish cultural influence in the Middle Ages; Paul Nettl, Judaism and music; Karl Schwarz, The Hebrew impact on West- ern art; Walter Sorell, Israel and the dance; Rudolf Kayser, The Jews in literature; Curtis Lubinski, The Jew in drama, theatre, and film; Richard van Dyck, The Jewish influence on journalism; Hugo Bieber, The Jewish contribution to the exploration of the globe; William B. Ziff, The Jew as soldier, strategist and military adviser; Martin L. Wolf, The Jew and the law; Vergilius Ferm, The fountainhead of Western religion; Kurt F. Leidecker, Jewish philosophers. There is a good index. M. F. A. M.

SASSOON, DAVID SOLOMON. A history of the Jews in Baghdad. 217 p. Oxford, Rosen- thal, 1949.

SHATZKY, JACOB. On Jewish medical students of Padua. Journal of the History of Medicine 5, 444-47, 1950.

WOLFSON, HARRY A. The veracity of scrip- ture in Philo, Halevi, Maimonides, and Spinoza. Alexander Marx Jubilee Volume z, 603-30. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, I950.



14. Islam 357 14. Islam -also Arabia

'ABD AL-RAHMAN AL-BADAWI. The Greek legacy in Muslim culture. Studies of Western orientalists. IO+348 p. Maktabat al-nahla al-misriya, Cairo I940 (in Arabic). This book contains annotated Arabic versions of

many classical memoirs by Karl Heinrich Becker, Max Meyerhof, Paul Kraus, Ignace Goldziher, Carlo Alfonso Nallino. These memoirs are well integrated by abundant notes and an elaborate index. The translator has added biographies of Becker, Goldziher and Nallino; why not of Meyerhof and Kraus, who were much closer to him? G. S. ARBERRY, A. J. The future of Islamic studies

at Cambridge. Art and Letters, Journal of the Royal India, Pakistan & Ceylon Society 24, 68-75, I950.

ARNAKIS, G. GEORGIADES. Hoi protoi Othomanoi (The early Osmanlis, with English summary). 246 p. (Texte und Forschungen zur Byzantinisch-Neugriechischen Philologie, 41). Athens, 1947.

Reviewed by L. V. Thomas, lournal of Near East- ern Studies 9, 192, 1950.

BARRETT, DOUGLAS. Islamic metalwork in the British Museum. 24 p., 40 pls. London 1I949.

BARTHtLEMY, A. Dictionnaire arabe-francais. Dialectes de Syrie: Alep, Damas, Liban, Jeru- salem. Quatrieme fascicule, publie par H. Fleisch. p. 599-8O, Paris, 1950. I,OOO Fr. frs. This fourth part of Barthelemy's great dictionary

extends from firdaws (paradise) to mi'a (hundred); it had been prepared by the author, who was Consul of France and Professor at the Ecole des langues orientales in Paris, and edited posthumously by H. Fleisch, professor at the University of St. Joseph in Beirut. This very elaborate dictionary is of great importance for the study of Syrian Arabic. G. S. BIRGE, JOHN KINGSLEY. A guide to Turk-

ish area study. Xii+240 p. Washington, American Council of Learned Societies, 1949.

This is an excellent guide covering almost every aspect of Turkish life and letters, past and present, with the exception of science. The three books of A. Adnan Adivar (the French one of 1939; Isis 32, I86-89, and the two Turkish ones of 1943-44; Isis 38, 121-25; 40, 285) are not even mentioned! There is a short account of mediaeval Turkish, but the note concerning the Kudatku bilik is not up-to-date (Introd. 3, 378, 1015, I840). G. S. BOWEN, RICHARD LEBARON, Jr. Arab

dhows of Eastern Arabia. X+54 p., 37 ills. Pawtucket, R. I., the Author, 173 Columbus Avenue, 1949. $2.75.

This is a model description of the lateen-rigged dhows used by the Arabs in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean. Many readers were already familiar with dhows because of the dramatic account given by Alan Villiers in Sons of Sinbad (1940), but Bowen gives us a more technical description, illustrated with many drawings and photographs made by himself. "This work shows that the eastern coast of Arabia is probably unequaled in the world for the simplicity of its sailing craft, for a shallow-draft craft known to the Arabs as a ;albhut

prevails to the virtual exclusion of all other types of craft. This is the first indication that this shallow- draft craft is one of the most common types of Arab dhows to be found anywhere - including the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The work also contains the first comprehensive account of how the Arabs sail their lateen-rigged dhows. It is probably one of the most complete accounts of the sailing habits of any native group, for the author sailed with the Arabs on their craft for over two and a half years, as relaxation while working as a chemical engineer on the construction of the great Ras Tanura refinery on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia." The dhow is probably of early Egyptian origin, but it was per- fected and vulgarized by the Muslims, and later the lateen rig was used in the Mediterranean by Italians. My only regret is that the author has not added the original form (in Arabic script) of the technical words such as dhow, jalbhut, bhum, sambuk, ganja, shewe, ballam. These words do not exist in classical Arabic; yet, there must be a written form of them. See Paris, Pierre, below. G. S.

BOWEN, RICHARD LEBARON, Jr. The early Arabian Necropolis of Ain Jawan. A pre- Islamic and early Islamic site on the Persian Gulf. With chapters by Frederick R. Matson and Florence E. Day. Bulletin of the Ameri- can Schools of Oriental Research, Supple- mentary studies, nos. 7-9, 70 p., 24 figs., 1950.

$1.75 paper, $2 bound. Elaborate analysis of a mound located in the

neighborhood of Bahreim, on the Arabian shore. It is possibly identical with Bilbana in Ptolemy's list. The dating of such Arabian tumuli is difficult, because they have a possible range from the Bronze Age to the beginning of Islamic times. The pottery has been investigated by Frederick R. Matson and by Florence E. Day, but without chronological results; for one thing, it is not possible to say which types of pottery were imported and which were local. The general types of glaze have been known since at least Parthian times and other techniques were common in the Near East for many centuries. G. S. DE BOER, TJITZE J. (i866- ). History of

philosophy in Islam. I0+301 P. Committee for Editions and Translations, Cairo 1368- 1948 (in Arabic). Translation of De Boer's classical work by Muham-

mad 'Abd al-Hadi Abfi-Rida. This is the second edition of that translation first published in 1938. De Boer's study was originally published in German (igoi); an English translation appeared in 1903 and was reissued in 1933; Dutch translation in 1921. The Arabic translator has added many notes. G. S. DE GAURY, GERALD. Arabian journey and

other desert travels. 190 p., 31 pIS., 3 maps. London, Harrap, 1950.

ERLANGER, BARON RODOLPHE D'. La musique arabe. Tome cinquiSme. Essai de codification des regles usuelles de la musique arabe moderne. Echelle gen6rale des sons. Systeme modal. XV+426 p. Paris, Geuthner, '949- Vols. I to 4 of this work were published from

1930 to 1939 (Isis 30, 334; 32, 458). Vol. 5 is not historical but synthetic as the subtitle indicates. It contains many musical examples, historical notes in the appendices and a bibliography. G. S.



358 14. Islam

ETTINGHAUSEN, RICHARD. Studies in Muslim iconography. I. The unicorn. xii+ 209 p., 48 pls. (Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art, Occasional Papers, vol. I, no. 3). Washington, D. C., I95o.

Extremely elaborate study of the unicorn in Mus- lim iconography and literature. This is connected with the history of the rhinoceros or karkaddan (karkadann). The Muslim lore of the unicorn is compared with that of other civilizations: A. The ancient Orient, B. The classical world, C. Biblical and early Christian writings, D. Indian influences, E. Chinese influences, F. The late medieval world. This book like all the Freer Museum publications is admirably illustrated, no less than 48 plates. For the classical rhinoceros sec Sir William Gowers 1I950, under Antiquity. G. S. FARMER, HENRY GEORGE. Arabian musi-

cal instruments on a thirteenth century bronze bowl. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, I110-I, 2 pls., 1950.

FtYCK, JOHANN. Arabiya. Untersuchungen zur arabischen Sprach- und Stilgeschichte. 148 p. (Abhandlungen d. sachsischen Akademie d. Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Phlzologisch- historische Kl. 45, H. z). Berlin, Akademie Verlag, I950.

Elaborate study on the development of the Arabic language and literature from the beginning to the end of the classical period. It is richly documented and well-indexed. G. S. GARCIA GOMEZ, EMILIO. La trayectoria

omeya y la civilizacion de Cordoba. p. ix- xxxvi. Introduccion al tomo IV de la Historia de Espafia, Madrid 1950.

GARDET, LOUIS; ANAWATI, M. M. Intro- duction a la theologie musulmane. Essai de theologie comparee. vii+543 p. (Etudes de Philosophie mGdigvale, 37). Paris, Vrin, 1948.

Elaborate comparative study of Islamic and Chris- tian theology, with an index of Arabic terms and a very long list of the Eastern and Western books re- ferred to. The name of the Arabic author is not recognizable in its French form; we would trans- literate it Qanawkti. Father Jurj Qanawftl (O.P.) is well known because of his Arabic bibliography of all the MSS of Ibn Sin5. Louis Gardet has written many books on Islamic thought in Catholic perspective. G. S. HADDAD, GEORGE. Fifty years of modern

Syria and Lebanon. xvi+264 p., 114 figs., 2 maps. New York, Hafner, I950. $3.00.

This book written by the author of Aspects of social life in Antioch in the Hellenistic-Roman pe- nod, is a short but very full guide to every aspect of life in today's Syria and Lebanon. It explains the geographical setting and the historical perspective, and includes a particularly full account of the struggle for independence and resurrection. The antiqui- ties are not neglected nor modern literature and poetry, but I was astounded to find no mention of the greatest modern poet of Lebanon, Jibran Khalil Jibran. G. S. HOURANI, GEORGE FADLO. Arab seafaring

in the Indian Ocean in ancient and early medieval times. Xiii+131 p. (Princeton On-

ental Studies, z3). Princeton, Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1951.

This study is well documented and well written. It is largely restricted to Asiatic waters and to mediaeval conditions, but much of it applies to Mediter- ranean conditions and to almost modern times. The maps are very good. The subject is divided into three parts: Pre-Islamic trade routes, trade routes during the caliphate, the ships. With regard to the third part, it is a pity that the author did not avail himself of R. L. Bowen's excellent study of the Arab dhows of Eastern Arabia (I949), dealt with above; of course, Bowen describes modern usages, but thosc usages are not essentially different from the mediaeval. Hourani discusses the use of stitches instead of nails and its curious survival long after nails had become available; the main reason for the survival was, in my opinion, mental resistance, inertia; as often happens, local traditions were strong enough to prevent the adoption of useful novelties. Sea-stories taken from Buzurg (X-2) and Ibn Jubair (XII-2) evoke the human realities which were implied. G. S. MAHFOUZ, NAGUIB BEY. The history of

medical education in Egypt. Xifi+121 p., frontispiece, 67 figs. (Egyptian University, Faculty of Medicine, Publication no. 8). Cairo, Government Press, 1935.

This history is properly listed in our Islamic section; chapter I (9 p.) deals with ancient Egyptian medicine, but all the rest of the book is concerned with Islamic Egypt. Chapter 2 treats Islamic medicine before the XIXth century. The rest of the book is devoted to modern Egypt which began with the Renaissance under Mohammed Ali (Isis 31, 97). The book is beautifully illustrated and full of portraits and original documents. Since the time of its publication, the author, who is one of the leading physicians of Egypt, has become a pasha, and his name in our transliteration would read Najib Mahfiiz pasha.

G. S. MARQAIS, GEORGES. La Berbdrie musulmane

et l'Orient au Moyen-Age. 310 p. Paris, Aubier, 1946.

MAYER, L. A.; PINKERFELD, J. Some principal Muslim religious buildings in Israel. Introduction by J. W. Hirschberg. Preface by J. L. Maimon. 50 p. (English), +40 P. (Hebrew), +40 P. (Arabic) 6o figs. Jeru- salem, Ministry of Religious Affairs, 1950. This is a beauitful volume describing the Muslim

monuments in Israel and the efforts which have been made in order to repair them, to protect them, and to reestablish the Islamic cult. The text is published in English, Arabic and Hebrew and illustrated with plans and photographs. Though brief, the description of each monument includes the essential and is followed by a selected bibliography. G. S. MENASCE, PIERRE JEAN DE. Arabische

Philosophie. Bibliographische Einfuihrungen in das Studium der Philosophie 6. 49 p. Bern, Francke, 1948.

[MEYERHOF, MAX, i874-i945]. Osirs, vol. 9, edited by George Sarton. 648 p., portr., figs. Bruges, St. Catherine Press, 1950. This volume is dedicated to Meyerhof. It contains

22 memoirs, listed in this Critical Bibliography. The first article is a biography and bibliography of Max Meyerhof by his old friend, Joseph Schacht (p. 7- 32), with portrait. G. S.



4. Islam 359 MILES, GEORGE C. The coinage of the

Umayyads of Spain. 2 parts. xi+59I p., I5 pls. New York, American Numismatic Society, I950. $I0.00.

Our readers remember Miles' exhaustive study of Early Arabic glass weights (1948; Isis 40, 38!). We owc to him a study equally complete of the early Hispano-Arabic coins (711-1031). This is the first of a new series to be devoted to the coinages of the Iberian peninsula and to be published jointly by The American Numismatic Society and the Hispanic So- ciety. The main cause of this initiative is the transfer by Mr. Archer M. Huntington of his rich collection of Spanish coins from the second society to the first (both societies be it noted exist because of his mu- nificence). The vcry detailed catalogue is preceded by an introduction of II0 p. containing the sources and references, a general survey, a list of conven- tional inscriptions, a study of the individual mints, names and titles, metrology, minting technique, epigraphy, symbols and ornaments. The catalogue proper covers 440 p. It is followed by an index of issues and tables of weights, Arabic index of names and titles (Arabic type is used throughout the book whenever necessary), historical index, index of ornaments. The book, indispensable to numismatists, will be very useful to historians, e.g., to detcrmine dates (the chronology of Umayyad rulers gives not only the years but the months and days). With reference to his early study of glass weights the author remarks (p. 87): "So far as I am aware no glass weights have ever been found in Spain; how the treasury and mint controlled the weights of dinars and dirhems is unknown." G. S. MONTEIL, VINCENT. Notes sur la topo-

nymie, l'astronomie et l'orientation chez les Maures. Hespiris 36, 189-2I9, I949.

PARET, RUDI. Der Islam und das griechische Bildungsgut. 32 p. (Phi:osophie und Geschichte, 70). Tiubingen, Mohr, ig5o.

PARIS, PIERRE. Voile latine? Voile arabe? voile myst6rieuse. Hespdris 36, 69-96, 2 figs.,

I949. See R. L. Bowen: Arab dhows (I949), above.

G. S. PEDERSEN, JOHS. Den arabiske bog. 159 p.,

35 figs. (Udgivet af Forening for boghaand- vaerk med tilskud fra Ny Carlsbergfondet). Copenhagen, Fischer, 1946.

Discussion of the Arabic book, chiefly from the external point of view: history of Arabic writing, the importance of the Qur'an, writers and booksellers, writing materials, calligraphy, miniatures, bindings, librarics, printed books. Beautifully got up, well illustrated and indexed. G. S. PINES, SALOMON. Atomic theory in the

Muslim world, and its relation with the Greek and Hindu theories. Together with a study of the philosophy of al-Razi (IX-2). 12+

172 p. League Committee for Editions and Translations, Cairo I365 = I946 (in Arabic). Arabic translation by Muhammad 'Abd al-Hadi

Abu Rida of the work originally published in Ger- man (Berlin 1936; Isis 26, 557). RITTER, HELLMUT. Philologika XIII. Ara-

bische Handschriften in Anatolien und Istan- bul. Oriens 3, 3I-I07, I950.

RODINSON, MAXIME. Recherches sur les documents arabes relatifs i la cuisine. Revue des Etudes Islamiques, 95-I65, ann6e 1949.

Paris I950.

Elaborate study of a branch of Arabic literature which has hardly been investigated. It is centered upon a cookbook entitled Kitib al-wudla ila-l-habib fi wasfi-l-jayyibdti wal-tib (Bond with the friend, or description of good dishes and perfumes) listed by 1ijii Khallfa (6, 446, no. 54,273) and Brockel- mann (Supp. I, 904, no. 9; 2. ed., I, 652, no. 6). That book is analyzed. As to its date the author concludes: "Un livre de cuisine, la Wufla ilh 1-habib, a ete redige I 1'epoque ayyoubide par un personnage distingu6 habitue i la vie des cours. II a fait l'objet de plusieurs remaniements, chacun introduisant dans l'ouvrage primitif de nouvelles recettes et des annotations personnelles indiquant les circonstances dans lesquelles il avait deguste tel ou tel plat ou de qui il en tenait la recette. Parmi les auteurs soit du texte primitif, soit des remaniements, se trouvent un prince ayyoubide petit-fils de Safadin, I'historien Kamil ad- din Ibn al-'Adim, et peut-etre le poete et historien Ibn al-Jazzar." Well indexed. G. S. SALINGER, GERARD. Was the futuiwa an

oriental form of chivalry? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, 48I-93, 1950.

About futiiwa, see Introd. (3, 154, 421).

SARTON, GEORGE. The incubation of west- em culture in the Middle East. 45 p. (A George C. Keiser Foundation Lecture delivered in the Coolidge Auditorium of the Library of Congress, March 29, 1950). Washington, D. C., Library of Congress, I951.

The author was not given the opportunity of reading proofs, and there are a few mistakes (lack of diacritical signs in Arabic words) in addition to a few changes. Should a reprint ever be called for, the author hopes it will be made on the basis of the MS which is kept in his archives for that purpose. It is possible that some improvements were introduced in the typescript. The text should be edited on the basis of the MS and of this printed edition. G. S. SIGGEL, ALFRED. Arabisch-Deutsches Wor-

terbuch der Stoffe aus den drei Naturreichen, die in arabischen alchemistischen Handschriften vorkommen, nebst Anhang: Verzeichnis chem- ischer Gerate. I00 p. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Institut fur Orientforschung, Veriffentlichung Nr. x). Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 1950.

This glossary is an appendix to the Catalogue of Arabic alchemical MSS kept in Germany, of which two parts have already been published (Isis 45, 387). It will be very precious to students of Arabic alchemy and will facilitate the cataloguing of other Arabic MSS. It is preceded by a good bibliography. The glossary is divided into three parts: plant and animal materials, minerals, and apparatus used by the alchemists. G. S. TERRASSE, HENRI. Histoire du Maroc des

origines A l'etablissement du Protectorat franqais. 509 p., 6 maps. Casablanca, Edi- tions Atlantides, 1950.

Vol. I of this work appeared in 1949 (Isis 41, 387); vol. 2 completes the work, covering the period



360 N4. Islam -IV (a) Ausstralasid

I213 to 1912, that is: the Banui Mar-n "and the de- cline of Berber Islam," then the Baniu Wattas and the Banii Sa'd (I465-I659), finally the Hasani and the Filali ('Alawl) Shurafa', "le Maroc isole et anar- chique." Political history is completed by short sections dealing with intellectual and artistic life. Students who have no time to read the whole history (835 p.) should read at least the summary at the end of vol. 2, discussing the main lines of Moroc- can geography and history (political, social, religious, linguistic, economic, cultural). Moroccan history is extremely interesting from the sociological point of view because of the conflict between Arab invaders and native tribes, between the Arabic language and the Berber languages, and of many Islamic vicissitudes. The book is written with great impartiality and humanity. Elaborate indices. G. S. Turkish maps in the Topkapu Saray Museum.

Imago Mundi 6, 92, 1949.

VAIDYANATHA SASTRI, M. V. Bearing of Kaaba from important district towns in Nizam's dominions. The Hyderabad Academy, Studies no. zz, 86-88, 1949.

Determination of the qibla in various places of known latitude and longitude, giving the trigono- metrical formulas used for that purpose. G. S. VAJDA, GEORGES. Notes sur la Geschichte

der arabischen Literatur de C. Brockelmann. Journal asiatique 238, 225-36, 1950.

VERNET, JOAN. Astronomia arabe clisica, 6 p., Conferencia en Alcazarquivir, i5 de Marzo I947.

VERNET, JUAN. El Valle del Ebro como nexo entre Oriente y Occidente. Boletin de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona 23, 249-86, I950.

VINTEJOUX, MAX. Le miracle arabe. Pr- face par Louis Massignon. 205 p. Paris, Charlot, ig5o.

A spirited vindication of Arabic achievements dedicated to the author's French friends and written to acquaint them with their Arab friends. G. S. WALZER, RICHARD. The rise of Islamic

philosophy. Oriens 3, I-i9, I950.

WATT, WILLIAM MONTGOMERY. Free wir and predestination in early Islam. x+i8i p. London, Luzac, 1948.

WINTER, H. J. J. The Arabic achievement in physics. Endeavour 9, 76-79, facs., 1950.

IV. NEW WORLD AND AFRICA

A. America

AZEVEDO DA SILVA RAMOS, BERNARDO DE. Inscripq6es e tradiq6es da Am6rica pre- hist6rica especialmente do Brasil. Vol. I, Xxviii+5I4 p.; Vol. II, 562 p. Rio de Janeiro, Imprensa Nacional, I930-I939.

Reviewed by A. R. Nykl, Isis 41, 3I8, 1950. BARBEAU, MARIUS. Indian captivities. Pro-

ceedings of the American Philosophical So- ciety 94, 522-48, I950.

Apropos of white people, taken into captivity and bondage by Indians. G. S.

BOWERS, ALFRED W. Mandan social and ceremonial organization. xvi+407 p. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I950. $7.50.

The Mandan are a Siouan-speaking Indian tribe of the Northern Plains of North America. The present volume is a study of their social and ceremonial life, and represents, largely, an historical reconstruction of Mandan society as determined through the agency of older living Mandan informants.

M. F. A. M. EGGAN, FRED. Social organization of the

Western pueblos. xvii+373 p. Chicago, Uni- versity of Chicago Press, I950. $6.oo. An integrated analysis of the Hano, Zuni, Acoma,

and Laguna Indians. M. F. A. M. EKHOLM, GORDON F. Is American Indian

culture Asiatic? Natural History 59, 344-5I;

382, ills., 1950.

HAURY, EMIL W. The stratigraphy and archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona. xxvii+599 p. Albuquerque, N. M., University of New Mexico Press, 1950. $15.00.

This is an account of the excavation and its results of the Ventana Cave in Arizona. The account is exhaustive and a model of its kind. The datable American Indian remains are of the order of about 8,ooo years plus or minus 2,000 years. M. F. A. M. HODGSON, ROBERT W. The avocado - a

gift from the Middle Americas. Economic Botany 4, 203-93, 1950.

POPOL VUH. The sacred book of the ancient Quiche Maya. English version by Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley from the Spanish translation by Adriin Recinos. 267 p. Nor- man, Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, I950.

REICHEL-DOLMATOFF, GERARDO. Los Kogi. Una tribu de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Revista del Instituto Etnologico Nacional 4, 319 p., Bogota, Colombia, I950.

Elaborate study of the Colombian-Indian tribe Kogi by the director of the Ethnological Institute of Magdalena.

B. Australasia and Oceania

DUFF, ROGER. Moas and man (part II). The Wairau Moa-hunter site. Antiquity 24, 72-83, 2 figs., 4 pls., 1950.

ELKIN, A. P.; BERNDT, CATHERINE; BERNDT, RONALD. Art in Arnhem Land. Xii+I23 p., 22 pls., map. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I950. $7.00.

"In the north of Australia, west of the Gulf of Carpentaria, are the remnants of the culture and civilisation of the Australian Aborigine. There, in Arnhem Land, a few of the remaining tribes live untouched by modern science and industry, hunting and gathering their food, existing entirely on what nature produces. This finding of shelter and food, however, is only one aspect of their existence. They believe there is a personal or spiritual relationship between man and nature and that to trail the kangaroo is not enough -it is necessary so to in-



IV(b) Australasia - i6. History of Science 36I

fluence it that it will stand within range; and to aim at the fish will not in itself ensure accuracy -- it must be drawn to the spear of the fisherman. 'For such purposes,' writes Professor Elkin, 'charms, rites, paintings and sacred objects are employed.' Art in Arnhem Land by A. P. Elkin and R. and C. Berndt, with nine colour plates, and twenty-four half-tone photographs, provides an explanation as well as a representative selection of the decorative art of the aborigines along the Arnhem Land Coast."

FISCHEL, WALTER G. Maori textile techniques. Ciba Review 84, 3034-59, I95I.

HEYERDAHL, THOR. The Kon-Tiki expedition by raft across the South Seas. 235 p. London, Allen & Unwin, 1950.

Translated from Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, Gylden- dal Norsk Forlag, 1948. It demonstrated that an Inca balsa raft could sail to Polynesia. C. W. A.

KUNST, JAAP. Music in Java. Its history, its theory and its techniques. Vol. I, xvi+411 p.; vol. 2, p. 413-640, i65 ils. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1949.

C. Africa -outside Egypt and Islam

Institut pour la recherche scientifique en Afrique centrale (IRSAC). Premier rapport annuel, 1948. 194 p., 12 pls. Bruxelles, Rue Montoyer 42, 1948.

First annual report of IRSAC which will be the center of scientific research in Central Africa under the direction of Dr Louis van den Berghe (BP 217 Costermansville, Belgian Congo). The departments of the new Institute are established according to necessities in various places of the Belgian Congo. The library will be located near Costermansville. This first report includes all the administrative documents plus surveys on basic metabolism by J. P. Bouckaert, on the anemia of pregnancy by J. Snoeck and C. Pirson, on the geology of the Belgian Congo by P. Fourmarier and its botany by W. Robyns. Crescat et floreat. G. S.

SCHWAB, GEORGE. Tribes of the Liberian hinterland. Edited, with additional material, by George W. Harley. xix+526 p., 83 collo- types, 29 ills., map. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnol- ogy, Harvard University, 31) . Cambridge, Mass., I947.

PART III

Systematic Classification

1. SCIENCE IN GENERAL

16. History of Science

ACKERMANN, A. S. E. Popular fallacies. A book of common errors, explained and corrected with copious references to authorities. 4th edition. xv+843 p. London, Simpkin Marshall, I950. Reviewed in Nature z66, 579, 1950.

ASPELIN, GUNNAR. The history of ideas as a science. Lychnos 129-43 (in Swedish with summary in English), 1948-49.

BAVINK, B. Weltschoepfung in Mythos und Religion, Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft. Aus dem Nachlass hrsg. und mit einem Anhang versehen von Al. Wenzl. 126 p. Basel, Reinhardt, I950.

BEAUJOUAN, GUY. L'histoire des sciences aux Archives nationales de Paris. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 874- 8I, 1950.

[Belgium]. IIIe Congres national des sciences organis6 par la F6d6ration belge des Soci6t6s Scientifiques, Bruxelles, 30 mai -3 juin 1950.

Vol. I, Historique du Congris et histoire des sciences. 145 p., ils. 1950.

The first scientific congress of Belgium (comparable to the congresses organized yearly by the BAAS and AAAS) was held in Brussels in 1930, the second in 1935. The third congress held in 1950 was divided into 14 sections of which the first was devoted to the history of sciences. The present volume contains the papers (in French or Dutch) presented to that section. It is analyzed in this 77th Critical Bib- liography. The third congress was placed as it were under the auspices of Rembert Dodoens (1517-85); whose biography and bibliography by Cyp. Demars are included in its proceedings; a Dodoens medal was given to the subscribers. G. S. BINOUX, LOUIS FRANQOIS. Prix Binoux.

Isis 4z, 303, 1950.

BLt7H, OTTO. The history of physics and the old humanism. American Journal of Physics z8, 308-II, 1950.

BORING, EDWIN G. Great men and scientific progress. Proceedings of the American Philo- sophical Society 94, 339-51, 1950.

BOURGOUIN, LOUIS. Histoire des sciences et de leurs applications. 325 p., 21 ills. Mont- r6al, Editions de l'Arbre, 1945.

Popular account of the history of science down to Franklin, based upon radio-talks of Radio College 1943-44, Societe Radio-Canada, Montreal. First published in the review Technique, Montreal 1943-45. No references. G. S. BUTTERFIELD, H. The historian and the

history of science. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science r, 49-58, 1950.

BUTTERFIELD, HERBERT. The origins of modern science. X+217 p. London, Bel (New York, Macmillan), 1949.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 4I, 231-33, 1950.

Centaurus. International magazine of the history of science and medicine. Volume i, number I, 94 p. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, I950.

The first number of this new periodical is splendid. Centaurus is a very important addition to the periodicals devoted to our studies. The general editor is Jean Anker, Director of the Scientific De- partment of the University Library in Copenhagen;



362 I6. History of Science

he is assisted by three Danish colleagues and by a fine series of scholars representing many foreign countries. This particular number is analyzed in the present bibliography of Isis and the following numbers will be analyzed in the same way. Crescat et floreat! G. S.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Science, servant of man. Boston, Little, Brown, 1948.

Reviewed by Herbert H. Finch, Scripta Mathe- matica s6, 103-04, 1950.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. A sense of history in science. American Journal of Physics I8,

343-59, I fig., 1950.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Some early tools of American science: an account of the early scientific instruments and mineralogical and biological collections in Harvard University. XXi+201 p., 32 pIS. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, ig5o. Reviewed by Brooke Hindle, Isis 4!, 233-34, 1950

and by Clifford K. Shipton, New York History 2!,

325-26, 1950.

DAUMAS, MAURICE. Quelques fabricants d'instruments scientifiques anciens. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 364-70, I950.

DAVIES, MANSEL. An outline of the development of science. Vii+214 p., ph. (The Thinker's Library, no. Z20). London, Watts, 1947.

Popular account covering the whole history of science from Egypt to today. G. S. DEGOLYER, E. Landmarks in science. An

exhibition from the collection of Mr E. DeGolyer, to illustrate the history of science. Browsing Room, Fondren Library, Southern Methodist University, May io-i6, I950.

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. Works on history of science published in the Netherlands in the years I930-I947. Scripta Mathematica z6, 43-59, 1950.

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. L'histoire des sciences en Hollande de 1940 a I950. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 273-76, I950.

DINGLE, HERBERT (editor). A century of science, I85I-I951. 338 p. Hutchinson's Sci- entific Publications, London i95i.

DINGLE, HERBERT (and others). History of science in education. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science I, 89-93, 1950.

FULTON, JOHN FARQUHAR. Humanism in an age of sdence. 26 p. New York, Schuman, 1950. This Oslerian contribution was offered as a Lud-

wig Mond Lecture at the Manchester School of Medicine in 1949. It is a well documented plea for the support of the "new humanism" initiated by George Sarton and William Osler. Doctor Fulton well illustrates the interrelations between science and literature, and makes a strong plea for reprints and translations of science classics. C. D. L.

FULTON, JOHN F. Tenth annual report of the Historical Library. 1949-1950, Yale Uni- versity School of Medicine. 40 p. New Haven, 1950.

This report dated 30 June 1950 includes a review of the first ten years, plus the report on the year 1949-50, reports submitted by Henry E. Sigerist and Henrietta T. Perkins. The Historical Library is growing vigorously. G. S.

GUERLAC, HENRY. Humanism in science. The Humanities: An Appraisal, ed. by Julian Harris, 87-II5, Madison, University of Wis- consin Press, I950.

[History of Science]. Sixth International Con- gress for the History of Science. Twelfth Congress of the Societe Internationale d'His- toire de la M6decine. Under the auspices of the Academie Internationale and the Union Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences. Or- ganised by the Genootschap voor Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Wiskunde en Natuurweten- schappen te Leiden. 73 p. Amsterdam, Au- gust I4th-2Ist, I950.

Preliminary publication containing summaries of the papers to be read in Amsterdam.

HUARD, PIERRE. Sciences et techniques de l'Eurasie. Bulletin de la Societt des Etudes Indochinoises 25, 40 p., 1950.

ISCHER, AD.; GAGNEBIN, S. Sciences. 113 p. Neuchatel (Suisse), 1948.

History of science in the Pays de Neuchatel.

KILGOUR, FREDERICK G. Science in the colonies. Early American science. Yale Sci- entific Magazine, Feb. I95I.

MADELIN, LOUIS (editor). La France im- mortelle. vol. I, xxi+393 p., phs., figs.; vol. 2,

436 p., pls., figs. Paris, Hachette, 1946.

Thcse two volumes, beautifully illustrated, are listed here, because the second contains three articles (123 p.) devoted to the history of French science. Louis de Broglie deals with the mathematical and physical sciences, Maurice Caullery with chemical and natural sciences, Rene Dumesnil with medicine.

G. S. MIELI, ALDO. Biographie par Pierre Sergescu.

Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 519-35, I950-

MIELI, ALDO. Aldo Mieli en Ia Argentina. By Cortes Pla, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 906-I2, I950.

OEHSER, PAUL H. Sons of science. The story of the Smithsonian Institution and its leaders. XVii+220 p., 39 pls. (Life of Science Library). New York, Schuman, I949.

Reviewed by Albert R. Goldsmith, Isis 41, 252, 1950.

Osiris, Volumen nonum. Edidit Georgius Sarton. 648 p., portr., figs. Bruges, St. Catherine Press, I950.

This volume dedicated to Max Meyerhof contains 22 articles which are listed in this Critical Bibliog- raphy.



i6. History of Science -17. Organization of Science 363 PELSENEER, JEAN. Note sur un historique

in&dit des Instituts internationaux de physique et de chimie Solvay. lIfe Congris National des Sciences, p. 36, Bruxelles I950.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Science, religion et technique. Ille Congris National des Sciences, p. 10-12, Bruxelles i950.

PUTMAN, JACQUES. Les id&aux extra-scientifiques et leur contr6le par le savant, i la lumi&re de rhistoire des sciences. IIle CongrAs National des Sciences, p. 6-9, Bruxelles i950.

RAISTRICK, ARTHUR. Quakers in science and industry. Being an account of the Quaker contributions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 36x p., ill. London, Bannisdale Press, ig5o.

SARTON, GEORGE. The critical bibliographies of Isis. Isis 4z, 291-98, I950.

SARTON, GEORGE. The history of science and the new humanism. Japanese translation by Morishima, Tsuneo. 262 p. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, ig5o. Translation made from the second edition (Har-

vard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1937), with the author's portrait. SARTON, GEORGE. The history of science

in the Carnegie Institution. Osiris 9, 624-38, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Introduction to the His- tory of Science, vols. 1-2. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, I950.

The second photographic reprint of vol. I (1927) and first reprint of vol. 2 (2 parts, 193X) have been issued in July 1950. Price: vol. I, $10; vol. 2, $I5. SARTON, GEORGE. The life of science. Essays

in the history of civilization. vii + I97 p. New York, Schuman, 1948.

Reviewed by Armando Durn, Arbor, no. 57-8, 154-55, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Scientific literature in Romansh. Osiris 9, 602-23, 9 figs., I950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Second preface to volume 41 of Isis. Notes on the reviewing of learned books, Isis 41, I49-88, I950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Seventy-sixth critical bibliography of the history and philosophy of science and of the history of civilization (to May 1950). Isis 41, 328-424, 1950.

SEDGWICK, W. T.; TYLER, H. W. Breve historia de la ciencia. So8 p. Buenos Aires, Argos, i950.

Spanish translation by Jose Babini of the well- known history of Sedgwick, Tyler and Bigelow (I939), the English original of which was reviewed in Isis 33, 74-79. G. S. SINGER, CHARLES. Presidential address de-

livered on 3rd May, 1949. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science I,

59-63, 1950. Very interesting reminiscences concerning the

study of the history of science during the last fifty years. G. S.

STIMSON, DOROTHY. Scientists and amateurs. A history of the Royal Society. xiii+ 270 p., 20 ills. New York, Schuman, 1948. Rcviewed by Louise Diehl Patterson, Isis 41, 25I-

52, 1950.

TAYLOR, FRANK SHERWOOD. British inventions. 44 p., I6 pls. (British Life and Thought Series). London, Longmans, Green, 1950.

WIGHTMAN, WILLIAM P. D. The growth of scientific ideas. xii + 495 p., 34 figs., 8 pls. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 1g5o.

17. Organization of Science

Internal organization is meant, see Isis 1, 195. For external organization, national or international, see section 55.

(Atomic Energy]. International control of atomic energy. United Nations General As- sembly, Official records: fourth session, supplement no. iS. iii+37 p. Lake Success, New York, I950. 300.

BEVERIDGE, W. I. B. The art of scentific investigation. Xli+172 p., 4 pls. New York, Norton, 1950. $3.00. The author is Professor of Animal Pathology and

Director of the Institute of Animal Pathology at the University of Cambridge, England, and has written this guide chiefly for students in his own field of research, the study of infectious diseases. "But nearly all the book is equally applicable to any other branch of experimental biology and much of it to any branch of science." The author has "endeav- oured to analyse the methods by which discoveries have been made and to synthesize some generalisa- tions from the views of successful scientists, and also to include certain other information that may be of use and interest to the young scientist. . . I have tried to deduce and state simply as many guiding principles of research as possible, so that the student may have some specific opinions laid before him." This book is a combination of historical analysis and anecdote, practical precepts (such as the proper stage at which to begin writing up an account of research), and many wise observations (such as, "Research can be planned, but discovery cannot"). While some of the historical discussions are shallow and even misleading, others are given a valuable relevance in terms of contemporary research problems. While parts of this book will be useful to scientific administrators, I doubt that it will actually help young scientists to do better research; for that can be taught only in the laboratory, and by "teaching at the el- bow." As for the non-scientist, a fewer episodes treated more fully would have been better. I. B. C. BLtIH, OTTO. Men of science and higher edu-

cation in a democracy. Science Education 25, '-9, '94'.

BOHR, NIELS. Open letter to the United Na- tions. Science IZ2, I-6, ig5o. Apropos of the use and misuse of atomic energy.

BROZEK, JOSEF. The current five-year plan of Soviet science in historical perspective. Scientific Monthly 70, 390-94, I950.



364 17. Organization of Science A clear and objective description of the stated pur-

poses of Soviet scientific research and education. C. Z.

BUSH, GEORGE P., HATTERY, LOWELL H. (editors). Scientific research: its administration and organization. viii+I9o p. Washing- ton, D. C., American University Press, I950.

$3.25. This volume is adapted from the Proceedings of

the First Institute of Administration of Scientific Research and Development presented at Washington, D. C. by The American University with the cooperation of the National Research Council and the AAAS. The papers deal with the practical side: budget, recruitment, responsibility for planning (committee vs staff), responsibilities of research directors, incen- tives, analyzing costs, reporting, evaluating, and uti- lizing research. Reading these papers, one cannot but wonder whether the best administrators of scientific research will not continue to be scientists, rather than trained administrators. For, surely, even in this day, there is no synthetic substitute for the actual experience of the laboratory or the proving ground. I. B. C. CONANT, JAMES BRYANT. The impact of

science on industry and medicine. American Scientist 39, 33-49, 1951.

Based upon chapter IX of President Conant's forthcoming book Science and Common Sense. DARLINGTON, C. D. The conflict of science

and society. X+53 p. (Conway Memorial Lecture). London, Watts, 1948.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 4!, 319, 1950.

FREEDMAN, PAUL. The principles of scientific research. 222 p. Washington, Public Affairs Press, I950. $3.25.

This book attempts to tell the general public what research is and also to provide a guide to the scientific research process for young scientists. It is thus similar to the books by McDonald, Bush, and Bev- eridge to be found listed in this section of the Bibliography. The author is an industrial scientist; he naively presents "Dialectical Materialism" as the most appropriate philosophy for a research scientist. A number of historical examples are provided and are often over-simplified or based on erroneous information. Yet, as with all such books, this one may serve to educate the layman. In addition to general chapters, such as "The nature of research and its history," and "Research and society," there are technical ones, e.g., "Minimum number of essential observations." I. B. C. GELLHORN, WALTER. Security, loyalty and

science. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1950. Reviewed by I. I. Rabbi, Scientific American, p.

56-57, Jan. 195 1 . LINDSAY, JACK. Marxism & contemporary

science. 26I p. London, Dobson, 1949.

Reviewed by Sydney W. Jackman, Isis 4!, 320, 1950. McDONALD, ELLICE. Research and its or-

ganization. Newark, Delaware, Biochemical Research Foundation, I950.

Contains some interesting information concerning research which has chiefly appeared in the Journal of the Franklin Institute in 1949, together with a bibliography of the author's publications and an

index to the publications of the Biochemical Re- search Foundation, compiled by Anne H. Longen- bach. Discussed are: "The changing face of research, Choice of research projects, Cooperation in research, Direction of research," etc. I. B. C. MULLER, HERMANN JOSEPH. Science in

bondage. Science ZZ3, 25-29, 1951.

Apropos of science in Russia and "diamat." G. S. NEKRASSOFF, V. A. Human science, neither

East nor West. 37 p. mimeographed. New York, privately printed (2259 Creston Ave.), 1950.

Contains some interesting information concerning the attitudes of the Russian government towards science and philosophy during the last two hundred years. C. Z. PLA, CORTtS. Ciencia y sociedad. 232 p.

(Coleccion Oro de Cudtura General, I30-I3I).

Buenos Aires, Atlantida, I950.

One more book on the most burning problem of today, the relationship of science to society. It has the advantage of being written by a scholar who has a deep knowledge of the history of science, and hence is familiar with that problem (or complex of problems) not only in its present status, but in its genesis and development. Its comprehensiveness is shown by the contents: I. S. and technology, 2. So- ciety, 3. Internal factors which determine the evolution of S., 4. Action of Society upon S., 5. S. and religion, 6. S. and nationalism, 7. S. and war, 8. Action of S. upon society (cf. 4), 9. Our social responsibility, io. The great problem: education. The author's abundant readings include not only scientific books, but also sociological and philosophical ones, of many countries. G. S. RAPOPORT, ANATOL. Science and the goals

of man: a semantic orientation. 290 p. New York, Harper, 1950. $3.50.

This is an important consideration of the problems involved in intellectual agreements. It analyses the development of "truth" and emphasizes the importance of meaning in language and symbolization. There is an excellent discussion of our Aristotelian heritage, of non-Aristotelian formulations. To the question, "Is science moral?" the answer is "yes." There is a useful bibliography and index. C. D. L. SMYTH, HENRY DEWOLF. The place of

science in a free society. American scientist 38, 426-36, 1950.

STAKMAN, ELVIN CHARLES. Science and human affairs. Science 113, 137-42, 1951.

Based on the address of the retiring president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Cleveland, December 28, 1950.

UNESCO. Directory of international scientific organizations. Xiii+224 p. Paris, UNESCO; New York, Columbia University Press, May 1950. $I.00.

This gives all the needed information concerning each scientific body: its address, nature, aims, government, membership, facilities, meetings, voting, publications, short history, bibliography. The Interna- tional Academy of the History of Science is described on p. 8, the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) on p. 22-25, the International Union of the History of Science on p. 54-55, the International So- ciety of the History of Medicine on p. 15I.



i8. Philosophy of Science 365

18. Philosophy of Science

BERNARD, JESSIE. Can science transcend culture. Scientific Monthly 7Z, 268-73, I950.

BLAIR, G. W. SCOTT. Some aspects of the search for invariants. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science I, 230-44, 1950.

BORN, MAX. Natural philosophy of cause and chance. Viii+215 p. Oxford, Clarendon Press, I949.

BRIDGMAN, PERCY WILLIAMS. Reflections of a physicist. xii+392 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, i950. $s.oo. This volume is a reprinting of a number of Bridg-

man's essays on a variety of topics, plus three new ones, one on methodological problems of the social sciences (a gem!) and two on the scientist and society. The essays include splendid discussions of the operational point of view, actual problems within science, and the problems of science and society. The methodological essays are of special value for the clear light they shed, on such problems as the time scale of the universe, cause and effect, cosmical en- quiries, statistics, thermodynamics, and the like. Since the collection aims to serve the plain reader, Bridgman has omitted his famous essay on Mengen- lehre, an operational critique of the theory of trans- finite numbers. Bringing together these essays was a happy thought; the only regret is that many of them need an introductory paragraph stating the conditions of original publication, e.g., when part of a symposium, when occasioned by a specific event, or when a reply to another article. Social scientists especially will profit by the clarity of Bridgman's analysis.

I. B. C. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science,

Edinburgh and London, Nelson. Quarterly, Annual subscription, 30 s. The Philosophy of Science Group of the British

Society for the History of Science is a body of which the purpose is described by the following statement from its Constitution and Rules: "The purpose of the Group is to study the logic and method of science as well as of the various special sciences, including the social sciences. The main emphasis is upon an approach through the various special sciences to the philosophy of science." BRONK, DETLEV W. The unity of the sciences

and the humanities. 23 p. Cambridge, Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, 1949.

Fourth annual Arthur Dehon Litde Memorial Lec- ture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 22, 1949.

BROWN, G. BURNISTON. Science, its method and its philosophy. I90 p., 8 pls. London, Allen and Unwin, 1950.

BUSH, DOUGLAS. Science and English poetry. A historical sketch 1590-1950. ix+I66 p. (Patten Lectures, Z949, Indiana University). New York, Oxford University Press, 1950.

CALDIN, E. F. The power and limits of science. A philosophical study. ix+i96 p. London, Chapman & Hall, 1949. 12 S. 6 d. The author is Lecturer in Chemistry in the Uni-

versity of Leeds. He "enquires into the kind of

knowledge that can be attained by natural science, arguing from the method it uses (the inductive method), which is analyzed in detail; from this he derives a view of the place that science should in consequence occupy in human life. Contrary to a belief that has become common, science is not the only rational approach to the world, but one of several, differing in their points of view. Moreover, science must appeal to logic and metaphysics to establish its claim to truth, and to ethics before it can usefully be applied. The method of science is valid provided it is used in its proper sphere; but uncritical faith in scientific method is a source of much confusion in modern thought (as in recent discussions on 'scientific ethics'). Science has too its own form of beauty, which is here analyzed and compared with other forms; and it can make its own characteristic contribution to human culture; its influence is not necessarily materialistic. The role of science in contemporary society and its contribution to a modern synthesis are examined and some current notions criticised. The book is, in fact, a general survey from a consistent philosophical standpoint of a wide variety of questions bearing on the status of modern science."

COHEN, MORRIS R. Studies in philosophy and science. 278 p. New York, Holt, I949. Reviewed by Mark Graubard, Isis 4!, 319, 1950.

DESSAUER, FRIEDRICH. Die Teleologie in der Natur. 72 p. (Glauben und Wissen, no. 3). Munchen, Reinhardt, 1949.

DOCKX, S. I. Vers une synthise moderne du savoir. 31 p. (Actualitis scientifiques et in- dustrielles, zzog). Paris, Hermann, I950.

Conclusions du premier Symposium, Bruxelles I 947.

FRANK, PHILIPP. Modem science and its philosophy. 324 p. Cambridge, Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1949. $4.50.

Although it bears a new tide, this collection of essays is a revised edition of Professor Frank's "Be- tween physics and philosophy" (1941), which was reviewed in Isis 34, i8o by V. F. Lenzen. Half of the I6 essays in the new edition are printed in book form for the first time, and were previously published in various journals. Professor Frank has added a most interesting "historical background," in which he traces the development of his ideas and describes the persons and schools that have influenced him, notably the Wiener Kreis. While most of the essays are explanatory or philosophical, one -on Coperni- cus - is historical; it suffers from lack of acquaintance with recent scholarship, notably the work of Edward Rosen. Written in an engaging style, these essays set forth clearly Professor Frank's point of view - a form of operational logical positivism. They will repay serious study by all who would understand modern physics. But the title should read "Modern physics and its philosophy"; surely, "modern science" should include some mention of biological science. I. B. C.

GLICKSBERG, CHARLES I. Science and the literary mind. Scientific Monthly 70, 352-57, 1950.

An account of some literary opposition to what the litterateurs thought was the belittling of man by science. C. Z.



366 i8. Philosophy of Science- 20. Mathematics GONSETH, FERDINAND. Etudes de philoso-

phie des sciences en hommage a F. Gonseth. '75 p. Neuchatel, Editions du Griffon, I950.

GR1GOIRE, AUGUSTE (S.J.) (I890-i949). Leqons de philosophie des sciences experi- mentales. 230 p. (Bibliotheque de la Facult6 de Philosophie et Lettres de Namur, 8). Paris, Vrin, ig5o. The author, professor of astronomy in Louvain,

was deeply interested in the philosophy of mathematics and experimental sciences. The present volume left incomplete at the time of his death, was prepared for publication and completed by his colleague, the Rev. Gaston Isaye. His method of exposition is largely historical as will be seen from the table of contents: I. La formation de la methode scientifique: i. Aristote, 2. L'astronomie des Grecs, 3. La Renaissance, Galilee, 4. Bacon, 5. Descartes, 6. New- ton. II. L'induction: le probleme de la preuve. I. John Stuart Mill, 2. Le cardinal Mercier, 3. Elie Rabier, 4. Octave Hamelin, 5. Jules Lachelier, III. La theorie physique en France au debut du XXe siecle. I. Pierre Duhem, 2. Edouard Le Roy, 3. Henri Poincare, 4. Comparaison des trois auteurs, 5. Emile Meyerson. IV. Deux essais de critique radicale. I. L'idealisme de Brunschvicg, 2, Le cercle de Vi- enne. V. Necessite de la science. Sa 1egitimite, par Gaston Isaye, S.J. i. Idees directrices, 2. Description psychologique, 3. L'a priori de la raison pratique, 4. L'a priori de la raison speculative, 5. Collaboration de la me'taphysique et de la science. G. S. HARTMANN, MAX. Die philosophischen

Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften. xii+ 238 p. Jena, Fischer, 1948.

MANNEBACK, CHARLES. La connaissance de la nature chez les physiciens contemporains. Revue des questions scientifiques II, 481-93, I1950.

OWEN, E. C. The nature of scientific and other hypotheses. Bulletin of the British So- ciety for the History of Science I, 98-99, 1950.

POPPER, KARL R. Indeterminism in quantum physics and in classical physics. Part II. British Journal for the Phiosophy of Science 1, 173-95, 1950.

"The general upshot of our considerations appears to me to be the restitution of the naive view of the world, described as the 'commonsense view' at the beginning of section 2 -the view that there are events which can be predicted, or which are 'determined,' and other events which cannot be predicted and are not 'determined.' but our considerations even suggest something like a reconciliation between this view with the other -the 'more sophisticated' view that it is as a rule only lack of knowledge which makes us believe that events are unpredictable. This reconciliation can be brought about if we realise that it is the existence of knowledge in the physical world which creates the kind of indeterminism we have been discussing. Our knowledge may conquer new problems of determination. But in doing so, it will create new predictive problems which it cannot solve. For it cannot foresee its own future con- quests." RITCHIE, A. D. Reflections on the philosophy

of Sir Arthur Eddington. With an introduction by C. E. Raven. ix+38 p. (The first

Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial Lecture, 4 November, 1947). Cambridge University Press, I948.

SEEGER, RAYMOND J. Phenomena and imagination. Scientific Monthly 72, I48-52,

I95I. Science is generally conceded to have both a tech-

nological value and an intellectual interest. The author emphasizes that it can also be a source of aesthetic enjoyment. C. Z. STRAUSS, M. D. H. Quantum theory and

logic. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science i, 99-IOI, I950.

WEYL, HERMANN. Philosophy of mathematics and natural science. Revised and aug- mented English edition based on a translation by Olaf Helmer. x+3II p. Princeton, N. J. Princeton University Press, 1949.

WHITROW, G. J. Operational analysis and the nature of some physical concepts. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science 1, 101-04, 1950.

WHITTAKER, EDMUND T. From Euclid to Eddington: a study of conceptions of the external world. ix+212 p. Cambridge, Uni- versity Press, 1949.

WHYTE, LANCELOT LAW. The next development in man. 255 p. Cheap reprint as a Mentor Book. The New American Library, New York 1950. 350. "Apart from the Introduction and a few minor

passages this work was written in 1941-43 in Eng- land. The years which have passed have strength- ened my conviction that civilization can only be saved by the development of a universal way of thinking which can provide the basis for a unified humane science and a stable world order. We need a language of process, supported by the authority of science, which can show man how to think if he is to understand nature and himself. Until man finds that true philosophy of process, human society will continue to be threatened by conflicting dogmas. Emancipation from present frustrations will come only when science can transcend its separate special- isms and achieve a single language unifying all knowledge." WILKIE, J. S. The problem of the temporal

relation of cause and effect. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science I, 211-29, 1950.

II. FORMAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE OF FORMS

20. Mathematics

BERKELEY, EDMUND C. Giant brains or machines that think. 270+XVi p. New York, Chapman & Hall, 1949.

BERKELEY, EDMUND C. The relations between symbolic logic and large-scale calcu- lating machines. Science Z12, 395-99, 1950.

BOULIGAND, GEORGES; DESGRANGES, JEAN. Le declin des absolus mathematico- logiques. 270 p. (Esprit et Me'thode). Paris,



20. Mathematics 367 Soci6t6 d'Edition d'Enignement Sup6rieur, '949.

BOYER, CARL B. History of the derivative and integral of the sine. Mathematics Teacher 40, 267-75, 4 figs., 1947.

BOYER, CARL B. Philately and mathematics. Scripta Mathematica IS, 105-14, 2 ps., I949.

CALLANDREAU, EDOUARD. C&bres prob- limes math6matiques. 478 p. Paris, Michel, 1949-

COOLIDGE, JULIAN LOWELL. The mathematics of great amateurs. Vili+211 p. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1949.

Reviewed by Carl B. Boyer, Isis 41, 234-36, 1950.

CROISSANT-GOEDERT, JEANNE. La critique sceptique des math6matiques. Ille Con- gres National des Sciences, i6-i8, Bruxelles 1950.

DELACHET, ANDRA. L'analyse math6- matique. ii8 p. (Que sais-jeP). Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, I949.

DEPMAN, I. IA. On the first printed textbook on geometry in the Russian language. Akade- miia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 378-80 (in Russian), 1949.

ENRIQUES, FEDERIGO, par Umberto Forti, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 9I5-18, 1950.

FLECKENSTEIN, J. 0. The line of descent of the infinitesimal calculus in the history of ideas. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 542-54, ils., I950.

GLODEN, ALBERT. Esquisse d'une histoire de la theorie des nombres en Belgique. Ille Congris National des Sciences 31-33, Bruxelles 1950.

GLODEN, ALBERT. La vie et l'oeuvre scientifique de neuf mathematiciens belges d'origines luxembourgeoise. Thdmecht 2, 12-36, 1949.

Biography and bibliography of nine Belgian math- ematicians of Luxemburgian origin; the best known of them is Joseph Neuberg. G. S. GNEDENKO, B. V. The development of the

theory of probability in Russia. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 390-425 (in Russian), I948.

HOGBEN, LANCELOT. Chance and choice by cardpack and chessboard. An introduction to probability in practice by visual aids. 417 p., many figs., tables. New York, Chanticleer Press, 1950. $12.50.

Despite its seductive title, and the well-known gifts for popularization of its author, this book is not for the general reader. Rather, it is a difficult mathematical introduction to applied statistics. Except for those illustrations based on playing cards, most examples come from the medical field. The two-colon diagrams of playing cards and the superposition of graphs by two-color printing give this book a hand- some appearance, but the length of the reading line - I5 cm. - is almost unbearable. The 3-dimen- sional pyramids on p. 15 are a masterly use of the printing medium. The lengthy formulas and charts

may have necessitated a large page, but in that case the text proper would havc been more readable in two columns. I. B. C. HOUTZAGER, DIRK. Hollands lijf- en losren-

teleningen voor I672. 203 p., ills. Schiedan, Roelants, I950.

Doctoral thesis of the Dutch Economic High School, Rotterdam, I 5 June 1950, dealing with early insurance and actuarial matters, chiefly in Holland. i. Definition, :z. Life annuities in ancient and mediaeval times, 3. Sources concerning annuities in Hol- land and West Friesland before i672, 4. Idem before 1598. 5. Idem from 1598 to 1648. 6. Idem from I648-7I. 7. Brief outline for the period after I672. Appendices: List of decisions taken by the States of Holland and West Friesland from 1544 to I671. It is a pity that the author did not add a summary of his investigations in an international language. I owe communication of this thesis to my friend, R. C. Archibald. G. S. Istoriko matematicheskk isskdova4iia. Vypusk,

2. (Works of the Seminar for the history of mathematics of Moscow State University). Moscow I949 (in Russian). Iushkevich, A. P. and Bashmakova, 1. G. Algebra

or finite quantities of N. I. Lobachevskii, p. 72-128. Lunts, G. L. On the works of N. 1. Lobachevskii

on mathematical analysis, p. 9-7z. Gnedenko, B. V. On the works of N. 1. Lobachev-

skii on the theory of probability, p. 129-36. Idel'son, N. I. Lobachevskii - astronomer, p.

137-67. Khil'kevich, E. K. On the history of the spread

and growth of the ideas of N. I. Lobachevskii during the 6o's and 70's of the igth century, p. I68-230.

Bashmakova, I. G. Analysis of the theory of divisi- bility in the works of E. I. Zolotarev, p. 233-351.

Rybnikov, K. A. First stages in the development of the calculus of variation, p. 355-498.

Molodshii, V. N. Was Euclid a follower of Plato? P. 499-504.

Maistrov, L. E. On the editorial of M. Ia. Vygod- ski: "The Elements of Euclid," p. 505-07. IUSHKEVICH, A. P. On the first Russian

editions of Euclid and Archimedes. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istori estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 567-72 (in Russian), 1948.

KAGAN, V. F. The structure of the non- Euclidean geometry of Lobachevskii, Gauss and Bolyai. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 323-89 (in Russian), 1948.

KASNER, EDWARD; NEWMANN, JAMES. Les mathematiques et l'imagination. Traduc- tion de Francine Beris et F. Le Lionnais. 252 p. Paris, Payot, 1950.

The original book appeared in New York 1940 (Isis 33, 723-25). KATTSOFF, LOUIS 0. A philosophy of math-

ematics. ix + 266 p. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State College Press, I948.

KROPP, GERHARD. Beitrage zur Philosophie, Piidagogik und Geschichte der Mathematik. Mit einem Anhang: Die mathematikgeschicht- liche Forschung, geometrische Integrations- methoden bei Lalouvere. I03 p. Berlin, Koetschau-Verlag, 1948.



368 20. Mathematics - 23. Astronomy

Collection of essays on the history, philosophy and teaching of mathematics. In appendix, a study of the geometrical integration methods of the Jesuit father, Antoine de Lalouvere (I600-64) of Toulouse, whose sources were Greek plus the works of Clavius and Commandino. G. S.

MAZIARZ, EDWARD A. The philosophy of mathematics. viii+286 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, I950, $4.00. "To meet this widespread interest in the philoso-

phy of mathematics by charting the course of its historical development and by offering a solution that meets the requirements of recent developments in mathematics, is the purpose of this book. Origi- nally submitted as a doctorate thesis to the University of Ottawa, Canada, it contains an introductory chapter which aims to clarify the notion of the philosophy of mathematics by placing it in a wider speculative setting; a historical part which shows that the question of what mathematics is occupied the attention of both past and recent thinkers; a doctrinal part which covers the main questions raised by a philosophical analysis of the nature of mathematics; and an extensive bibliography." The book is well documented. The author is professor in Saint Joseph's College, Collegeville, Indiana. G. S.

SARTON, GEORGE. Decimal systems early and late. Osiris 9, 58I-6oI, 2 figs., I9o0.

SCHREK, D. J. E. On the designation "equi- lateral hyperbola" (in Dutch). Euclides (no indication of vol. or date). The article itself is dated Sept. 1947.

SULZBERGER, SUZANNE. La perspective est-elle un science ou un art? Alumni Ig, 358-65, 2 figs., Bruxelles I950.

UHLER, HORACE SCUDDER. Miscellaneous hints for and experiences in computation. Scripta Mathematica z6, 31-42, 1950.

VAN DER WAERDEN, B. L. Over de ruimte. i8 p. Groningen-Djakarta, Noordhoff, I950.

Inaugural lecture of the professorship in mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. Historical discussion of the concept of space. G. S.

WEYL, HERMANN. Philosophy of mathematics and natural science. Vii+3I3I p. Prince- ton, Princeton University Press, I949.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 41, 236-37, 1950.

ZEUTHEN, HIERONYMUS GEORG (I839- I920). Forelaesning over Mathematikens His- torie. Oldtiden. Ny revideret udgave ved 0. Neugebauer. 251 p., frontispiece. Copenhagen, Host, 1949.

This is a reimpression of an old book by an old master, brought up to date at least as far as pre- Hellenic mathematics is concerned, by a young master, Otto Neugebauer. The first edition appeared in Copenhagen 1893, it was followed by a German translation (Copenhagen 1896) and by a French one with notes by Jean Mascart (Paris 1902); it was not translated into English. The present reedition includes Zeuthen's original preface of Sept. 1893, his portrait and Neuburger's preface of August 1948.

G. S.

II. PHYSICAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE OF INORGANIC NATURE

22. Mechanics

Including Celestial Mechanics

BERNARD-MAITRE, HENRI. Le probleme du robot scientifique. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 370-75, 1950.

BURGER, D. The concept of time in literature. Faraday, 89-99 (in Dutch), June I949.

COSTABEL, PIERRE. Histoire du moment d'inertie. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 315-36, I950.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Answer 3 to Query II5.

Phoronomie (Isis 38, 96; 39, 235). IsiS 4z,

52, I950.

RAINICH, G. Y. Mathematics of relativity. I73 p. New York, Wiley, I950. $3.50.

The author, professor of mathematics in the Uni- versity of Michigan, has based this book on a course he has given for 20 years. The book progresses from "old physics" and "new geometry" to "special relativity," "curved space," and finally "general relativity." The book exemplifies the author's conviction that complete clarity in presenting the theory of relativity can be achieved "only by stressing the mathematical aspect of the subject." It would, of course, "be possible . . . first to build the mathematical apparatus and then to show how the theory is interpreted in physical terms. Instead, . . . we begin . . . with the inverse square law in terms of simple calculus and then introduce step by step more complicated situations, gradually bringing in more sophisticated mathematical tools. Both changes in fundamental concepts, which characterize the theory of relativity, and the refinements of the mathematical technique are introduced only as need for them arises. In this way, it is attempted to make the presentation easier not by sacrificing rigor but by sepa- rating the difficulties, by introducing them one by one."

SCHRODINGER, ERWIN. Space-time structure. viii+II9 p. Cambridge, University Press, I950. $2.75. Investigation "of the space-time continuum under-

lying Einstein's General Theory of Relativity; describes some recent attempts to generalize it. The peculiar features of the book originate in work on affine connexion by "H. Weyl, A. Einstein, A. Ed- dington, L. P. Eisenhart, and Professor Schr6dinger himself." A gem of printing art.

WHITROW, G. J. The foundations of dynamics. Budletin of the British Society for the History of Science z, 70, I950.

23. Astronomy

ABRAMS, JOHN W.; COHEN, I. B. Query no. 125. Proof of the sphericity of the earth. What is the earliest appearance of the proof of the sphericity of the earth based on the fact that the masts of a distant ship are visible above the horizon when the body of the ship is no longer visible? Isis 4I, I98, I950.



23. Astronomy- 24. Physics 369

ARMITAGE, ANGUS. A century of astronomy. XVi+256 p., 44 pls. London, Low; New York, Macdonald, I950. The author of this work is well known for his

writings on Copernicus. Here he "aims at providing the general reader with an intelligible account of the prodigious expansion of astronomical knowledge which has taken place during the last hundred years or so." The author wisely stresses the notable developments in astrophysics and, whenever possible, links the recent work with that of the past; he correlates the developments in astronomy with those in physics and chemistry which have made them possible. Un- fortunately, the lack of any mathematics, and the attempt to cxplain the contents to the general reader while writing their history, tend to make this book unsatisfactory for the astronomer or advanced student of the history of science. As an attempt to popularize the recent achievements of astronomy to a non- scientific audience, this book may have considerable merit, but for the recent history of astronomy it cannot evcn begin to compare with the splendid book of Giorgio Abetti, Storia dell' astronomia (Florence, Vallecchi, I950; Isis 42, 72) of which an English translation will presently be issued by Henry Schu- man. I. B. C.

BECKER, FRIEDRICH. Geschichte der As- tronomie. 95 p. (Geschichte der Wissen- schaften, 2). Bonn, Universita-ts Verlag, 1947.

BLtVH, OTTO. The galaxies and time. Journal of the R. Astron. Soc. of Canada 43, i69-8o, 1I949.

DAISOMONT, M. Le clerge catholique devant I'astronomie, suivi d'un Essai sur le conflit entre l'astronomie et l'6glise romaine au XVIIe sieele. 50 p., 3 pls. Bruges, De Tempel, 1950.

DOIG, PETER. A concise history of astronomy. Xi+320 p. London, Chapman & Hall, 1950.

FESENKOV, V. G. Outline of the history of astronomy in Russia in the i7th and i8th centuries. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy, 2, 3-25 (in Russian), 1948.

FLORISOONE, A. Les origines chald6ennes du zodiaque. Ciel et Terre 66, 256-68, 3 figs., 1950.

HOYLE, FRED. The nature of the universe. A series of broadcast lectures. V+121 p.,

6 pls. Oxford, Blackwell, 1950.

LOT, FERDINAND. L'origine du monde. 75 p. Paris, Soci6t6 parisienne d'Wditions, I950.

MICHEL, HENRI. Sur l'origine de la thWorie de la trepidation. Ciet et Terre, 8 p., 2 figs., 1950.

SCHOVE, D. JUSTIN. The earliest dated sun- spot. Journal of the British Astronomical Association 6z, 22-25, 1950.

STRATTON, F. J. M. The history of the Cambridge Observatories. Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge, Z, 26 p., 8 pls. Cambridge, University Press, 1949.

Reviewed by R. A. Lyttleton, The Observatory 70, 38, 1950.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Pre-Copernican astronomical activity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, 321-26, 1950.

VELIKOVSKY, IMMANUEL. Worlds in col- lision. xiv+40I p. New York, Macmillan, 1I950.

Reviewed by 0. Neugebauer, Isis 41, 245-46, 1950.

VORONTSOV-VEL'IAMINOV, B. A. History of astronomy in Russia in the igth-century. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy, 2, 26-70, 1948.

YAMPOLSKY, PHILIP. The origin of the twenty-eight lunar mansions. Osiris 9, 62-83, 1950.

ZINNER, E. Die Remeis-Sternwarte zu Bam- berg in den Jahren 1940-49. Die alten Domuhren in Bamberg. Neue Angaben uber das Verhalten der Tiere bei Sonnenfinsternissen. Die Pommersfelder Handschrift 66. War Coppernicus ein Sarmate oder Pole? 58 p. Naturf orschende Gesellschaft Bamberg 32 (Kleine Veroffentlichungen der Remeis-Stern- warte Nr. 4), 1950.

24. Physics

BAUER, EDMOND. L'electromagnetisme, hier et aujourd'hui. 348 p., I4 figs. Paris, Michel, 1I949.

BELL, RAYMOND A. Apparatus of historical interest. Am. J. Physics I8, 53, 1950.

Apropos of physics apparatus (chiefly from igth cent.) at Washington and Jefferson College, Wash- ington, Penna., where physics has been taught since I802. I. B. C.

BLtYH, OTTO. L. W. Taylor's challenge to the teacher. American Journal of Physics I7,

244-46, 1949.

Apropos of Physics, the pioneer science (194I; Isis 34, 378) written by Lloyd William Taylor (1893-1948). BLtJH, OTTO. Physics examinations and the

new curriculum. American Journal of Physics I6, 20-24, 1948.

BLtYH, OTTO. Physics in premedical education. American Journal of Physics I7, 156-63, 1949.

BRAGG, SIR LAWRENCE. Famous experimental apparatus in the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. Nature z66, 7-9, 1950.

BROWN, SANBORN C. The caloric theory of heat. American Journal of Physics z8, 367-73, 3 figs., 1950.

BURGE1R, D.; VOLLGRAFF, J. A. The invention of physical formulas (in Dutch). Faraday z7, 93-97, I943.

CHENAKAL, V. L. Optics in pre-revolutionary Russia. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy Z, 12I-67 (In Russian), 1947.



370 24. PhYsics CHENAKAL, V. L. Nature of light according

to the opinion of Russian natural sciences in the i8th and the beginning of the 1gth century. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 173-99 (in Russian), '949.

DARROW, KARL K. Query no. 128. Who first spoke of the importance of the next place of decimals in physical measurements? Isis 4z, 201, 1950.

DEUEL, H.; HOSTETTLER, F. Hundert Jahre Ionenaustausch. Experientia 6, 445-56, 1950.

FRASER, CHARLES G. Half-hours with great scientists -the story of physics. 527 p. New York, University of Toronto Press, 1948.

A useful, lively and rich history of physics, particularly free from pedantry, well organized and crammed with actual data, with real and honest summaries of significant experiments, giving quotations which suffice to render the flavor, the period and personality of the scientists concerned and their works. The style is pleasant and readable. The work is divided into five books which relate the story of mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermics, and, finally, electricity and magnetism. There is no modern physics in it to speak of, and the last chapter in the book of about thirteen pages shared between print and nine photos and diagrams, is entitled The electron theory. The book qualifies as a text in elementary physics, should the instructor wish to be experimental about employing it as such. The experiments discussed are well enough described, the data and equations sufficiently well rendered for their reproduction by beginning students. Whether in mechanics, accoustics or optics the student cannot but inspire the breath of scientific groping for vaster knowledge, feel the varying speeds at which such knowledge is attained, the manner in which diverse people come by their new ideas and the beauty and vastness of the final product. Some very sophisticated experiments are here clearly and simply reported and in a context that gives them clarity and fascination.

In passing it is worth noting that, like many other good historians, Dr. Fraser has still retained a considerable number of items of the folklore of the trade, which are already being questioned or shed by others. He praises Roger Bacon as an outstanding revolutionary, talks of the medieval schoolmen and their "monkish veneration" of Aristotle, falls victim to overstatement of the case for Leonardo as a scientific inspiration of his period, and the currently prevailing misconceptions of the true nature of the Galilean or churchly tragedies of transition.

Despite these minor, and pcrhaps even debatable, points, Dr. Fraser's book is a valuable work for be- ginners in physics and even for more advanced students. To those of us interested in science teaching, it would be most enlightening if it were to be used as an elementary physics text by some enterprising science educator. M. G.

FRISON, EDWARD. Historical survey of the use of divergent and correcting lenses in the microscope. The Microscopist 8, I15-20, 1951.

GORDON, BENJAMIN L. A short history of spectacles. Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey 48, 3-8, I95I.

HENSHAW, CLEMENT L. Do students find history interesting in physical science courses? American Journal of Physics z8, 373-77, 1950.

IRWIN, KEITH GORDON. Fathoms and feet, acres and tons. An appraisal. Scientific Month- Iy 72, 9-17, 1951.

A very concise history of the units of measure now in use in the Anglo-Saxon world, showing the very devious route by which they have reached their present uses and values. Many odd and generally unknown occurrences are recorded, e.g., why it is that the weight of a liter of gas given in grams has the same numerical value as that of a cubic foot of the gas expressed in ounces. C. Z. KUDRIAVTSEV, P. S. History of physics,

vol. I. From ancient physics to Mendeleev. Edited by A. K. Timiryazov. Teachers' Peda- gogical Publishing House, Moscow, 1948 (in Russian). Reviewed by B. Kedrov, Culture and Life no. 5,

Feb. 1950; reprinted in Occasional Pamphlets no. zo of the Society for Freedom in Science, London, Nov. 1950.

LAUE, MAX VON. History of physics. Ralph Oesper, translator. I50 p. New York, Aca- demic Press, I950.

The original German text (1946, 1947, 1948) was reviewed in Isis 38, 258-60; 40, I69.

LEPRINCE-RINGUET, LOUIS (editor). Les inventeurs c6l6bres. Sciences physiques et applications. 403 p. (La Galerie des Hommes Cilebres). Paris, Mazenod, I950.

Sixth volume of the collection La galerie des hommes ce'lbres, directed by Lucien Mazenod. Quarto album well illustrated (splendid portraits), each chapter written by a specialist. The main divisions are: Lueurs (La prehistoire, La periode grecque, Arabes, Chinois, Moyen Age). Lumieres sur le monde, Essor de la science (le debut du XIXe siecle), Autour de la premiere pile, Fresnel et la lumiere, Les deux "principes," Adolescence des machines, Eclair- age et reproduction des images, L'electricite s'empare du monde, Transmission des signaux, Nouvel essor de la science, l'electron, Les ailes de l'homme, Con- qute du temps et de l'espace, L'atome et l'energie nucleaire, A l'aube de l'invention collective, Essai d'un repertoire historique des inventeurs celebres.

G. S. MICHEL, HENRI. Notes sur l'histoire de la

Boussole. Communications de l'Acadimie de Marine de Belgique 5, ii p., Anvers, 1950.

PLA, CORTES. El enigma de la luz. Prologo de George Sarton. 328 p. Buenos Aires, Kraft, '949. Reviewed by Jean Itard, Archives Internationales

d'Histoire des Sciences 29, 706-o8, 1950.

SOBOL, S. L. Optical instruments and the notion of knowledge about them in prepetrine Russia. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 136-72 (in Russian), 1949.

SPRING, K. H. Electrons and photons. io8 p., 38 figs. London, Methuen, 1950. $I.75.

A volume in the famous "Methuen's Monographs on Physical Subjects," this work lives up to the aim



24. Physics - 25. Chemistry 371

of providing "readers of average scientific attainment with a compact statement of the modern position in each subject." The present book "is intended to give a fairly brief account of the main ways in which electrons interact with radiation, laying particular emphasis on phenomena associated with high energies." Presenting one of the most important topics in modern physics in a clear and engaging fashion, this little book will be of great value to students of the physical sciences on the intermediate and advanced levels. I. B. C. VASSAILS, GARARD. Le poids du feu. Revue

d'Histoire des Sciences 3, 222-4I, I950.

"Au cours de l'evolution de la science, une meme r&alit6 peut apparaitre sous des aspects contradic- toires, et cela explique qu'une phase sup&rieure de la th6orie puisse retrouver, sous une forme entibrement renouvel&e, quelque aspect de cette r6aliti n6gligi par la phase pr&cedente et reconnu au contraire par une phase plus ancienne. A cet egard l'on cite sou- vent en exemple l'histoire des th6ories de la lumibre. Pour etre moins repandu, l'exemple des theories de la chaleur ne semble pas moins probant: le poids du feu, conjecture par les atomistes grecs, l'experience, la pratique, qui conduisit Lavoisier h le nier, a contraint les atomistes modernes h le reaffirmer." WALLACE, PHILLIP RUSSELL (editor).

Physics in Canada 1950. 43 p. Published by the Canadian Association of Physicists, o950.

25. Chemistry. Physical Chemistry.

Industrial Chemistry

ARUTIUNIAN, A. KH. The development of technical chemical knowledge in ancient and mediaeval Armenia. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy, 3, 248-

6i (in Russian), 1949. Chymia. Annual studies in the history of chem-

istry. Henry M. Leicester, editor-in-chief. Vol. 3, iX+251 p., figs. Philadelphia, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Press, I950. $4.50.

We greet with pleasure the third volume of the best periodical on the history of chemistry published anywhere today. It includes a biography, portrait and bibliography of its founder, T. L. Davis and a number of articles each of which is listed in its proper place in this Critical Bibliography. G. S. COHEN, I. BERNARD. The beginning of

chemical instruction in America: a brief account of the teaching of chemistry at Harvard prior to i8oo. Chymia 3, 17-44, 1950.

DAVIS, TENNEY L. (I890-I949). By Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein. Ten- ney Lombard Davis and the history of chemistry. Chymia 3, i-i6, 1950.

With portrait and bibliography. DUFRENOY, M. L.; DUFRENOY, J. The

significance of antimony in the history of chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 27, 595-597, 1950.

FIGUROVSKII, N. A. On an old Russian collection of chemical recipes. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 239-38 (in Russian), I948.

FIGUROVSKII, N. A. Problem of the Soviet historians of chemistry in the struggle with the servile attitude toward Western science. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 28-44 (in Russian), I949.

FLEURY, P. F.; COURTOIS, J. E. The development of enzymology. Endeavor 9, I44-48, I1950.

GANSSER, A. The early history of tanning. Ciba Review 8z, 2938-68, ills., I950.

GANZENMUELLER, W. Wandlungen in der geschichtlichen Betrachtung der Alchemie. Chymia 3, 143-54, 1950.

HAYNES, WILLIAMS (editor). American chemical industry. Vol. 6: The chemical com- panies. viii+559 p. New York, Van Nostrand, 1949.

Reviewed in Nature z66, 413, 1950.

KOHN, MORITZ. Remarks on the history of laboratory burners. Journal of Chemical Edu- cation 27, 514-16, 6 ills., igSo.

MILES, WYNDHAM. Early American chemical societies. i. The 1789 Chemical Socety of Philadelphia. 2. The Chemical Society of Philadelphia. Chymia 3, 9S-113, 1950.

PARTINGTON, J. R. A text-book of inorganic chemistry. Sixth ed. x+996 p., 394 figs. New York, Macmillan, 1950. $3.50.

Professor Partington needs no introduction to readers of Isis, who are familiar with his monu- mental studies on the history of chemistry. That his text-book should have many historical asides is to be taken for granted. First issued in 1921, it has been almost completely rewritten and reset, and is a completely up-to-date treatise. Owing to a small but easily readable type face, these thousand pages contain an incredibly large amount of information, stated clearly and interestingly, on the observed data of chemistry, theory (both intermediate and advanced), and practical processes. As a handy encyclopaedia of inorganic chemistry to have on one's shelf, this book is a superb addition to any scientist's library. One cannot but applaud the industry and wide range of knowledge of the author, the excellence of the printing, and the extremely low cost of the book. I. B. C. RUSKA, JULIUS. Obituary by Alfred Siggel.

Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 912-15, I1950.

SCHRODINGER, E. What is an elementary particle? Endeavour 9, io-I6, I950.

SERGIENKO, S. R. The role of the Russian school of organic chemistry in the development of industry. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 209-35 (in Russian), 1949.

SODDY, FREDERICK. The story of atomic energy. viii + 136 p. London, Nova Atlantis, 1949.

TAYLOR, F. SHERWOOD. The alchemists: founders of modern chemistry. x + 246 p., iS pls., 27 figs. (Life of Science Library). New York, Schuman, 1949.

Reviewed by Wyndham Miles, Isis 41, 237, 1950.



372 25. Chemistry.- 27. Biology

VOL'FKOVICH, S. I. Survey of N. A. Morozov, D. P. Konovalov and W. Croukker on "Peri- odic system of the structure of matter." Aka- demiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 200-08 (in Russian), 1949.

WARRINGTON, C. J. S.; NICHOLLS, R. V. V. A history of chemistry in Canada. Foreword by T. W. Smith. x + 502 p., 13 pls. Toronto, Pitman, 1949.

26. Technology

For Mining, see 32. Geology; for Industrial chemistry, 25. Chemistry. See also

Arts and Crafts under 45.

BEZBORODOV, M. A. History of the origin of the first Russian porcelain. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2,

269-87 (in Russian), I948.

CROMMELIN, C. A. La contribution de la Hollande 'a 'horlogerie. Bulletin annuel de la Societe suisse de chronometrie, 2, I-I0, 20 figs., 1949.

CROMMELIN, C. A. Introduction du chrono- metre dans la marine militaire et marchande. Journal suisse d'horlogerie no. 9-Ic, 4 p., I950.

DUNSHEATH, PERCY (editor). A century of technology, I85I-I95I. 346 p., ill. London, Hutchinson, I95I.

EVRARD, RENIk; DESCY, ARMAND. His- toire de l'usine des Vennes, suivie de considerations sur les fontes anciennes, I548-I948. 381

p. Liege, Soledi, I948.

FORBES, R. J. Techniek. Zestig jaar ontwikkeling der aardolieindustrie. Olie 3, no. IO, I-8 (in Dutch), ills., I950.

Sixty years of development in the petroleum industry. GIBBS, F. W. The rise of the tinplate industry.

I. The tinplate workers. Annals of Science 6, 390-403, 4 figs., I950.

KALOYEREAS, SOCRATES A. On the history of food preservation. Scientific Monthly 7z,

422-24, I950.

KLEMM, FRIEDRICH (editor). Die Technik der Neuzeit. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, Potsdam, 1941-1942 (?)

The first part of this very elaborate work, lavishly illustrated, was briefly reviewed in Isis (40, 172). The editor, Dr. Friedrich Klemm, Librarian of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, kindly sent me the other parts published during the war, and wrote (I Sept. 1950) that the continuation of this great effort was very uncertain, the publishing firm being in the Russian zone. A great many collaborators had been brought together for the undertaking. Appar- ently, three volumes were published concurrently and none was finished. In all, eleven parts have appeared, all undated. Vol. i. History of technology from the Middle Ages to the machine age. One part published terminating abruptly at p. 48. Vol. 2. Raw materials, obtention and preparation. 5 parts published in 3 (serial nos. 2, 4/5, 8/9), terminating

abruptly at p. 240. Vol. 3. Communications and building. 5 parts published in 3 (serial nos. 3, 6/7, Io/iI), terminating abruptly at p. 240. No volume being complete, there are no indexes. G. S. MACHABEY, ARMAND. Memoire sur l'histoire

de la balance et de la balancerie. Preface d'An- dre Dolimier. 128 p., i8 figs. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1949.

"L'auteur a condense dans ces quelques pages un nombre surprenant de documents echelonnes depuis les premieres dynasties egyptiennes jusqu' la balance d'Eotvos et aux appareils piezo-electriques de nos laboratoires. Outre des gravures, dont certaines rarement reproduites, le chercheur, le technicien, comme le simple curieux, trouveront dans les six chapitres de cette brochure des renseignements bien classes et parfois peu connus, une bibliographie abondante, a jour des derniers travaux scientifiques, et des vues d'ensemble reliant entre elles les (Ion- nees elementaires de l'histoire." PARKER, ALBERT. Cities without smoke.

Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 99, 85- I04, ill., I950.

Contains historical material on the efforts which have been made to reduce the pollution of the atmosphere caused by smoke and grit. W. D. M. SCOVILLE, WARREN C. Capitalism and

French glassmaking, I640-1789. Xi + 210 p.

(University of California, Publications in Eco- nomics, 15). Berkeley, University of California Press, I950.

WYMER, NORMAN. English town crafts, a survey of their developments from early times to the present day. viii + I28 p., I3I ills. Lon- don, Batsford, I949.

IV. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Knowledge of Organic Nature

27. Biology -Generalities,

"Natural History'

BABCOCK, ERNEST B. The development of fundamental concepts in the science of genetics. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, series A, I-45, I949.

A brief account of the late nineteenth century background of genetics and of its twentieth century development.

BELIN-MILLERON. L'id&e de generation devant le mythe et la biologie. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 29, 591-97,

1950.

BOAS, FRIEDRICH; MERKENSCHLAGER, FRIEDRICH. Biologenbrevier. II9 p. Ham- burg-Bergedorf, Stromverlag, I947.

Anthology of sayings short and long taken from every literature. It is called a breviary of biologists simply because the selection was made by biologists and the authors from whom extracts were taken include a good many naturalists and other men of science. Such a book is unreadable. G. S.

CASPERSSON, TORBJOERN 0. Cell growth and cell function, a cytochemical study. i85 p., 95 figs. New York, Norton, 1950. $5.00.



27. Biology 373

Based on the Thomas W. Salmon Lectures at the New York Academy of Medicine, this book, by the Professor of Cell Research and Genetics at the Nobel Medical Institute of the Karolinska Institute, Stock- holm, presents "the results of studies in cell processes made by quantitative cytochemical procedures. These studies reveal highly significant differences between functions in cells in their normal states and in pathological conditions." The author begins with a brief historical account of the work of the Institute for Cell Research, and relates how the work was initiated in the early '30's under the stimulus of Einar Hammarsten's work on the biochemistry of nucleic acids. It may be added that the book is beautifully printed and the illustrations superb. CAULLERY, MAURICE. Les stations franqaises

de biologie marine. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 8, 95-II5, 1950.

EWAN, JOSEPH. Rocky mountain naturalists. xv + 358 p., 9 ills. Denver, Col., University of Denver Press, 1950. $5.00. Ewan is doing for the Rocky Mountains what S. W.

Geiser has been doing for Texas and the South West (Isis 29, 129-32). His book contains the biographies of nine naturalists: Edwin James, John Charles Fre- mont, Charles Christopher Parry, Edward Lee Greene, Thomas Conrad Porter, Harry Norton Patterson, Marcus Eugene Jones, Eugene Penard, and Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, plus a who's who of all the naturalists concerned with that wonderful region from I682 to I932. G. S. FORD, E. B. Mendelism and evolution. xii +

I22 p. New York, Wiley, ig5o. $I.25.

A short survey of the evolutionary aspects of modem genetics. M. F. A. M. GEISER, SAMUEL WOOD. Naturalists of the

frontier, 2d ed. 296 p. Dallas, Southern Meth- odist University Press, I948.

First ed. 1937 (ISiS 29, 129-32).

GRAY, ERNEST. Stylonichia mytillus and the lunar periods. Nature z67, 38, 195I.

Cf. Sarton's article, Lunar influences on living things (Isis 30, 495-507, 1939). HALL, THOMAS S. The scientific origins of the

protoplasm problem. (Based upon a re-examination of the relations between the concept of life and the doctrine of matter in pre-Socratic Greek science). Journal of the History of Ideas II, 339-56, 1950-

HUXLEY, JULIAN. Heredity, East and West. x + 246 p., port. New York, Schuman, 1949. Reviewed by Karl Sax, IsMs 41, 239, 1950.

McDANIEL, WALTON BROOKS. The moon, werewolves, and medicine. Transactions & Studies of the CoUege of Physicians of Phila- delphia I8, I13-22, 1950.

MARTIN, L. Evolution de la biometrie, de Quetelet au 2me Congres International de Bio- m6trie (Gen6ve I949). Bulletin de lInstitut agronomique et des Stations de recherches de Gembloux, Belgique, Z7, 43-66, 1948-49.

PASTORE, NICHOLAS. The nature-nurture controversy. xiv + 213 p. New York, King's Crown Press, I949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 41, 240-42, 1950.

POLIAKOV, I. A. On national biologists in the struggle with Mendelism. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 3-27, I949 (in Russian).

PRATT, ROBERTSON. Armageddon of the microbes: a consideration of certain relation- ships in a microbiological society. Texas Re- ports on Biology and Medicine 7, 12-2I, 1949.

ROSTAND, JEAN. Esquisse d'une histoire de l'atomisme en biologie. Revue dHistoire des Sciences, 3, I56-69, I950.

SAINT-SEINE, P. de. Les theories de Pevolu- tion. Revue des Questions scientifiques II,

321-44, I950.

SCHMALHAUSEN, I. I. Factors of evolution. Translated by Isadore Dordick. Edited by Theodosius Dobzhansky. xiv + 327 p. Phila- delphia, Blakiston, 1949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 41, 320, 1950.

SIMPSON, GEORGE GAYLORD. The meaning of evolution. xv + 364 p. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1949.

Reviewed by Ashley Montagu, Isis 41, 321-22, 1950.

SINGER, CHARLES. A history of biology. A general introduction to the study of living things. 579 p. London, Lewis, I950.

New revised edition. The original edition (1931) was reviewed in Isis (22, 298-300).

SINNOTT, EDMUND W.; DUNN, L. C.; DOBZHANSKY, TH. Principles of genetics. xiv + 505 p. New York, McGraw-Hill, I950.

$5.00. Fourth edition entirely revised and with the addi-

tion of a new co-author, Professor Dobzhansky, this well-established textbook of genetics, among other things, now reprints the English translation of Men- del's famous paper of I865. The first chapter serves as an introduction and as a history; while throughout the book historical allusions keep the reader fully abreast of the historical development of the subjecL The lists of references at the end of each chapter supply the materials for further reading. The problems for solution which are appended are brilliantly designed to make the student think; their phrasing discourages the mechanical answer. The illustrations and diagrams are excellent, and the text is brilliantly clear. References to the genetics of man have been greatly increased; there are many new illustrations and diagrams. M. F. A. M.

STUDNITZ, GOTTHILFT VON. Biologisches Brevier. 5 Vortrhge. iX + 129 p. Bonn, Bou- vier, 1948.

Strangely enough the title of this book is very much like the title of Boas' book (1947), yet the books are very different. This is a series of five academic lectures entitled: Der Stoff, Das Prinzip, Die Gestalt, Der Geist, Die Moral. This book is very readable, and it has a philosophical purpose, while Boas' anthology is chaotic. G. S. ZIRKLE, CONWAY. The death of a science in

Russia. xiv + 319 p. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, I949.



374 27. Biology- 28. Botany Reviewed by Karl Sax, Isis 41, 238-39, I950; by

Eric Ashby, Nature 165, 906, I950; and by Th. Dobzhansky, journal of the History of Medicine 5, 339-42, 1950.

28. Botany

Agronomy. Pythopathology. Palaeobotany

ARBER, AGNES. The natural philosophy of plant form. xiv + 247 p., 46 figs. Cambridge, University Press, 1950.

Reviewed by H. W. Rickett, Isis 41, 322-23, I950.

BLUNT, WILFRID. The art of botanical illustration. With the assistance of William T. Stearn, 304 p., ill. London, Collins, 1950.

BOGUSCH, E. R. A bibliography on mesquite. Texas Journal of Science 2, 528-38, December 30, 1950. The mesquite of the Southwest and Mexico has

played a wide role in the economy of native and white man, and was first described by Father Gaspar Jose de Solis in I767 in his report on Mexican mis- sions. The bibliography includes I o5items. C. D. L.

DEERR, NOEL. The history of sugar. 2 vols. xiv + 636 p., ill. London, Chapman and Hall, I949-50.

ERWIN, A. T. The origin and history of pop corn. Economic Botany 4, 294-99, 1950.

GLESINGER, EGON. The coming age of wood. London, Secker and Warburg, I950. I2 s. 6 d.

GOODSPEED, T. HARPER. Plant hunters in the Andes. 430 p. London, Hale, I950.

GRAY, ASA (i8io-88). Gray's manual of botany: a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 8th ed. Revised by Merritt Lyndon Fernald. I632 p. New York, American Book, I950.

Reviewed by H. H. Bartlett, Science 112, 658-6o, 1950. Historians will note with interest the publication of this 8th edition, 102 years after the original edition 1848. The last edition actually revised by Gray was the fifth in I867. G. S.

HEDRICK, ULYSSES PRENTISS. A history of horticulture in America to i86o. 55I p., 62

ills. London, Oxford University Press, I950.

JORDAN, WEYMOUTH T. The Peruvian guano gospel in the old South. Agric. Hist. 24, 211-

21, 1950.

A study of the ante-bellum search for fertilizers.

KLOSE, NELSON. Experiments in tea production in the United States. Agricultural History 24, I56-6o, I950.

LEFORT, FRANQOIS LAON. Contribution A l'histoire botanique du Luxembourg. Bulletin z949 de la Socigtd des Naturalistes Luxem- bourgeois, 29-I60, I8 pls., Luxembourg, 1950.

Elaborate, well documented and well illustrated history of botany in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.

G. S.

LENOIR, JACQUES. L'equisetologie (Studies on equisetum). Rev. Trimest. Canad. 36, (I43), 247-59, I950.

History of the interest in equisetum and discussion of recent investigations as to the toxic principle (cardiac glycoside, equisetosine) and to the presence of amylo-celluloso-silicic acid which forms complexes with heavy metals and therefore endows tissues of equisetum with the property of tying up such metals as Fe into insoluble complexes. M. L. D.

MAKSIMOV, N. A. Outline of the history of plant physiology in Russia. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy z, 21-79, 1947 (in Russian).

MANTON, I. Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyta. xii + 3I6 p., 279

figs. Cambridge: University Press, 1950. $8.50. The work which this book reports was begun in

1932. It represents the height of cytological and photographic technique, since "the Pteridophyta are difficult cytological technique." The opening chapter is a "retrospect" of some future historian looking back at the work in biology of the 1gth and 20th centuries and provides a brilliant account of the growth of knowledge in evolution and heredity since Darwin and Mendel. The main theme of the book is a comparison between "evolutionary processes as revealed by cytology in an ancient and a modern group of plants. For the modern group (Cruciferae) the author draws upon published work; but for the ancient group (Pteridophyta) this book is the sole authority. The ferns and fern-like plants have hitherto been held to be too difficult technically to be accurately studied. This difficulty has been met here by the extensive use of photographs - what cannot be photographed is not used as evidence - and photographs are employed throughout to enable the reader to repeat upon the printed page enough of the author's own observations to check their validity for himself." Two appendices are devoted, respectively, to the cytological and photographic technique.

1. B. C. NEKRASOVA, V. L. The Gorenski botanical

garden. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 3, 330-50 (in Russian), 1949.

PINKETT, HAROLD T. The American Farmer, a pioneer agricultural journal. Agricultural History 24, 146-50, 1950.

PORTEOUS, CRICHTON. Pioneers of fertility. 126 p., ills. London, Clareville Press, 1948.

Anecdotic history of agriculture in England from Fitzherbert (1523) to Robert Warington (I837- 1907).

ROBYNS, W. Les connaissances actuelles en botanique congolaise. Institut pour la recherche scientifique en Afrique centrale (IRSAC), premier rapport annuel, 153-94, 1948.

SAUER, JONATHAN D. The grain amaranths: a survey of their history and classification. Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden 37, 56I-632, 1950.

"Since man first began digging, clearing and burning the natural vegetative mantle of the earth, certain plant groups have multiplied and spread as others declined and retreated; they have thrived in the midst of the general destruction as weedy fol-



28. Botany - 29. Zoology 375 lowers or cultivated allies of civilization. In the great story of how such plants and human civilization have consorted, migrated, and evolved together on the earth, the amaranths have played a part which is of uncommon ethnological and botanical interest. . . The plants are firmly entrenched in the religious and economic lives of various Old and New World people as wild or cultivated grains, pot-herbs, dye-plants, fetishes, and ornamentals. Insight into their culture history should help in understanding the larger problem of the origin and diffusion of cultivated plants." C. Z. SAVOY, EMILE (1877-1935). IEagriculture i

travers les Ages. Histoire des faits, des institutions, de la pens6e et des doctrines economiques et sociales. Preface de M. le Marquis de Vogui6. Tome I: Quelques problemes d'economie sociologique. ProlgomEnes. xvi + 667 p.; Tome II, Premiere p6riode, de Hammourabi i la fin de l'Empire romain. xvi + 478 p. Paris, de Boccard, 1935.

Emile Savoy was born in the canton of Fribourg, obtained his doctor's degree in Louvain, and became a Swiss conseiller d'Etat. He had planned a history of agriculture on a large scale, of which only Vol. I Quclques problames d'e'conomie sociologique. Pro- legomcnes, appeared during his lifetime. Vol. 2 dealing with ancient agriculture to the end of the Roman empire was proofread by him but came out only after his death. The subject is divided not chronologically but by topics, such as races, lands, dwellings, tools, exchanges and means of communication, money, etc. The work will be continued by other scholars on the basis of Savoy's directions and notes. Vol. 3, Middle Ages, was written by Roger Grand (1940). G. S. SMITH, KENNETH M. Plant viruses. vii +

78 p. New York, Wiley, I950. $1.25.

An invaluable brief account of plant viruses by a leading authority. Well illustrated. M. F. A. M. STEBBINS, G. LEDYARD, JR. Variation and

evolution in plants. xx + 643 p. New York, Columbia University Press, I950. $8.oo. Dr G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr., is Professor of

Genetics and geneticist in the experiment station of the University of California. He is a well-known authority in the field of organic evolution, and the present volume is bound to add greatly to his repu- tation. Published in the Columbia Biological Series, in which so many works of fundamental importance have made their appearance, Stebbins' book must rank as a major contribution to the science of evolution. This, indeed, is the first book to present the facts and theories concerning the evolution of plants in the light of contemporary scientific knowledge drawn from the fields of systematic biology, genetics, ecology, cytology, botany, paleobotany, and plant geography. As such it will prove invaluable to all students of evolution whether they be concerned with plants, algae, mice or men. M. F. A. M. TJOMSLAND, ANNE. The white potato. Ciba

Symposia zz, 1255-84, iUs., I950. VON LOESECKE, HARRY W. Bananas, chem-

istry, physiology, technology. I89 p., 29 figs. New York, Interscience, 1949.

WEATHERWAX, PAUL. The history of corn [Zea mays]. Scientific Monthly 7r, 5o-6o, 1950.

WOLFF, PABLO OSVALDO. Marihuana in Latin America, the threat it constitutes. 56 p. Washington, D. C., Linacre Press, 1949.

29. Zoology ALLOUSE, BASHIR E. A handlist of the birds

of Iraq. With short notes on their status in the country. 66 p. (Iraq Natural History Mu- seum's Publication no. 2). Baghdad, Govern- ment Press, I950.

This list may be of value to students of Arabic science, because bird names are given in Latin, Eng- lish and Arabic. G. S. ATZ, JAMES W. The balanced aquarium myth.

The Aquarist z4, I59-60, 179-82, 1949.

BECK, BODOG FELIX; SMEDLEY, DORLE. Honey and your health. 231 p. London, Mu- seum Press, 1947.

BOYER, ABEL; PLANIOL, MAURICE. Trait6 de fauconnerie et autourserie. Avec trente- trois dessins originaux de Roger Reboussin. 283 p., 25 ills. (Bibliotheque scientifique). Paris, Payot, 1948.

This treatise was written by expert falconers for other adepts. Planiol obtained his experience in the East, when he was professor of law at the University of Teheran (1928-32) and later in France; Boyer obtained his in France and North Africa. Boyer wrote the first part, European falconry, and Planiol the second, Oriental falconry, plus a historical introduction. Many photographs and other illustrations.

G.S. CALMAN, W. T. The classification of animals.

vii + 54 p. New York, Wiley, 1950. $1.25.

An introduction to zoological taxonomy. Descrip- itve, rather than analytic. M. F. A. M. DENHARDT, ROBERT M. The Chilean horse.

Agricultural History 24, I6I-65, I950.

ELTON, CHARLES. The ecology of animals. vii + 97 p. New York, Wiley, I950. $1.25.

An account of the relations of animals to their environments, by one of the leading workers in the field. M. F. A. M. ENGEL, HENDRIK. Dedication. The Amster-

dam Naturalist, Bulletin of the Zoological Mu- seum Amsterdam x, 3 p., 4 pls., 1950.

Historical dedication of the new journal (vol. i, no. I, April 14, I950) explaining the part which Amsterdam has played in the development of zoological knowledge. G. S. ENGEL, HENDRIK. Het belang van het zoolo-

gisch museum voor wetenschap en maatschap- pij. Rede uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van buitengewoon hoogleraar aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op maandag 6 november I950. 17 p. Inaugural address explaining the importance of the

zoological museum for science and society. G. S. FRISCH, K. v. Die Sonne als Kompass im Le-

ben der Bienen. Experientia 6, 2I0-2I, 20 figs., 1I950.

The author's experiments seem to prove that the bees are sensitive to the polarization of light and that their flights are guided by the direction of the plane of polarization. G. S.



376 29. Zoology - 31. Geography HALL, THOMAS S. A source book in animal

biology. xv + 7I6 p., I7 figs. (Source Books in the History of the Sciences). New York, McGraw-HiLl, i95i. $I0.00.

This new Source Book of the well-known series (all the previous volumes have been reviewed in Isis, the latest in vol. 40, 277) is restricted to animal biology, all the extracts being classified under the following main headings: Organization of life, Activities of the organism, Basis of behavior, Origin and Develop- ment of the Individual; Cellular Biology; Pathology; Evolution and Heredity, Zoogeography. The extracts, each of which is briefly introduced, are so numerous that the mere list of them would take considerable space. It is a pity that the author did not pay more importance to the chronological sequence. His divi- sion by topics is justified, but it should have been completed with a chronological list of all the authors quoted; the authors are hardly ever named in the Table of contents. That Table would have been far more instructive if the authors quoted had always been named. E.g. Revival of biological inquiry (L. da Vinci), Renaissance of anatomy (Vesalius), Be- ginnings of comparative anatomy (Belon), etc. Then the educated reader would immediately know what to expect; this would have taken no additional space. G. S.

HAMMOND, JOHN. Polled cattle. Endeavour 9, 85-90, I950. A brief history of hornless cattle. C. Z.

HARDY, A. C. Telepathy and evolutionary theory. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 35, 225-38, I950.

The hypothesis that a change in environment, leading to a change in habits, which is spread within the species by telepathy and followed by adaptive selection of structural changes, combines the ideas of Darwin and Mendel with those of Lamarck and Samuel Butler. C. W. A.

HORNELL, JAMES. Fishing in many waters. xv + 207 p. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1950. $6.oo. This is surely one of the most delightful books

ever written on flshing methods. Mr. Hornell, who died in February I949, travelled the wide world over studying fishing methods. A fine sense of htumanitas, much knowledge, and a delicious sense of humor are united in this book to yield an account of his harvest. "Harvest" is not quite the appropriate word, "catch" will, doubtless, be preferred. Mr. Hornell introduces his story with a brief history of the development of fishing methods, which is utterly fascinating, and then goes on in the remainder of the book not only to talk most interestingly about methods of fishing, but about almost everything else related to the activity of fishing. The drawings accompanying the text, and the many beautiful plates of photographs at the end of the book, add to the charm of a singularly attractive book. M. F. A. M.

LERNER, I. MICHAEL. Population genetics and animal improvement. As illustrated by the inheritance of egg-production. xviii + 342 p., 42 figs. Cambridge: University Press, I950.

$5.50. A volume in the Cambridge Biological Studies,

edited by C. H. Waddington. "The breeding and selection of domestic poultry offers an excellent op-

portunity for testing, in one particular instance, the deductively established hypotheses of population genetics. For more than fifty years breeding and selection for increased egg-production has been subject to inquiry and experiment, and records exist, though the experimentcrs have had utilitarian rather than scientific results in mind. Dr Lerner has himself been engaged for some years in breeding experiments upon flocks of chickens with special reference to the character of egg-production. In this book he now considers the records of earlier experiments, and those of his own more elaborate experiments, from the point of view of animal improvement, and, more widely still, of population genetics."

LOTURE, ROBERT DE. Histoire de la grande peche de Terre Neuve. 254 p., 2 maps., I fig. Paris, Gallimard, I950.

ZENKEVICH, L. A. Russian investigations of the fauna of the seas. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, I70-

96 (in Russian), 1948.

V. SCIENCES OF THE EARTH

Implying Knowledge of Both Organic and Inorganic Nature

31. Geography and Oceanography

BEAGLEHOLE, JOHN CAWTE. The exploration of the Pacific. 2nd ed. xv + 4 p., 4 maps. (The Pioneer Histories). London, Adam & Black, I947.

First edition 1934.

BROWN, LLOYD A. The story of maps. 397 p., maps, ills. Boston, Little, Brown, 1949.

Reviewed by Erwin Raisz, Isis 41, 243, 1950.

COLLINDER, BJORN. The Lapps. Xii + 252

p., frontispiece, 25 pls. Princeton University Press for the American Scandinavian Founda- tion, 1949.

Reviewed by G. Sarton, Isis 41, 246, 1950.

CRAWFORD, 0. G. S. How to use old maps. Antiquity 24, 202-03, 1950.

ENGEL, CLAIRE ELIANE. History of moun- taineering in the Alps. Foreword by F. S. Smythe. 296 p., ill. London, Allen & Unwin, I950.

LEY, CHARLES DAVID (editor). Portuguese voyages 1498-I663. xxii + 360 p. (Everyman's Library, 986). London, Dent, 1947.

MIRSKY, JEANNETTE. To the Arctic! The story of northern exploration from earliest times to the present. xxii + 334 + xviii p., 12

pls. London, Wingate, I949.

THOMSON, J. OLIVER. History of ancient geography. xi + 427 p. Cambridge, Univer- sity Press, 1948.

Reviewed by Aubrey Diller, Isis 4z, 244, 1950.

WROTH, LAWRENCE C. Some American contributions to the art of navigation 1519-1802.

47 p. Providence, 1947.

Reviewed in Imago Mundi 6, 102, I949.



32. Geology - 34. Anatomy 377 32. Geology. Mineralogy. Palaeontology.

Mining

For Paaeobotany, Paaeozoology and Palaeoanthropology, see respectively, 28. Botany, 29. Zoology, and 39. Pre- history or 35. Physical Anthropology

BERCK, FR. Histoire de nos charbonnages. Les ancennes houill%res de La Haye, P6vy et Champay i Saint-Nicolas. Chronique archdo- logique du Pays de Liige 40, 37-72, I949.

BOKII, G. B.; SHAFRANOVSKII, I. I. Russian crystallography. Akademiia nauk SSSR, In- stitut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy x, 8I-120

(in Russian), I947.

BORISIAK, A. A. Brief outline of the history of Russian paleozoology. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istori. estestvognaniia, Trudy I, 5-20

(in Russian), I947.

EYLES, V. A. The first national geological survey. Geological Magazine 87, 373-82, I950.

"In France a National Geological Survey was planned in I822 by the Corps Royal des Mines, a government institution, in association with its sub- sidiary, the Ecole des Mines. The first objective was a rapid survey of the whole of France, with the intention of preparing a general geological map of the country, to be followed by a more detailed survey, based on the Departements. Field work for the general map commenced in I825, and was completed in 1835; and a Geological Map of the whole of France, on a scale of approximately 8 miles to the inch was published by the Ministry of Public Works in I841. The project was carried out entirely under the direction of the Ministry, at public expense. As a National Survey it thus preceded that of Great Brit- ain, established in I835."

GETTENS, RUTHERFORD J. Lapis lazuli and ultramarine in andent times. Alumni Z9, 342- 57, Bruxelles I950.

Most, if not all of the lapis lazuli used in the arts originated in a single small locality in Badakshan. HOBBS, WILLIAM HERBERT. The Pleisto-

cene history of the Mississippi River. Science, 260-62, 2 figs., 1950.

KIRCHNER, WALTHER. Mind, mountain, and history. Journal of the history of ideas,

i, 412-47, I1950.

KIRKHAM, NELLIE. Derbyshire lead mining glossary. 34 p., I fig. Leamington Spa, War- wickshire, Binns.

LAMONT, ARCHIE. Palaeontology in literature. The Quarry Managers' Journal 30, 432-

41I 542-5I, 4 figs., I947.

MUENCH, 0. B. Determining geological age from radioactivity. Scientific Monthly 71, 298-301, 1950.

POLYNOV, B. B. Outline of the development of the study of the soil as a branch of natural sciences. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognanxiia, Trudy 2, 105-69 (in Russian), 1948.

PRUVOST, PIERRE. Coup d'oeil sur l'enseignement de la g6ologie i la Sorbonne, depuis ses origines. Revue des Questions scientifiques Z22, 9I-III, I95I.

SCHMASSMANN, H. Water. Ciba Review 82, 2970-94, I950.

SIMPSON, GEORGE G. Evolutionary deter- minism and the fossil record. Scientific Month- ly 7z, 262-67, I950.

TOMKEIEFF, S. I. The anatomy of geology. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science x, 87-89, i950.

VAN GILS, J. M. La chronique s6ismologique en Belgique, du d6but de l'ere chr6tienne jusqu'au XX' si&le. Ciel et Terre, 66, 2I8-2I, I950.

33. Meteorology. Climatology. Terrestrial Physics

DUFOUR, L. Esquisse d'une histoire de la me- t6orologie en Belgique. Institut Royal meteoro- logique de Belgique, fasc. 40, 55 p. figs., Bruxelles, I950.

KHRGIAN, A. KH. History of meterology in Russia. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 7I-I04 (in Russian), I948.

NININGER, H. H. A resume of researches at the Arizona meteor's crater. Scientific Monthly 72, 75-86, i95I.

VANDENPLAS, A. Esquisse d'une histoire de la m6t6orologie au Congo Belge. Ille Congres National des Sciences, 48-49, Bruxelles 1950.

VI. ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND HIS- TORICAL SCIENCES

Knowledge of Man, Pat and Present

34. Anatomy

ANSON, BARRY JOSEPH. An atlas of human anatomy. xxi + 5i8 p. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1950.

A new atlas of human anatomy is always a joy to the anatomist, for the human body is inexhaustibly interesting, and presents fresh problems to every one of its students in every generation. Professor Anson is an anatomist with great experience both in teaching at all levels and in research. This experience is abundantly reflected in many ways in this original atlas. Anatomists will rejoice in the emphasis on normal variations and their lucid illustration, and the student will enjoy the advantage of learning from the outset the kind of variations which the structure of the human body presents. If for no other reason the present atlas would more than justify its existence by the emphasis it places upon variability while not neglecting the type. The student who works with this atlas is to be congratulated and envied. Those who have already been through the mill will sigh with regret that they had nothing like it when they were students. No greater praise can be given this



378 34. Anatomy - 35. Anthropology

atlas than to say that it will greatly increase the student's pleasure in his study of human anatomy, while at the same time increasing the depth and scope of his understanding of the construction of the human body. M. F. A. M. BELLONI, LUIGI. L'ischiopago tripode trecen-

tesco dello Spedale Fiorentino di Santa Maria della Scala. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 42, I-I4, 4 figs., I950.

EDINGER, TILLY. Die Palaoneurologie am Beginn einer neuen Phase. Experientia 6, 250-

58, 4 figs., 1950.

GAISINOVICH, A. E. Historical roots of comparative embryology in Harvey. Akademiia ntauk SSSR, Institut istorii estestvognaniia, Trudy 2, 535-553 (in Russian), 1948.

HORTEGA, PIO DEL RIO. Art and artifice in histologic science. Translated by E. W. Wolfe and G. M. Butler. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 7, 363-390, I949. This brilliant and beautifully phrased statement of

the ideals of biological science was originally printed in Re.ridencia, a student journal at the University of Madrid (4, I9I-206, I933). It was obtained by Dr Webb Haymaker of the Army Institute of Pathology and Dr William Gibson for translation. Hortega is widely known for his studies on the histology of the nervous system and for the new cell species which he described. For a biography of Hortega (I882- 1945) see the note by W. Penfield in Archives, Neurology and Psychiatry (54, 413-I9, I945), the tributes by M. Prados and W. C. Gibson (1. Neturo- surgery 3, 275-84, I946), and the article by M. Polak (Arch. Histol. Norm. Path. 3, 377-42I, 1947). C. D. L. MONDOR, HENRI. Anatomistes et chirurgiens.

530 p., ills. Paris, Fragance, 1949.

RAVEN, HENRY CUSHIER (I889-I9%4). The anatomy of the gorilla. viii + 259 p. New York, Columbia University Press, I950. $15.00.

Henry Cushier Raven (1889-1944) at the time of his death was Curator of the Department of Com- parative Anatomy at the American Museum of Nat- ural History. For many years he had been conducting meticulously careful studies into the anatomy of the gorilla. At the time of his premature and much- lamented death Raven had not quite completed his dissections nor had he completed his text. Neverthe- less, he had done so much more this way than had ever been done before, that the present volume, with the additional contributions of his colleagues, the editor of this volume Professor William King Greg- ory, and Professors William B. Atkinson, Herbert Elftman, the late John Eric Hill, Adolph H. Schultz, William L. Straus, Jr., and S. L. Washburn, constitutes the most complete account of the anatomy of the gorilla in any language.

There is a frontispiece photograph of Raven which is a perfect likeness of this gentle and much-loved and admired man. Raven's colleague at the Ameri- can Museum, William King Gregory, provides a sympathetic biographical account of Raven. This is followed by a list of Raven's scientific papers, then there is an engraving of a group of gorillas from a painting by Arthur Jansson done under the super- vision of Raven. Part II is given over to Raven's discussion of the regional anatomy of the gorilla with additions by J. Eric Hill. Part III contains a

discussion of the thoracic viscera by S. L. Washburn, the abdominal viscera by Elftman and Atkinson, the female reproductive system by the same contributors, thc microscopic anatomy of the skin by William L. Straus, Jr., is in Part IV, and general morphological observations by Adolph H. Schultz is contained in Part V. The I i6 plates of illustrations are admirably clear, and four of them spread out into life-size drawings of the upper and lower extremities to more than 43 inches in length. Some of the illustrations are in color. And all this for fifteen dollars. Un- doubtedly, the biggest buy of the year in more sense than one. There is a good index. M. F. A. M. RUSSELL, K. F. An undescribed wooden 6cor-

ch6 figure. Centaurus I, 62-65, I pL., 1950.

SINGER, CHARLES. Notes on Renaissance artists and practical anatomy. JournaZl of the History of Medicine 5, 156-62, 1950.

SINCLAIR, H. M.; ROBB-SMITH, A. H. T. A short history of anatomical teaching in Ox- ford. 69 p., 21 pls., frontispiece. Oxford, Uni- versity Press, I950.

"The immediate occasion for the production of this booklet is the Exhibition to illustrate the History of the Teaching of Anatomy at Oxford held at the Radcliffe Science Library in I950. It is appropriate that it should have been held in a year when the International Anatomical Congress meets in Oxford under the Presidency of Professor W. E. Le Gros Clark, the title of whose Chair, Dr. Lee's Professor- ship of Anatomy, recalls the notable endowment of anatomical studies which Dr Matthew Lee, who died in 1755, conferred on Christ Church just under two hundred years ago. Dr Lee's benefaction marked an important stage in the development of anatomical studies in Oxford, and its bicentenary deserves a grateful tribute."

To the history (p. 9-69) is added a chronological table of the Oxford anatomy teachers, other appen- dixes; and many illustrations. The exhibition was arranged by H. F. Alexander. G. S.

35. Physical Anthropology

Anthropometry and Raes of Man

BORK-FELTKAMP, A. J. VAN. Anthropologi- cal research in the Netherlands. Historical survey. i66 p. (Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeeling natuurkunde 37, no. 3). Amsterdam 1938.

BROOM, ROBERT; ROBINSON, J. T.; SCHEP- ERS, G. W. H. Sterkfontein ape-man Plesian- thropus. II7 p. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria,, 1950. A monograph on one of the new "genera" of aus-

tralopithecine apes discovered at Sterkfontein, in the Transvaal during the years from 1936 to 1948. Plesianthropus is now represented by many representative parts of the skeleton, including a nearly perfect skull, several limb bones, and perhaps most important of all a virtually complete pelvis. The latter indicates that Plesianthropus had attained an erect or quasi-erect posture while still essentially retaining an anthropoid-skull. For, in spite of the author's attempts to make a man out of this ape, in its cranial features it is still more ape than man. In its lower extremities and pelvis it is certainly more



35. Anthropology -37. Psychology 379

manlike than apelike. Here is an interesting commentary on the assymetric evolution of characters in man. The lower extremities appear to have evolved toward the human condition prior to skull and brain. The monograph is well illustrated with line drawings and half-tones, and the discussion is clear though far from as exhaustive as could be wished. We must be grateful for the authors' promptitude in making the data on this interesting group of fossil ape-men so readily available. M. F. A. M. DUFRENOY, MARIE-LOUISE; DUFRENOY,

JEAN. Quatre siWcles d'histoire de la m6lanine. Scientia 44th year, II9-23, 1950.

KLUCKHOHN, CLYDE. An anthropological approach to the study of values. Bulletin, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4, 2-3,

195I- MONTAGU, ASHLEY. Statement on race. An

extended discussion in plain language of the UNESCO statement by experts on race problems. xi + 172 p. New York, Schuman, I95I. $2.00.

"Because of the compelling need to dear away widespread fallacies about race, UNESCO invited representatives from eight nations - physical anthropologists, sociologists, social psychologists, and ethnologists - to achieve agreement on a definitive statement embodying the latest scientific findings. Professor Ashley Montagu was one of two United States representatives on the Committee and wrote the first draft of the statement. The draft went through many revisions, incorporating suggestions by experts from all over the world. The fifth and final draft was issued by UNESCO as the last word on a subject of world-wide significance. The UNESCO statement, however, was necessarily very compact, in summary form, and assumed considerable knowledge on the part of the non-specialist reader. In this book, Ashley Montagu uses each paragraph of the UNESCO statement as text for an entire chapter, amplifying the major points and setting forth brief, easily understood summaries of the basic scientific findings. The result is the most advanced, definitive, concise and readable scientific work on race available to the general reader, which once and for all defines this difficult and much-abused term." THE NEGRO. A selected bibliography compiled by

the Adult Department Staff, 135th Street Branch, New York Public Library, Sixth revision, 17 p. New York, I950.

VANDEL, ALBERT. Lhomme et r6volution. (L'Avenir de la Science). Paris, Gallimard, '949.

VOEGELIN, ERMINIE W. Anthropology in American universities. American Anthropolo- gist 52, 350-91, 1950.

36. Physiology

Human and Comparative

IZQUIERDO, J. J. Ideas fundamentales para la estructuracion material y funcional del nuevo departamento de fisiologia de la Facultad de Medicina, basadas en los antecedentes del actual departamento. 45 p. Mexico, D. F., Uni- versidad nacional autonoma de Mexico. iogo.

KEYS, ANCEL (and many others). The biology of human starvation. With forewords by J. C. Drummond, Russell M. Wilder, Charles Glen King and Robert R. Williams. Vol. I, xxxii + 763 p.; vol. 2, p. 765-1385. Minneapols, Uni- versity of Minnesota Press, I950.

Sir Jack Drummond ends his preface with the words: "I feel greatly honoured that I was invited to contribute a foreword to this admirable volume. I had the privilege of visiting Professor Keys in 1946 and of seeing for myself how the experiment was being conducted. The occasion made a deep impression on my mind, for rarely had I come in touch with an investigation so meticulously planned and so enthusiastically carried through." .... . "This volume will soon take its place among the classic treatises on nutrition, a fitting reward for years of thought and labour that Professor Ancel Keys and his 'band of brothers' gave to their formidable task." The work itself will be reviewed elaborately as it should be, in every journal of physiology; Isis can hardly do more than indicate its existence. The historical part is of necessity very short, History of starvation (15 p.), Sources of evidence and information (chiefly reports of the Second World War, in Belgium, Varsav, Leningrad, France, Holland, German camps, Dutch East Indies, Japan, etc. summarized in I6 p.), the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory Experiment (published in I9I9 by Benedict and his assistants, and General features of the Minnesota experiment described in these two volumes. The description is divided in the following manner: Morphology, Bio- chemistry, Physiology, Psychology, Special problems (caused by the incidence of diseases such as edema, tuberculosis, diabetes, cancer, etc.), Appendices, Bib- liography. P. 1248-52: list of notable famines outside India, and in India. For the history of famines see also my Introd. (3, 28I, 1237, 1859).

SCHLEYER, FRANZ L. Die Stigmatisation mit den Blutmalen. I54 p. Hannover, Schmorl & von Seefeld, I948.

37. Psychology

Human and Comparative

DINGWALL, ERIC JOHN. Very peculiar people. Portrait studies in the queer, the abnormal and the uncanny. 224 p., II pls. London, Rider, I95o.

DOLLARD, JOHN; MILLER, NEAL E. Per- sonality and psychotherapy. xiii + 488 p. New York, McGraw-Hill, I950. $5.00.

This book attempts to aid in the creation of a psychological base for a general science of human behavior, and it largely does so in a series of hypotheses which are developed in the light of such evidence as is available. The result is a most stimulating volume which will be helpful to all students of human nature. M. F. A. M.

FISCHER, SIEGFRIED. Principles of general psychopathology. An interpretation of the theoretical foundations of psychopathological concepts. xxi + 327 p. New York, Philosophi- cal Library, I950. $3.75. Survey of the most important psychopathological

phenomena and their theoretical bases. It is divided into four parts. Part I deals with the fundamentals



38o 37. Psychology - 43. Sociology

of psychopathology, Part II with understandable and causal connections, Part III with syndromes or symp- tom-complexes of mental disturbances, and Part IV with normal, neurotic and psychopathic personalities and the relation between personality and psychosis." FODOR, NANDOR; GAYNOR, FRANK (edi-

tors). Freud: dictionary of psychoanalysis. Xii + 208 p. New York, Philosophical Library, 1I950. $3.75. A useful volume of definitions of Freud's psycho-

analytic concepts. These are given in Freud's own words, and the reference accompanies each definition. Many of the "definitions" are little more than obiter dicta, but they are none the less valuable for all that. M. F. A. M. HEBB, D. 0. The organization of behavior.

xix + 335 p. New York, Wiley, 1949. $4.00.

In this book the author puts forward a neuro- physiological theory to explain what occurs in the human brain in the interval between a stimulus and the response. A very stimulating work of considerable heuristic value. M. F. A. M. KRANEFELDT, W. M. Therapeutische Psycho-

logie, Freud-Adler-Jung. Mit einer Einfuhrung von C. G. Jung. Zweite Auflage. I52 p.

(Sammlung Goschen, I034). Berlin, de Gruy- ter, I950. DM 2.40.

This is volume 1034 of the famous G6schen series. The first edition was translated into English under the title "Secret ways of the mind" (New York I932). This second edition has been brought up to date. After an introduction dealing with the French studies on hysteria and hypnosis, it discusses the views of the three men mentioned in the new title, the lion's share being given, as it should, to Freud.

G. S. TROMP, SOLCO WALLE. Psychical physics. A

scientific analysis of dowsing, radiesthesia and kindred divining phenomena. xv + 534 p. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1949.

39. Prehistory

ARNOLD, J. R.; LIBBY, W. F. Radiocarbon dates. Science 113, III-20, 1951.

The dating of archeological sites and artifacts by radioactive carbon is the most recent major advance in the technique of prehistoric research. The carbon in the air (Co2) contains a constant percentage of C' due, supposedly, to cosmic rays. When this carbon is incorporated in plant parts it decays slowly, its half life being 5568 I 30 years. By measuring the amount of C" in wood, seeds, charcoal, peat, etc., the age of the specimen can be calculated. This makes it possible to date plant remains in archeological sites and in very recent geological deposits. The authors date their oldest specimens simply as over 20,000 years old. In this paper the authors date specimens which have been submitted to them from over I50 sites in both the Old and New Worlds. C. Z. CHILDE, V. GORDON. The origin of neolithic

culture in northern Europe. Antiquity no. 91,

129-35, 4 figs., 1949.

LACAILLE, A. D. Infant feeding-bottles in prehistoric times. Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety of Medicine, Sect. Hist. Med., 43, 565-68, 5 figs., 1950.

ZEUNER, FREDERICK E. Dating the past. xviii + 474 p. New York, Longmans, Green, I95I. $5.50. This is the second edition of a book which estab-

lished a new science, the science of geochronology. It is one of the most fascinating books I know. In it will be found a detailed account of all the available methods for dating any form of life which lived in the past. Whether it be varve analysis, tree-ring analysis, glacial analysis, carbon fourteen, fluorine, uranium decomposition, the methods will all be found here, most interestingly discussed. The book is excellently illustrated with numerous diagrams and many tables and plates. It would be a grave injustice to the author and his book to leave the reader with the impression that this is merely the book on geochronology. It is a great deal more. Throughout the volume there are important discussions of biological evolution and time, of the rates of speciation, of a great many morphological facts which are signifi- cantly illuminated by remarks, as it were in passing, which Professor Zeuner brilliantly throws off. This is an indispensable book for all students of evolution.

M. F. A. M.

40. Ethnology

Primitive and Popular Science. Cultural Anthropology

HANSEN, H. P. Primitiv Folkemedicin. 32 P. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1945.

VARAGNAC, ANDRIt. Civilisation tradition- nelle et genres de vie. 402 p., i p1., i map. (Sciences d'Aujourd'hui). Paris, Michel, I948. Reviewed by Paul Schrecker, Isis 41, 324-25,

1I950. WHITE, LESLIE A. The science of culture.

XX + 444 p. 1949. $6.oo. This is one of the most brilliant and stimulating

books on the theory of culture from the anthropological point of view which has appeared for a long time. Dr White writes well and incisively, and in a manner calculated not only to interest anthropologists, but all who may have any interest whatever in man. M. F. A. M.

41. Superstition and Occultism

SARTON, GEORGE. Answer 2 to Query no. 52. The sator arepo formula. Isis 41, 198, I950.

SCHNEIDER, HEINRICH. Die Hexenliteratur- Sammlung der Cornell Universitit in Ithaca, New York. Hessische Bldtter fur Volkskunde 41, I96-208, I950. Apropos of the library of witchcraft assemblcd in

Cornell by George Lincoln Burr (d. 1938), about whom see Guerlac (Isis 35, 147-52). G. S.

43. Sociology

Jurisprudence and Positive Polity

AMERICA AND THE MIND OF EUROPE. Symposium.

Saturday Review of Literature 34, 2, January 13, I95I1 George Nebolsine of the American Committee on

United Europe proposed this symposium. The purpose of the discussion is to expose the object of Soviet Russian diplomacy in driving a wedge be-



43. Sociology - 44. History of Civilization 38I

tween Europe and the United States. The problem considered is whether or not the United States is offering leadership worth following.

Louis Galantiere introduces the discussion. Ray- mond Aron, in analyzing the question "Does Europe welcome American leadership?" expresses the opinion that there is no escape from the eventual acceptance of American leadership. The point is whether that leadership is significant.

Denis de Rougemont in discussing the "The Con- quest of Anarchy" emphasizes the anti-social character of many cultural heroes. He calls vigorously for goodwill in understanding between European and American intellectuals.

Arthur Koestler surveys the appalling alternatives now confronting the intellectual world.

Stephen Spender considers English writings, and Leo Lania discusses the lack of effective goals in Germany. The symposium raises the central question of the mid-century in terms of the quest for social unity proposed by Sarton. C. D. L. CHILDE, V. GORDON. Social worlds of knowl-

edge. 26 p. London, Oxford University Press, 1949.

MERTON, ROBERT K. Social theory and social structure. Toward the codification of theory and research. 423 p. Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press, 1949.

Reviewed by Charles H. Page, Isis 41, 325-26, 1950. MOWRER, 0. HOBART. Learning theory and

personality dynamics. xviii + 776 p. New York, Ronald Press, I950. $5.00. An important contribution toward the develop-

ment of a comprehensive science of human personality, particularly marked by its originality and inter- disciplinary approaches. M. F. A. M. OLIVIER-MARTIN, FR. Histoire du droit

fransais des origines a la Revolution. xv + 757 p. Paris, Domat Montchrestien, I948.

RIESMAN, DAVID; DENNEY, REUEL; GLAZER, NATHAN. The lonely crowd. xvii + 386 p. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1950. $4.00. This is a brilliant analysis of the changing Ameri-

can character, a book which is likely to have a healthy and considerable influence upon future studies in this field. M. F. A. M. YEARBooK ON HUMAN RIGHTS FOR 1948. xiv +

525 p. New York, United Nations, Lake Suc- cess; Columbia University Press, ig5o. $6.oo. This is the third yearbook of its kind published by

the United Nations. It is the most important single source for information on the laws and usages relating to human rights available.

44. History of Civilization

General History, Historical Methods, Biography, Chronology

BERR, HENRI. Revue de synthgse historique, tome 26 (67), 240 P., Paris, Michel, I950.

This volume celebrates three anniversaries, the fiftieth of the RSH, the twenty-fifth of the Centre international de synthese, and the fifteenth Semaine de synthese, all creations of the same man, the lead-

ing historical mind of France, Henri Berr. The 15th Semaine was devoted to the discussion of synthesis itself "ideeforce de l'6volution de la pensee." The leading discourses were delivered by Berr, Emile Brehier (on Aristotle), A. Koyre (Renaissance), P. M. Schuhl (Bacon), B. Rochot (Gassendi), A. Cuvillier (Descartes), Suzanne Delorme (academies et salons), Paul Verniere (Diderot and D'Alembert), Pierre Du- casse (Comte and Spencer), Julien Benda (synthese materialiste); the last discourse was by Henri Berr himself "on synthesis and history." Each discourse was followed by discussions. An exceedingly rich symposium. May Henri Berr continue his excellent leadership many more years. G. S. BRIDGWATER, WILLIAM; SHERWOOD,

ELIZABETH J. (editors). The Columbia En- cyclopedia. vi + 2,203 p. New York, Colum- bia University Press, 1950. $25.00.

The Columbia Encydopedia was first published in 1935. It immediately established itself as the best one-volume encyclopedia. Ever since its publication it has been my constant desk companion, and it has never failed me. I have been constantly impressed with the accuracy of its entries, and the clarity, the succinctness, with which the entries and articles have been written. The coverage on science and medicine is particularly good. The references at the end of each of the articles are extremely helpful.

The reader may be interested to learn that there are 70,000 articles, 75,000 cross references, 35,000 books listed for further reading, and a total of 6,ooo,ooo words. The present new second edition has I0,000 additional articles over and above the first edition, and there are 3,500 new articles or. living people. Thumb-indexed, beautifully printed in triple- column, and bound to last a millennium of constant usage, The Columbia Encyclopedia cannot be too highly recommended. M. F. A. M. CASTRO, AMlRICO. Espafna en su historia:

Cristianos, Moros y Judios. 7io p. Buenos Aires, Editorial Espasa, I948. Reviewed by A. R. Nykl, Speculum 25, 379-92,

1950. FERGUSON, WALLACE K. The Renaissance

in historical thought: five centuries of interpretation. xiii + 429 p. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, I948.

HARRIS, JULIAN (editor). The humanities. An appraisal. xx + i68 p. Madison, Wiscon- sin, University of Wisconsin Press, 1950. $2.75. This is another volume of the series issued to cele-

brate the centenary of the University of Wisconsin; for another one of more direct interest to Isis, edited by Robert Stauffer, see Isis (41, 391). The present one devoted to the defense of the humanities includes I5 articles one of which by Henry Guerlac explains Humanism in science. The other essays deal with the better known forms of humanities, belles lettres, literary criticism, plastic arts, music, etc. G. S. LANGE, KURT. Charakterkopfe der Weltge-

schichte. Miinzbildnisse aus zwei Jahrtausen- den. 52 p., 88 figs. Munich, Piper, 1949.

Magnificent series of 88 portraits of ancient kings and emperors, magnified from coins and medals. These may be generally accepted as true portraits. They range from Tissaphernes to the emperor Maxi- milian I; that is, from Greek antiquity to the Renais- sance. The mediaeval series, from Theodoric king of



382 44. History of Civilization - 47. History of Morals

the Ostrogoths to Friedrich II Hohenstaufen, or even to Kaiser Sigismund, is astonishing because of its free, modern, technique. G. S.

MORISON, SAMUEL ELIOT. Faith of a historian. American Historical Review 56, 261-75,

'95' . Presidential address read at the annual dinner of

the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29, 1950.

SELLERY, GEORGE CLARKE. The Renais- sance, its nature and origins. 296 p. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, I950. $3.75. The Renaissance as understood by the author, be-

gins and ends earlier than most people think, for it extends from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. One of the reasons why I do not like to use that term is that very ambiguity, the word Renaissance is even worse in that respect than the Middle Ages. "The author considers one by one the politics of the period, its economics, literature, fine arts, its inventions, its works of philosophy, of criticism, and of history; he has selected the important figures and the significant events and weighed the conclusions of scholars. He states as his consi(dered opinion that the Renaissance was not a revolution caused by the re- discovery of the ancient classics but a stage in the natural evolution brought about by the energies and activities of vigorous people all over western Europe, people who, then as now, were trying to achieve a more abundant life." WILKINS, ERNEST H. On the nature and ex-

tent of the ItaIian Renaissance. Italica 27, 67- 76, 1950.

45. History of Art

Art and Science. Iconography. Arts and Crafts

ALPATOV, MIKHAIL. Russian impact on art. Edited and with a preface by Martin L. Wolf. Translated by Ivy Litvinoff. xx + 352 p., 32 pls. New York, Philosophical Library, ig5o. $7.50. "Covering the development of Russian painting,

sculpture, architectuire, literature and music, and its relation to that of the world from ancient to modern times, this volume . . . offers fresh interpretations of many classical works, based on a wide survey of the history of their origins, their social background and respective epochs, their underlying philosophical content, and their artistic form. The complete picture of the country's artistic growth is shown against a background of the historical changes and intellectual life of the nation covering the I,ooo years ending in 1917. In order to throw the subject into higher relief, the author has drawn parallels with foreign arts, trusting that the comparisons will serve as a starting point from which the reader may form his own opinions." MUKERJEE, RADHAKAMAL. The social

function of art. 355 p., ills. Bombay, Hind Kitabs Ltd., I948.

Reviewed by Robert Ulich, Isis 41, 247, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. The history of medicine versus the history of art. Alumni 19, 332-4I,

Bruxelles I950.

Partial reprint of an article published in the Bull. of the History of Medicine (vol. I0, I23-35, I94I).

46. History of Language, Writing and Literature

BUCK, CARL DARLING. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-Euro- pean languages. A contribution to the history of ideas. xx+I5I5 p. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949. $40. Reviewed by E. H. Sturtevant, ourt-nal of the

American Oriental Review 70, 329-3I, I950. F}VRIER, JAMES G. Histoire de 1'ecnture.

6o8 p., I35 figs., I6 pls. Paris, Payot, 1948.

Reviewed by J. Filliozat, Joturnal asiatique 237, 363, I949. REISS, SAMUEL. The rise of words and their

meanings. 301 p. New York, Philosophical Library, I950. $3.75. "Using a new 'phoneto-semantic' viewpoint, as

contrasted with the prevailing historical point of view, the author approaches his inquiry from twin angles; (i) What is the full scope of meaning associated with a simple word? (2) What is the full scope of phonetic change which, within any one language, may be exhibited by words of associated meanings?

47. History of Morals

Moral Organization of Society

LEAKE, CHAUNCEY D.; ROMANELL, PAT- RICK. Can we agree? A scientist and a philosopher argue about ethic. xiii + IIo p. Austin, University of Texas Press, I950.

"The debate between Professor Romanell and myself began with the publication of my article on Ethicogenesis. This was first presented at the Cleve- land meeting of the AAAS in 1944. It was published in three slightly varying forms." It was an outgrowth of my reaction to a discussion on science and ethics which I had arranged for the Philadelphia meeting of the AAAS in 1940. This in turn had developed from considerations resulting in an essay 'Science implies Freedom' which was privately printed in 1939. This 939 study is reprinted in the appendix to this volume in order to indicate the development of my point of view."

The book may be used as a "primer" for every student wishing to investigate the ethical implica- tions of science, and the means of reconciling social with individual duties, good will with freedom.

G. S. MITCHELL, EDWART T. A system of ethics.

xviii + 559 p. New York, Scribner's, 1950. $4.00.

This interesting text offers the first full exposition of a new theory of ethics, "meliorism," derived chiefly from Dean A. P. Brogan of the Graduate School of the University of Texas. The preliminary chapters show the need of coherence in consideration of the inain sources of moral ideas from custom, con- science, law, and religion. On the basis of empiricism, and with pragmatic tests, the melioristic point of view is developed. Practical methods are out- lined for dealing with moral problems. The second



47. History of Morals - 49. History of Religion 383

part of the volume considers the historical background of alternative theories of ethics. Discussions of various ethical systems are arranged chronologically in such a way as to constitute a short history of ethical theory. The volume could be greatly im- proved by reference to current ethical writings developed on scientific premises, such as recent contributions by C. H. Waddington, E. G. Conklin, S. J. Holmes, and Ray Lepley. C. D. L.

48. History of Philosophy

See also above, 18. Philosophy of Science

ELIADE, MIRCEA. Le mythe de reternel retour, arch6types at r6petition. Les essais XXXIV. 254 p. Paris, Gallimard, 1949.

"Si nous n'avions craint d'afficher trop d'ambition, nous aurions donne a ce livre pour second sous-titre: Introduction a une Philosophie de l'Histoire. Car tel est bien, en definitive, le sens du present essai; avec cette particularite, toutefois, qu'au lieu de proceder par l'analyse speculative du phenomene historique, il interroge les conceptions fondamentales des societes archaiques, qui, tout en connaissant elles aussi une certaine forme d' 'histoire' s'evertuent a n'en pas tenir compte. Un trait nous a surtout frappe, en etudiant ces societes traditionnelles: c'est leur revolte contre le temps concret, historique, leur nostalgie d'un retour periodique au temps mythique des origines, au Grand Temps." The author is a student of Hindu philosophy and has been deeply influenced by Hindu conceptions. Moreover, he is a Romanian exile in Paris, and the endless vicissitudes of his country throughout the ages have increased his scepticism and his meta- physical tendencies. His enormous erudition does not hide his profound disenchantment and despair. G. S.

FERM, VERGILIUS (ed.). A history of philosophical systems. 642 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, I950. $6.oo. This is a cooperative work, in which each of the

chapters is written by a specialist in that area; some authors have written more than one. Each chapter is followed by a short bibliography and there is a general index to the whole volume. The following philosophical "systems" or schools or topics are dealt with: (I) Indian philosophy (2) Zoroastrian philosophy (3) Buddhist philosophical systems (4) Chinese philosophy (5) Ancient Jewish philosophy (6) Be- ginnings of Greek philosophy (7) Greek moralists (8) Platonism (g) Aristotelianism (Io) Hellenistic and Roman philosophy (xi) Alexandrian philosophy (I2) Early Christian philosophy (13) Arabic and Islamic philosophy (14) Mediaeval Jewish philosophy (I5) Scholasticism (I6) Thomistic philosophy (17) Scotism and Ockamism (I8) Renaissance philosophy (I9) Rationalism (20) Empiricism (21)

Philosophy of the Enlightenment (22) Kant's philosophy (23) German Idealism (24) Dialectical materialism (25) English and American idealism (26)

Positivism (27) Personalism (28) Phenomenology (29) Philosophy of evolution (30) Vitalism (3I) Pragmatism (32) Existentialism (33) Materialism (34) Naturalism (35) Panpsychism (36) Contempo- rary Thomism (37) Logical positivism (38) Seman- tics (39) General theory of value (40) Modern logic (41) Recent epistemology (42) Philosophy of sciences (43) Aesthetics (44) Ethics (45) Philosophy of history (46) Philosophy of culture (47) Philosophy of religion. I. B. C.

HALEVY, ELIE. The growth of philosophic radicalism. Trans. by Mary Morris. Preface by A. D. Lindsay. xviii + 554 p. New York, Kelley, I950. $5.5o.

This well-known book needs no further introduction: it is composed as follows: Pt. I, The youth of Bentham, Pt. 2, The evolution of the utilitarian doctrine from 1789 to I815, Pt. 3, Philosophic radicalism. By all odds, one of the most valuable studies of utilitarianism, its republication (by offset) is a most welcome event. I. B. C. SCHWEITZER, ALBERT. The philosophy of

civilization. xvii + 347 p. New York, Macmil- lan, 1949.

Reviewed by Sydney W. Jackman, Isis 41, 250, 1950.

SELLARS, ROY WOOD; McGILL, V. J.; FAR- BER, MARVIN. Philosophy for the future; the quest of modern materialism. xiv + 647 p. New York, Macmillan, 1949. Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 41, 248-49, 1950.

49. History of Religion

Science and Relitgon

BARNES, E. W. Science, religion and moral judgments. Nature T66, 455-57, 1950.

Substance of the Evening discourse delivered on September 3 at the meeting of the British Association in Birmingham. BUTTERFIELD, HERBERT. Christianity and

history. vii + I46 p. London, Bell, I949.

Reviewed by Sydney W. Jackman, Isis 45, 326, 1950.

ELIADE, MIRCEA. Traite d'histoire des religions. Preface de Georges Dumezil. 405 p. (Bibliotheque scientifique). Paris, Payot, 1949.

This is a history of religions or rather of myths built in a new way. It is not divided as usual according to religions, but according to types of myths: celestial myths, the Sun and solar cults, the Moon and lunar mysticism, the Waters and aquatic symbolism, Sacred Stones; The Earth, Woman and fe- cundity; Vegetation, rites of renewal; Agriculture and fertility cults; Sacred Space: temple, palace, navel of the world; Sacred Time and eternal return. The final chapters discuss the morphology and function of myths, the structure of symbols. The author is well-known because of many other books on Yoga, etc. and of his journal Zalmoxis (I839-42) which ought to be revived. G. S. FERM, VERGILIUS (editor). Forgotten reli-

gions (including some living primitive religions), a symposium. xv + 392 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, I950.

GALDSTON, IAGO. Psychiatry and religion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 112,

46-57, I950.

KERINYI, KARL. Labyrinth-Studien. 72 p., 30 figs. (Albae Vigiliae, io). Zurich, Rhein- Verlag, I950. Sw. F. 8.

Study of the mythological concepts associated with the pre-Greek (Cretan?) word labyrinth and evolution of the geometrical pattern ad hoc. G. S.



384 49. History of Religion - 50. History of Medicine

LEWISON, EDWARD F. Saint Agatha, the patron saint of diseases of the breast in legend and art. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 409-20, 9 figs., 1950.

PFEIFFER, ROBERT H. History of New Tes- tament Times. With an introduction to the Apocrypha. xii + 56i p. New York, Harper, 1949.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis 41, 230, 1950.

SMITH, C. RAIMER. The physician examines the Bible. vii + 394 p. New York, Philosophi- cal Library, I950. $4.25.

"Dr. C. Raimer Smith, now a physician in general practice, was for several years a specialist in pathology and clinical laboratory science. He was also a teacher in medical, dental and nurses' training schools. His hobby was the study of the Bible. He has taught young people's church school classes and is an elder emeritus in the Christian Church. He wanted to be able to answer the questions of youth in regard to the Bible and its relation to science, not in general terms but in detail." The book is followed by medical concordances (i) to the apocrypha, (2) to

OT and NT. Thus, one can find what the Apocrypha have to say about halitosis, menstruation, or wizards, etc. There is also a separate index. The author fre- quently inserts results of his own curious experience. The book is not meant for scholars. WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Une vie des

Saints Come et Damien dans un manuscrit m6dical du IXe siecle, suivie d'une recette de collyre attribuee i la mere des deux saints. Centaurus, I, 38-42, 1950.

VilI. MEDICINE

50. History, Organization, and Philosophy of Medicine

ARTELT, WALTER. Einfulhrung in die Medi- zinhistorik. Ihr Wesen, ihre Arbeitsweise und ihre Hilfsmittel. viii + 240 p. Stuttgart, Enke, 1949.

General guide for the historian of medicine. It begins rightly with a short chapter on the understanding of sources. The following three parts deal respectively with II. Heuristics and its means (that is, the finding of materials), III. Criticism and interpretation, IV. Presentation of the results. In short, it is a manual of historical research and publication adapted to the special needs of the medical historian. It should be used by the latter as a kind of vade mecum. The index is insufficient. G. S. BERGHOFF, EMANUEL. Entwicklungsge-

schichte des Krankheitsbegriffes. 2nd ed. 20I

p. Wien, Maudrich, I947.

Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Index to volume I-XX I933-I946, prepared by Gene- vieve Miller. iv + 80 p. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, I950.

CASTIGLIONI, ARTURO; BELLONI, LUIGI. Die Medizinschule von Padua. Ciba-Zeit- schrift zz, 4439-66, Mns., i95o.

CASTIGLIONI, ARTURO. Storia della medicina (primo volume, dalle origini alla fine del Sei- cento; secondo volume, dal I700 ai giorni nos-

tri), nuova edizione ampliata e aggiornata. 2

vols. XV +I002 p., 5i6 figs., IO pls. Verona, Mondadori, 1948.

DIEPGEN, PAUL. Geschichte der Medizin, die historische Entwicklung der Heilkunde und des krztlichen Lebens. i. Band: Von den An- fangen der Medizin bis zur Mitte des i8. Jahr- hunderts. 355 p., 29 figs. Berlin, de Gruyter, I1949.

FULTON, JOHN FARQUHAR. Vesalius four centuries later; Medicine in the eighteenth century. 52 p. (Logan Clendening Lectures on the History and Philosophy of Medicine, First series). Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kan- sas Press, 1950. $1.00.

The Logan Clendening Lectures on the History and Philosophy of Medicine, established by Mrs Logan Clendening in memory of her husband, were most auspiciously inaugurated by Dr Fulton in a retrospective analysis of the significance of Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), and the importance of eighteenth century developments in physiology, pathology and internal medicine. The Lectures were illustrated with material drawn from the rich collections on the history of medicine which were assembled by Dr and Mrs Clendening at the University of Kansas School of Medicine. C. D. L. GAROFALO, F. I barbieri-chirurghi a Roma.

Pubb. dell'Ist. di Storia della med. dell'Un. di Roma, Z949.

GORDON, BENJAMIN LEE. Medicine throughout antiquity. Foreword by Max Neuburger. xvii + 8i8 p. Philadelphia, Davis, 1949.

KEIL, HARRY. The historical relationship between the concept of tumor and the ending -oma. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 352-77, 1950.

KEYS, THOMAS E.; JULIN, LEONARD A. The development of the medical motion picture. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 9z, 625-36, I950.

Well illustrated account of the development of the camera obscura, the magic lantern, photography, and motion pictures. The first successful motion pictures were made by Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) in his volume "The horse in motion" (I882). Muy- bridge continued his studies on animal locomotion at the University of Pennsylvania and published "The human figure in motion" (London, 19OI). Muy- bridge's technique was used by Doctor Edward Reichert to record the heart beat of a dog. This was the first medical motion picture. The first strictly clinical motion picture was a surgical operation per- formed in I898 by Ernst von Bergmann (I836- 1907). Keys and Julin give sixty-nine references.

C. D. L. LAIGNEL-LAVASTINE, MAXIME. Histoire

generale de la medecine, de la pharmacie, de Part dentaire et de l'art veterinaire. Tome 3, 8i6 p., pls., figs. Paris, Michel, I949.

This volume 3 completes the work vols. i and 2

of which appeared in 1936. It includes an index of the physicians named in the 3 vols. The subjects dealt with by various scholars in this last volume are: Surgery after the eighteenth century. Gynaecology. Obstetrics. Orthopedics. Epidemiology. Infectious



50. History of Medicine 385

diseases. Exotic diseases. Tuberculosis. Gout and rheumatisms. Endocrinology and diabetes. Pediat- rics. Psychiatry. Neurology. Ophthalmology. Oto- rhino-laryngology. Urology. Cardiology. Gastro- enterology. Forensic medicine. Hygiene. Pasteur. Pharmacy. Homoeopathy. Mineral waters and climatology. Physiotherapy. Radiology. Gymnastics and massage. Dentistry. Veterinary medicine. Hos- pitalization. Prisons and pentitenciaries. Medical profession in France. Social medicine. The illustrations are abundant to the point of extravagance. The space left for the text is small, and the articles dealing with each subject are of the same size as articles in small encyclopaedias. This is very largely a history of French medicine with references to non-French matters when necessary. MAYER, CLAUDIUS F. Pages from the past of

the Index-Catalogue. i6 p. (vari-typed). Washington i5, D. C., The Author, 5sI3-39th St. NW, I950.

"Two 'pages' are presented to illustrate the life of the Index-Catalogue at two different stages of Amer- ican culture-in 1949/50 and in I915/I6, with remarks on official annual reports in general and on their evaluation as sources for historical studies in particular." MERRITT, WEBSTER. A century of medicine

in Jacksonville and Duval County. xii + 201

p., 111. Gainsville, University of Florida Press, I949.

NAVA, PEDRO. Capitulos da historia da medicina no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Medico CiriArgico, 1949.

Reviewed by Arturo Castiglioni, Rivista di storia della scienze anno 42, 98-99, 1950.

NAVA, PEDRO. Esboco dos fundamentos his- toricos das especializacoes no terreno da medicina interna. Brasil medico ciriirgico 8, 273-85, 1946.

NAVA, PEDRO. Medicina e humanismo. Brasil mdlico cirfirgico 8, 97-102, 1946.

PEPPER, 0. H. PERRY. Medical history in medical words. Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia z8, 29-37, 1950.

RUCKER, M. PIERCE. Silver sutures. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 190-92, I fig., 1950.

SCHULLIAN, DOROTHY M.; SOMMER, FRANCIS E. A catalogue of incunabula and manuscripts in the Army Medical Library. xi + 36I p. New York, Schuman [no date, received July I950].

It almost suffices to indicate the availability of this volume, describing exactly the treasures of the Army Medical Library, which is the central and richest medical library of the New World and has probably few equivalents in the Old World. It is divided into two main parts, Western and Oriental. The Oriental part describes MSS in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Singhalese and Hebrew. The only important section, however, is the Arabic, which is twice longer than the four others put together. The Arabic collection was bought a few years ago from Dr. Abraham Shalom Yahuda, well known because of his excellent Arabic edition of the Guide to the duties of the heart

of Bahya ben Joseph (Leyden 19I2; Introd. 2, 184). It includes no less than 92 MSS. The collection includes 490 incunabula and 35 early western MSS. The catalogue is beautifully printed and is illustrated with 12 plates, 3 of which refer to the Arabic and Persian MSS. G. S. SELYE, HANS. The physiology and pathology

of exposure to stress. xx + 822 + 203 p. Montreal, Acta, 1950. $15.00.

This great treatise is based on the concepts of the general-adaptation-syndrome and the diseases of adaptation, a field which Professor Selye has with great distinction made his own. The present work is likely to exert a substantial influence upon every branch of medicine, and particularly to illuminate the problems involved in understanding the conse- quences of stress, in any form, upon the human organism. Published in June I950, the book is up-to- date to the end of May I For a truly huge treatise such as this, this must constitute something of a record. Professor Selye is to be congratulated upon his publishers, as his publishers are upon him.

Professor Selye opens his treatise with an historical account of the development of the concepts of general-adaptation-syndrome and the diseases of adaptation, and then proceeds systematically to initiate the reader into the technics of the subject in so brilliantly clear a manner that even the ordinarily educated reader is thereafter able to follow him with ease. Like most great books this one manages to integrate a large nuimber of seemingly unrelated conditions under a single general law. Furthermore, the heuristic value of this book is unusually great. No one interested in the nature of man can afford to neglect reading it, for it touches upon so many aspects of the life of man, that it is bound to inform and offer new insights to all who study it. The book is admirably produced in every way, with numerous illustrations, and completely documented. There is a full index.

M. F. A. M. SHRYOCK, RICHARD HARRISON. Institute

of the History of Medicine of the Johns Hop- kins University. Report of the activities during the academic year 1949-1950. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, 586-89, I950.

SIGERIST, HENRY E. A history of medicine. Vol. I: Primitive and archaic medicine. Oxford University Press, ig9i.

Reviewed by 1. Bernard Cohen, Scientific Ameri- can 184, 66-68, Feb. 1951.

SKINNER, HENRY ALAN. The origin of medical terms. viii + 376 p. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1949.

SPERANSKII, ALEKSEI DMITRIEVICH. On the present state of medical science. Reprinted from The Medical Worker, i6 Feb. I950, in Occasional Pamphlet no. zo of Society for Free- dom in Science, London, Nov. I950.

SUNDERMAN, F. WILLIAM; BOERNER, FREDERICK. Normal values in clinical medicine. xxx + 845 p. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1949. $14.-00.

Written with the collaboration of some 34 Phila- delphia scientists the surviving principal author (F. W. S.) of this book states that "the pioneering purpose of this book is to present a discussion and compilation of values which may be termed 'nor-



386 50. History of Medicine - I. Epidemiology mal'." The authors were apparently unaware of Karl Vierordt's (18I8-1884) Index-Tabellen which, in Europe, at any rate, had a very long life and is still a usable volume. Vierordt's volume is in many respects out of date, and the present volume may be regarded as replacing it. The normal values dealt with in this work cover a much wider field than that of clinical medicine, and hence it should be useful to a very wide range of workers. The definition of "norm" and "normal" offered by J. Harold Austin are simple and excellent. The 237 figures and 413 tables greatly enlarge the value of a text which is likely to remain the standard work of reference on the subject for many years to come. M. F. A. M. VIETS, HENRY R. Seventy-fourth annual re-

port of the Boston Medical Library for the year 1949. 42 p. Boston, I950.

Describing the enrichment of the Library, especially of its historical section. VIETS, HENRY R. Boston Medical Library:

report of the Librarian. New England Journal of Medicine 242, 936-42, 1950.

The reports of the librarian of the Boston Medical Library, prepared in so scholarly a manner by Dr Henry R. Viets, appear annually in the New England journal of Medicine. They emphasize particularly the importance of the Library in medical incunabula, and in 16th and 17th century medical classics. They emphasize also the great strength of the Library in early Americana. Among the most remarkable recent acquisitions have been the important and extremely rare contributions from Michael Servetus (1511-1553). C. D. L. WOLFF, HAROLD G.; WOLF, STEWART G.;

HARE, CLARENCE C. (editors). Life stress and bodily disease. xxiii + 1135 p. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, I950. $I5.00. The 69 papers which comprise this large volume

by as many different experts constitute probably the most important contribution to our understanding of adaptation in man and the failures of adaptation under the conditions of life in modern society, which has ever been published. Historically, this volume will rank, for the influence it is bound to exercise, among the first and most fundamental. The stimu- lation to research which a volume such as this provides is tremendous; and there are enough such pointers in this volume to keep, literally, regiments of research workers going for years. M. F. A. M.

51. Epidemiology. History of Special Medi- cal Branches. History of Diseases. Medical

Geography. Public Health. Balneol- ogy. Social Medicine

BANKOFF, GEORGE ALEXIS. The story of surgery. 248 p., ill. London, Barker, 1947.

BUESS, H. Die Anfinge der Geburtshilfe. Ciba Zeitschrift II, 4470-4500, ills., 1950.

CUMMINS, S. LYLE. Tuberculosis in history from the 17th century to our own times. 205 p., 12 pls. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1I949.

CORWIN, E. H. L. (editor). Ecology of health. xiii + i96 p. New York, Commonwealth Fund, I949. $2.50.

Discussion by seven authorities on human health in relation to environment. M. F. A. M.

DEVRIENT, WILHELM. Uberwarmungsbader. Weg zur Wairmekultur. 4. Auflage. 215 p.,

frontispiece, ills. Berlin, Marcus & Weber, I950. DM. 6.8o. Theory and practice of bathing in hot water or

air with an historical introduction (23 p.) going back to Parmenides and Hippocrates. The last chapter deals with sauna (the Finnish-Russian method of bathing in hot air) and the history of sauna is out- lined. The author is director of the Institut fiir biolo- gische Heilweisen, in Berlin-Lichterfelde-West.

G. S. DUJARDIN, B. Propos sur la syphilis et son

histoire. 140 p., pls. Union Chimique Belge, 1949.

FAUST, ERNEST CARROLL. Malaria in the United States. American Scientist 39, I2I-30, '95'.

FRAZER, W. M. A history of English public health, 1834-1939. 498 p., i. London, Bail- liere, Tindall and Cox, 1950.

FRIEDMAN, REUBEN. The story of scabies. Volume I: The prevalence (civil and military), prevention and treatment of scabies, and the biology of Acarus scabiei, from the earliest times to the beginning of World War II. xxi + 468 p., 114 ills., 36 tables. New York, Froben Press, 1947.

GRAHAM, HARVEY. The eternal Eve. xx + 699 p. London, Heinemann, I95I.

Popular account of obstetrics and gynaecology. GORTER, R. A. Het einde van de tabaksrook-

klisteer als middel tot het opwekken der levens- geesten van schijndoden. Reddingwezen 39, 1-10, 1950 (in Dutch). Apropos of the tobacco smoke clyster used to re-

vive people. G. S. GREENWOOD, MAJOR. Medical statistics from

Graunt to Farr. 73 p. (Fitzpatrick Lectures for the years I94I and I943, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London in February '943). Cambridge, University Press, 1948.

GREENWOOD, MAJOR. Some British pioneers of social medicine. iI8 p. Oxford University Press, 1948.

GUERRA, FRANCISCO. Hispanic-American contribution to the history of scurvy. Cen- taurus I, 12-23, 8 figs., 1950.

HAVERKAMP, A. D. De ontwikkeling der oorheelkunde in Nederland, door de pioniers Van Den Broek, Symons en Swaagman. (Acad. proefschrift Leiden 1947). Rotterdam, Klomp en Bosman. History of otology in the Netherlands. G. S.

KEFFER, LUIZA. Indice bibliografico de lepra, 1500-1943. 3 vols. Sao Paulo, Bibl. do Dep. de Prof. da lepra, 1944-48.

MAHFOUZ, NAGUIB PACHA. Atlas of Mah- fouz's obstetric and gynaecological museum, 3 vols. xviii + 417 p., 436 figs.; xiv + p. 419-

86o, 467 figs.; xiv + p. 86I-I276, 492 figs. Altrincham, England, Sherratt, 1949. ?9.9g0.



S I. Epidemiology - 54. Education 387 Magnificent atlas representing the museum which

Mahfouz pasha presented to the Faculty of Medicine of Cairo in 932, a collection of 780 mounted specimens prepared by him from operations performe(d in his private work. Since then, he has added 500 more specimens, and the collection now exceeds 1300 items. Every specimen is illustrated (often in colors) and is discussed. Thanks to this splendid publication the Mahfouz Museum is open to the physicians, not only of Cairo or of Egypt, but of the whole world. It is typical of the polyglottism of Cairo that the title of each item is given in seven languages: Arabic, French, English, German, Italian, Russian and Span- ish! This is very probably the largest collection of obstetric and gynaecological specimens ever published. When historians of science speak of Arabic medicine, they think of the past, this great work will help them to realize that it is alive today, that some Egyptian physicians have risen again to a very high position and are capable and ready to teach their western colleagues, even as was done in the Middle Ages. The life-long labor of a great physician like Mahfouz pasha is of greater value for the defense of Arabic culture than the hyperbolic speeches of ig- norant politicians and stupid propagandists. G. S. MOST, HARRY (editor). Parasitic infections in

man. Symposium held at the New York Acad- emy of Medicine, March I5 and i6, 1949. 229 p. New York: Columbia University Press, I951I $4.50. "In this book the major problems involved in any

attempt at worldwide control of parasitic infections are discussed in terms of established principles of public health by fourteen outstanding parasitologists, immunologists, and other experts in the field. All of their papers were originally presented at the Fourth Symposium of Microbiology sponsored by the New York Academy of Medicine. They have been edited for inclusion in this volume by Dr. Harry Most, professor of preventive medicine (tropical medicine) at the New York University-Bellevue Medical Center." MULLETT, CHARLES F. Plague policy in

Scotland, i6th-x7th centuries. Osiris 9, 435-56, 1950.

NAVA, PEDRO. Notas para a hist6ria da pato- genia do icto apopl6tico. (Morgagni, Hoffman, De Malon, Pomme e o brasileiro Joao Vicente Torres Homem, precursores da ideia do espas- mo vascular como determinante patog6nica do icto apopl6tico). Medicina Cirurgia Farmacia, Nos. Z42, I43, 7 p., figs., 1948.

NAVA, PEDRO. 0 quarteirao da febre amarela. Medicina cirurgia farmacia, N? Z49, 10 p., 1948 (in Portuguese). History of yellow fever.

PATTERSON, S. W. The history of diverticulitis of the intestine. Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety of Medicine 43, 785-89, 1950.

RICCI, JAMES V. The genealogy of gynaecology: history of the development of gynaecology throughout the ages: 2000 B.C.-i8oo A.D. 2nd ed. xvi + 494 p. Philadelphia, Blakiston, I950.

The second edition of Dr Ricci's The genealogy of gynaecology differs little from the first, issued in 1943, save that all the illustrations have been omitted. The text shows evidence of considerable revision in the correction of dates, names, typographical er-

rors and verification of quotations which so greatly marred the earlier edition, but, despite the claim of enlargement, there is little or no extension of the contents. The notes have been placed in the less convenient position at the end of the chapters. The work itself is very uneven. The first half of the book extending through ancient times to the renaissance is of questionable reliability, a fault due in large measure to the uncritical use of secondary source materials. In the second half, there is much greater unity and errors of interpretation become fewer as the work progresses. It is, therefore, to be regretted that with the opportunity of a new edition, greater attention was not paid to a critical rewriting of the earlier section. For an extensive and critical examination of the first edition, see 0. Temkin, Btull. Hist. Med. i6, 422-24, 1944. J. B. deC. M. S. STEVENSON, R. SCOTT; GUTHRIE, DOUG-

LAS. A history of otolaryngology. vii + I55 p. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1949.

WARSHAW, LEON J. Malaria, the biography of a killer. 348 p. New York, Rinehard, I949. Reviewed by Morris C. Leikind, Isis 41, 327, 1950.

52. History of Hospitals, of Medical Teaching and of the Medical Profession

COOPER, PAGE. The Bellevue story. X + 277 p. New York, Crowell, 1948.

MOORMAN, LEWIS J. The influence of Ken- tucky medical schools on medicine in the South- west. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, I76-86, 4 figs., 1950.

53. Pharmacy. Pharmacology. Toxicology

GRIFFENHAGEN, GEORGE. The story of California pharmacy. 58 p. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, Madison, Wiscon- sin, 195o.

This is a well documented account of the development of pharmacy in California. The first contribution in the state appeared in a dispensatory entitled Botica General de los Remedios Esperimentados (Sonoma, I838). This was probably written by General Mariana Vallejo. One hundred and sixteen references are given, together with a list of early California pharmacists. C. D. L. URDANG, GEORGE. The development of

pharmacopoeias. 25 p. New York, I950.

URDANG, GEORGE; SONNEDECKER, GLENN. Teaching history of pharmacy. 33 p. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin, I950.

VIII. EDUCATION

Methods of Accumulating, Imparting, and Diffusing Knowledge

54. Education -Generalities, Methods, Colleges, Universities

DAINVILLE, FRAN(OIS DE (S.J.). Livres de comptes et histoire de la culture. Archivum Historicum Societatis lesu z8, 226-52, Rome '949.



388 54. Education - 6o. Errata Father F. de Dainville had the idea of examining

old accounts of booksellers and libraries, e.g., those of the college of Rodez in 3671-96; of the colleges of Mauriac in 1664 and Albi in I677, of the college of Aix en Provence in 1738-63, and the list of students living in the college of Clermont-Ferrand in 1741-54. G.S. SMITH, FRITZE. Doktor-Disputatsens historie

ved K0benhavns Universitet. vi + 134 P. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, I950.

History of doctoral theses in the University of Copenhagen from 1788 to 1927; it does not include a list of the doctors. G. S. WVHITE, LYNN, JR. Educating our daughters:

a challenge to the colleges. x + i66 p. New York, Harper, I950. This work, by the distinguished mediaevalist,

President White of Mills College, explores the topic of how female higher education embodies problems distinct from male higher education. Written with charm, forec, and erudition (even a discussion of mediaeval technology), this book gets rapidly to the heart of the problem, namely, that the emotional problems of men and women are in no way the same, nor are the roles in society of members of the two sexes the same. In one section, President White advances cogent reasons for having young women attend female rather than coeducational colleges, at least, "young women should study in an atmosphere in which it is taken for granted that women are as worthy of respect as men and that the things they tend to do best are all significant and honorable as the things men tend to do best."

59. Memoria Technica

CRIICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY NO. 77. Isis, vol. 42, 1951.

This note is published at the end of our bibliography solely for the convenience of the scholars who

cut out the whole or part of it, attach extracts to catalogue cards and classify them. By adding this note to the others they will be able to find out rapidly whether this particular bibliography has been analyzed or not. Isis nos. 124 to 126 (Isis 41, 147-34, I950).

These numbers are analyzed in the 77th Critical Bibliography. Every previous number has been analyzed in previous bibliographies.

60. Errata

(For previous errata, see Isis 41, 415).

Si quis Argi oculos habere posset eosque omnes diligentissime ac accuratissime intenderet in singulos versus multa tamen eum inter corrigendum effu- gerent. ISiS 2Z, 646. Goethals, E., not M.

2Z, 65i. Henry, J. XX, 56i, not 566. 2Z, 683. Schmid, A. XIX, 538; Schmidt, A.,

XXI, 593. 30,360. W. B. Hardy died 1934, not 1933. 30, 6ig. Osborn, H., XXX, 396, not 397. 33, 12I and 177. for Mayrick, read Meyrick. 34, 285. A. W. Meyer, XVII(i)D

Osins 2, 152, pI. 9. W. Wien was born I864, cap- tion implies I874.

A few other misprints are not mentioned in these errata, because they are too obvious to cause any error or confusion. I wish to express my thankful- ness to the readers who take the trouble to make the above-mentioned corrections in their set of Isis and the Introduction. I would advise them after having accomplished that little task, to write their initials near mine at the bottom of this note to indicate that these and the previous errata have been taken into account. G. S.

These and the previous errata have been corrected by....................................................................................

Index of Names Included in the

Seventy-seventh Critical Bibliography

The Roman figures followed by (i) or (2) refer to the centurial classification (Part I); thus Abano, P. d', XIV(I) means that a paper by Abano is listed under fourteenth century, first half.

The Arabic figures refer to the historical and to the systematic classification (Part II and III) which are subdivided into sections numbered consecutively from i to 6o. For instance, 'Abd al- Rahman al-Badaw!, 14, indicates that a paper by 'Abd al-Rahman al-Badawl is listed in section 14 (Islam); Abrams, J. W., 23 indicates that a paper by Abrams is listed in section 23 (Astronomy).

The symbols IV(a), IV(b), and IV(c) refer to the sections on America, Australasia and Oceania, and Africa, at the end of Part II. For instance, Azevedo da Silva Ramos, B. de, IV(a) indicates that a paper by Azevedo da Silva Ramos, B. de is listed in section IV(a) (America). April 25, '95' FRANCES SIEGEL

Adadaly de Vinyals, R. d., VIII(2)

Abano, P. d', XIV(i) 'Abd al-Rahman al-Badawl, I4 Abell, I., XIX(i)D Aberg, B., XVII(2)B

Abrams, J. W., 23 Ackermann, A. S. E., i6 Adams, C. R., XVIII (2) B Agarwal, S. N., 9 Agostini, A., XVII(2)A Ahlstr6m, O., XIX(i)B

Ahmadullah Khan Dehlavi, 9 Aldridge, A. O., XVIII(2)B Allan, D. J., IV(2)B.C. Allen, E. B., 2

Allouse, B. E., 29

Alonso, M. (S.J.), XII(2)



Index to Critical Bibliography 389 Altekar, A. S., 9 Alpatov, M., 45 America & the Mind of Europe,

43 Anawati, G. C., XI(I) Anawati, M. M., I4 Anderson, 0. W., XX D Andrade, E. N. da C., XVII(2)A Anker, J., XVIII(2)C AnseliM, St., XI(2) Anson, B. J., 34 Apel, W., XIV(2) Arber, A., 28 Arberry, A. J., XIE(i), 14 Archibald, R. C., III(i)B.C.,

XVIII(2)A Arderne, J., XIV(2) Aristotle, IV(2)B.C. Armao, E., XVUII(2)C Armitage, A., XVI(i)B,

XVUII(i)A, 23 Arnakis, G. G., XIV(i), I4 Arnold, J. R., 39 Artelt, W., XVI (z)D, so Arutiunian, A. K., 25 Aspelin, G., I6 Atomic Energy, I7 Atz, J. W., 29 Aubert, M., 6 Auger, L., XVII(i)B Averroes, XII(2) Azevedo da Silva Ramos, B. de,

IV(A)

Babcock, E. B., 27 Bacq, Z. M., XX D Badawl, A., IV(i) B.C.,

IV(2)B.C. Bagchi, P. C., 9 Bagrow, L., XVIII(i)C, IO Bailey, C., I(x)B.C. Bailey, E. B., XVIII(2)C Bailkey, N. M., 3 Bald, R. C., XVIII(2)E Banfi, A., XVII(z)B Bankoff, G. A., SI Barbeau, M., IV(a) Barnard, J. E., XX B Barnard, K. H., XIX(i)C Barnes, E. W., 49 Baron, S. W., 12 Barrett, D., 14 Barthelemy, A., 14 Batchelder, C. F., XIX(2)C Bauer, E., 24 Baumann, E. D., XVII(2) D Bavink, B., i6 Baynes, C. F., IO Bayon, H. P., XVII(i)A Beaglehole, J. C., 31 Beal, E. C., Jr., II

Beaujouan, G., XVIII(2)A, 6, I6 Beck, B. F., 29 Becker, F., 23 Beekman, F., XVIII(2)D

Beer, K., XVI(2)D Beer, R. R., XVIII(i) D Belgium, i6 Belin-Milleron, 27

Bell, R. A., 24

Belloni, G., 5 Belloni, L., XV (2), XIX (2) D,

34, 50 Beltran, E., XX C Benedict, R. C., XIX(i)C Benjamin, J. A., XVI(2)D Bennett, G. W., XIX(i)B Berck, F., 32

Beresford, M. W., 6 Berghoff, E., go Berkeley, E. C., 20 Berkeley, M. J., XIX(2)C Bernard, J., i8 Bernard, T., 9 Bernard-Maitre, H., XIX(2)A,

22

Berr, H., 44 Berrill, N. J., XV(2) Bertrand, G., XVIII(2)B Beveridge, W. I. B., I7 Bezborodov, M. A., XVIII(i)B,

26 Bhattacharya, S., 9 Bianchi, V., XIX(i)D Biffen, R. H., XX C Biggerstaff, K., io Binoux, L. F., I6 Birge, J. K., I4 Blair, G. W. S., i8 Blake, R. P., X(i) Blanck, A., XIX(x)B Blenner-Hassett, R., XII(2) Blilh, 0., 4, i6, I7, 23, 24

Blunt, W., 28 Boas, E. P., XIX(2)D Boas, F., 27 Boas, M., XVII(2)B Bodde, D., lo Boerner, F., So Boev, G. P., 2 Bogusch, E. R., 28

Bohr, N., i7 Bokii, G. B., 32

Bokser, B. Z., XII(2) Bolzano, B., XIX(i) A Bonacina, L. C. W., XIX(i)C Bonet, H., XIV(2) Bonjour, A., VIII(i) Bonser, W., VI(i) Bookstaber, P. D., 12

Boring, E. G., I6 Borisiak, A. A., 32

Bork-Feltkamp, A. J. van, 35 Born, M., i8 Bouligand, G., 20

Bourgouin, L., I6 Bouvier, R., XIX(')C Bouyges, M. (S.J.), IX(I) Bowen, R. L., Jr., 14 Bower, U. G., 9

Bowers, A. W. IV(a) Boyer, A., 29 Boyer, C. B., XVI (i) A,

XVII(i)A, XVII(i)B, XVII(2)A, 20

Bragg, Sir L., 24 Breasted, J. H., Jr., 2

Brehier, E., 4 Bridgman, P. W., I8 Bridgwater, W., 44 British Journ. for Phil. of Sci., i8 British Medical Journal, XX D Brodin, G., XIV(2) Broglie, L. de, XIX(2)B, XX B Bronk, D. W., I8 Broom, R., 35 Brown, G. B., i8 Brown, L. A., 3I Brown, M. E., XVIII(2)D Brown, S. C., 24 Brozek, J., I7 Bruins, E. M., 3 Buber, M., I2

Buck, C. D., 46 Buess, H., Si Bugler, G., XVII(2)E Bull. of the Hist. of Med., so Burger, D., 6, 22, 24 Bush, D., i8 Bush, G. P., I7 Butler, F., XIX (2) D Butterfield, H., i6, 49

Cabaniss, J. A., IX(I) Caldin, E. F., i8 Callandreau, E., 20 Collinder, B., 3I Calman, W. T., 29 Cam, H., 6 Campbell, E. M. T., XVIII(x)B Cappellini, I., XIII(2) Caquot, A., XVII(2)B Cardew, F., XVII(2)C,

XVHI(2)C Cartwright, F. F., XIX(i)B Casariego-Fernindez, J. E.,

V B.C. Caspar, M., XVII(x)B Caspersson, T. V., 27 Castaldi, L., XIX(i)D Castiglioni, A., So Castro, A., 44 Caullery, M., 27 Cave, A. J. E., 2

Celtis, C., XV(2) Centaurus, I6 Cerny, J., 2 Chadwick, H. M., XX E Chadwick, W. 0., V(z) Chapiro, J., XVI(i)E Charanis, P., 7 Chenakal, V. L., 24 Childe, V. G., 39, 43 Chrimes, K. M. T., IV(r)B.C. Chymia, 25



390 Index to Critical Bibliography Clagett, M., XIV(i) Clark, G. N., XVII(2)E Clark, J. M., 6 Cleaves, F. W., XIV(i) Clepper, H., XX C CMmre, J. J., 2 Clifford, J. L., XVIII(2)E Cohen, I. B., XVIII(2)B, i6, 23,

25

Cohen, M. R., I8 Cohn, F., XIX(2)C Cole, F. J., XVII(2)C Conant, J. B., I7 Conant, K. J., 6 Constantin-Weyer, M., XIX(I)C Constantinos VII Porphyrogen-

netos, X(2) Coolidge, J. L., 20 Cooper, P., 52 Corner, B. C., XVIII(2)D Corwin, E. H. L., Si Cory, R., XIX(2)B Cosby, C. B., XVIII(2)D Costabel, P., 22 Coulson, T., XIX(i)B Courtois, J. E., 25 Cox, J. F., 4 Cragg, G. R., XVII(2)E Crawford, 0. G. S., 5, 3I Cresson, A., IV(2)B.C. Croce, B., XX E Croissant-Goedert, J., 20 Crombie, A. C., XIII(I) Crommelin, C. A., XVII(2)B, 26 Crone, G. R., XVIII(i)B Croydon, F. E., XII(i) Cummins, S. L., 51

Curtius, E. R., 6

Dainville, F. de MDJ., 54 Daisomont, M., 23 Dangeard, P.-A., XX C Daniel, W., XII(i) Danjon, A., XIX(i)A Darlington, C. D., 17 Darrow, K. K., 24 Darwin, C., XIX(2)C Daumas, M., XVIII(2)B,

XIX(i)B, i6 David, P., 6 Davies, M., i6 Davies, N. M., 2 Davis, A. G., XIX(i)C Davis, T. L., 25 Davison, W. C., XX D Davitashvili, L. S., XIX(2)C Dawson, W. R., XIX(2)C, 2 Dean, R. J., XII(2) De Beer, E. S., XVII(2)E De Beer, G. R., XVII(2)E,

XVIII(i) B, XVIII(2)B De Boer, J., V B.C. De Boer, J. J., 14 Dedering, S., XIV(I) Dee, P. I., XX B

Deelman, H. T., XVI(i)E Deerr, N., 28

De Feyfer, F. M. G., XVII(i)D Defourneaux, M., 6 De Gaury, G., 14 De Golyer, E., i6 Deichgraber, K., 4 Deischer, C. K., XVI(2)B Delachet, A., 20

Delatouche, R., 6 DehMpine, M., XIX(2)B Delorme, S., XVIII(i)E Demargne, P., 4 Demars, C., XVI(2)C Dempster, A. J., XX B Dempster, G., XIV(2) Denhardt, R. M., 29 Denney, R., 43 Depman, I. I., XIX(i)A, 20

Descartes, XVII(W)A Descy, A., 26 Desgranges, J., 20 Deslandres, H., XX B Dessauer, F., i8 Destombes, M., XVII(') C Deuel, H., 24

Devrient, W., 5I

De Waard, C., XVII(i)A Dibner, B., 2

Dickinson, J. C., 6 Dieckmann, H., XVUII(2)D,

XVTIII(2) E Diepgen, P., So Diez, E., XIII(2) Dijksterhuis, E. J., XVII(2)B, I( Dingle, H., XVIII(i)B, x6 Dingwall, E. J., 37 Dionesov, S. M., XVIII(i)D Dobell, C., XVIII(2)C, XX C Dockx, S. I., i8 Doig, P., 23 Dollard, J., 37 Donovan, J. P., XIII(i) Dorairajan, C., g Dorwart, H. L., XIX(i)A Douglas, J. A., XIX(i)C Drabkin, I. E., IV(2)B.C. Driver, G. R., 8, 12

Dubois, A., XIX(2)D, XX D Dubs, H. H., Io Dubs, R., XVIII(i)B Duff, R., XX C, IV(b) Dufour, L., XVIII(2)B, 33 Dufrenoy, J., XII(i),

XVIII(i)B, 25, 35 Dufrenoy, M. L., XII(i),

XVIII(x)B, 25, 35 Dujardin, B., 5I

Dujarric de la Rivi6re, R., XVIII(2 )B

Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 7 Dunsheath, P., 26 Dunstan, Sir W. R., XX C D'uong Ba-Banh, 8 Durant, W., 6

Duren, A., XX D Duveen, D. I., XVI(W)D,

XVIII(2)B Duyvendak, J. J. L., io Dvoichenko-Markov, E.,

XVIII(2)E

Eaton, L. K., XIX(i)D Eden, W. A., XIII(2) Edinger, T., 34 Edmonds, J. M., XIX(i)C Edwards, K., XIV(i) Eggan, F., IV(a) Ehrlich, H., XIX(2)D Einstein, A., XX B Ekholm, G. F., IV(a) Elder, E. E., XIV(2) Elia, P. M. d'(S.J.), XVII(i)B Eliade, M., 48, 49 Elkin, A. P., IV(b) Elton, C., 29 Emeneau, M. B., 9 Emerson, W., VI(I) Engel, C. E., 3I Engel, H., XVII(2)C,

XVIII(i)B, 29

Enriques, F., 20

Erhard, H., XVIII(2)C Erhardt-Siebold, E. v., 6 Erickson, A. B., XIX(i)D Erkes, E., VI B.C. Erlanger, Baron R. d', 14 Erwin, A. T., 28 Etter, C., i i Ettinghausen, R., I4 Etziony, M., XVI(i ) D Eucken, A., XX B Euler, L., XVHI(i)A Evelyn, J., XVII(2)E Every, G., 7 Evrard, R., 26

Ewan, J., 27

Eyles, V. A., 32

Fackenheim, E. L., X(I) Farber, E., XIX(i)B Farber, M., 48 Farmer, H. G., 14 Farrington, B., XVII(i)E, 4 Faust, E. C:., 5I Faust, L., xi

Fayol, A., XX B Fazy, R., XVIII(i)E Ferguson, W. K., 44 Ferm, V., 48, 49 Fermor, Sir L., XIX(2) C Fernald, M. L., XX C Fesenkov, V. G., 23 Fester, G. A., 5 F6vrier, J. G., 8, 46 Fierz, M., XIX(i)B Figurovskil, N. A., 25 Filliozat, J., 9 Fischel, W. G., IV(b) Fischel, W. J., 12



Index to Critical Bibliography 39 1

Fischer, H., XVIII(2)E Fischer, K., VI(I) Fischer, S., 37 Fischer, W., XX D Fish, S. A., XIX(2)D Fleckenstein, J. O., XVII(i)A, 20 Fleury, P. F., 25 Florisoone, A., 23 Flury, F., XVIII(2)C Fodor, N., 37 Forbes, R. J., I, 2, 26 Ford, E. B., 27 Ford, W. J., XVII(i)D Forsskal, P., XVIII(2)C Forster-Cooper, C., XX C Foucher, A., VI B.C., 9 Fracastoro, G., XVI(I)D Franqon, M., XVI(i)E Frank, P., XX B, I8 Franke, H., IO Franklin, K. J., XX D Fraser, C. G., 24 Frazer, W. M., 5i Freedman, P., I7 Freeman, J. T., XVII(I)D Freimann, A., 12

French, J. M., XVII(i)E Friedenwald, H., XIV(2) Friedman, R., 5I Frisch, K. V., 29 Frison, E., 24 Frye, R. N., X(I) Fryer, J. C. F., XX C Fuck, J. W., X(2), 14 Fulton, J. F., XX D, I6, 50

Gage, J., 5 Gagnebin, S., XVII(i)A, i6 Gaisinovich, A. E., 34 Galdston, I., XVI(I)D, 49 Gallo, R., XVI(2)C Gambier, R., XV(2) Gandhi, M. K., XX E Gandz, S., XII(2), XV(I) Ganshof, F. L., VIII(2) Gansser, A., 25 Ganzenmueller, W., 25 Garboe, A., XVII(2)D Garcia Gomez, E., X(I), 14 Gardet, L., I4 Gardiner, Sir A. H., 2 Garofalo, F., 50 Garwood, E. J., XX C Gasparrini Leporace, T., XIV(I) Gaynor, F., 37 Geiser, S. W., 27 Gellhomn, W., I7 Gettens, R. J., 32 Ghellinck, J. de (S.J.) XII(I) Gibbs, F. W., XVIII(i)E, 26 Gibson, C. S., XX B Gibson, R. W., XVII(I)E Glazer, N., 43 Glesinger, E., 28 Glesinger, L., XVI(2)C

Glicksberg, C. I., i8 Gliozzi, M., XVI(2)D Gloden, A., 20 Gnedenko, B. V., 20 Goad, E. F., XIX(2)C Godeaux, L., XIX(2) A Goethe, J. W., XVIII(2)B,

XVIII(2)C Goetze, A., 3 Goff, F. R., XV(2) Goldschmidt, E. P., XV(2) Goldschmidt, R., XX C Gonseth, F., i8 Goodrich, L. C., XIII(2), IO Goodspeed, T. H., 28 Gordon, B. L., I, 24, 50 Gordon, L. S., XVIII(i)B Gorosch, M., XIII(2) Gorter, R. A., 5I Goudsmit, S. A., XX B Gowers, Sir W., I Grabmann, M., XIII(2) Grand, R., 6 Grant, V., XVIH(i)B Graham, H., 5I Gray, A., 28 Gray, E., 27 Green, H. G., XIX(2)E Greenwood, M., XX D, 5I Grigoire, A. (S.J.), I8 Gregoire, H., 4 Griffenhagen, G., 53 Gruber, G. B., XX D Grunthal, E., XVIH(2)E Gudger, E. W., XVII(i) C Gueraud, 0., III(i) Guerlac, H., XX B, I6 Guerra, F., 5I

Guerrero Lovillo, J., XIII(2) Gundel, W., I Guthrie, D., XIX(2)D, 5I

Haast, H. F. v., XIX(2)C Hacker, P., IX(I) Haddad, G., I4

Haenisch, E., XIII(2) Hagdson, R. W., IV(a) Hagen, S. N., XIV(2) Hagen, V. W. v., XIX(i)C Halevy, E., 48 Halkin, A. S., XII(2) Hall, T. S., 27, 29

Hall, V., Jr., XVI(i)E Halstead, P. E., XIX(2)B Hammett, F. S., g Hammond, G. P., XIX(2)C Hammond, J., 29 Hampton, I. A., XIX(2) D Hansen, H. P., 40 Hardman, D., XX E Hartman, L. F., 3 Hardy, A. C., 29 Hare, C. C., 5o Harper, R. S., XIX(2)C Harris, J., 44

Harris, V., XVII(i)E Harrison, I., XVIII(i)A Hart, H. H., XVI(I)E Hartmann, M., I8 Hartner, W., XIII(2), IO Hasan 'Abd al-Salam, XVI(2)D Hattery, L. H., I7 Haury, E. W., IV(a) Haverkamp, A. D., 5I Haynes, W., 25 Hebb, D. 0., 37 Hedrick, U. P., 28 Heinrich, F., XX B Henderson, G. H., XX B Henry, P. (S.J.), 111(2) Henshaw, C. L., 24 Heyerdahl, T., IV(b) Heyman, H. J., XIV(I) Higgins, L. G., XVIII(2)C Hindle, B., XVIII(2)E Hippocrates, V B. C. Hirsch, R., XV(2) Hirschler, P., XX E History of Science, I6 Hjelmslev, J., 4 Hjort, J., XX C Hobbs, W. H., XIV(2), XV(2),

XVI(i)C, XIX(I)C Hocart, A. M., 9 Hodgson, R. W., IV(a) Hofmann, J. E., XVII(2)A Hogben, L., 20 Holland, L. A., 5 Hollard, A., XVI(2)D Holmberg, A., XIX(i)B Honigmann, E., IV(2) B.C., v(i) Hopf, C., XVI(i) E Hopkins, Sir F. G., XX B Horine, E. F., XIX(i)D, Io Hornell, J., 29 Hortega, P. del R., 34 Hostettler, F., 24 Hourani, G. F., I4 Houtzager, D., 20 Hoyle, F., 23 Hoyoux, J., XVI(i)E Huard, P., 8, I6 Hugenholtz, F. W. N., XIV(I) Hume, E. H., XIX(2)D Hunt, R. W., VI(i), XII(I),

XII(2) Husserl, E., XX E Hutton, J., XVIII(2)C Huxley, J., 27

Ianovskaia, S. A., XVII(2)A, 2 Idelsohn, N. I., XVI(i)B Institut pour la recherche scien-

tifique, IV(c) Irwin, K. G., 24 Ischer, A., I6 Istoriko matematicheskie

issledovaniia, 20 Itard, J., III(I)B.C.



392 Index to Critical Bibliography Iushkevich, A. P., II(2),

XVIII(I)A, XIX(I)A, 20 Izquierdo, J. J., XVIII(I)E,

XVIII(2)D, XIX(i)D, XIX(2)D, XX D, 36

Jackson, W., XIX(2)B Jaeger, W. W., 4 Janse, 0. R. T., 8 Janssens, E., IV(i)B.C.,

IV(2)B.C. Japan Science Review, ii jasny, N., i Jenner, E., XVIII(2)D Jerusalem, I2

Jespersen, P. H., XIX(2)C Johansson, B., XVII(I) E Johnson, A. M., XVIII(i)C Johnson, 0. B., XIX(2)C Jonckheere, F., 2

Jones, H. W., XVII(2)E Jordan, W. T., 28 Julin, L. A., 50 Jung, P., XVII(2)D

Kagan, V. F., 20

Kallen, H. M., 12 Kaloyereas, S. A., 26 Kammerer, W., 2 Kant, I., XVIII(2)E Karcher, J., XVI(2)D Karlgren, B., Io Karrer, P., XX B Kasner, E., XVIII(i)A, 20

Kattsoff, L. 0., 20

Kedrov, B. M., XIX(2)B Keenan, M. E., IV(2) Keffer, L., 5i Keil, H., 50 Keimer, L., V B.C., 2 Kelly, A., XII(2) Kennedy, E. S., XV(I) Kepler, J., XVII(i)B Kerenyi, K., 4, 49 Kerr, Sir J. G., XIX (2) C Keuning, J., XVI (2) C, XVII(I) C Keynes, G., XVII(x)D Keys, A., 36 Keys, T. E., 50 Khaldun, Ibn, XIV(2) Khalif6, I. A. (S.J.), V(I) Khrgian, A. K., 33 Kilgour, F. G., I6

Kincaid, T., XX C King, H. C., XIX(i)B Kipping, F. S., XX B Kirchner, W., 32

Kirkham, N., 32

Kisch, B., XIX(2)D Kish, G., XVI(2)C Klemm, F., 26

Klickstein, H. S., XIX(i)B Klose, N., 28 Kluckhohn, C., 35 Kohlin, H., XVII(i )C

Koenigs, E., XX B Kohn, M., 25 Kondelka, J., XIX(2)D Koukoul'es, P., 7 Koyre, A., XVII(2)B Kramer, H. D., XIX(2)D Kranefeldt, W. M., 37 Krogh, A. S. S., XX C, XX D Kropp, G., 20

Kudriavtsef, P. S., 24 Kuliabko, E. S., XVIII(2)C Kunst, J., IV(b) Kuznetsov, B. G., XVIII(i)A,

XVIII(i)B

Lacaille, A. D., 39 Lacoste, E., XVII(2) E Lacroix, A., XX C Lafleur, L. J., XVII(i)E Laignel-Lavastine, M., 50 Lamont, A., 32 Lamotte, E., III(i) Lange, K., 44 Laoust, H., XII(2) Larsen, E. L., XVIII(2)C Latimer, J. F., XVIII(2)E Laue, M. V., 24

Law, B. C., II(i) Lawrence, W. W., XIV(2) Lawson, E. W., XVI(i)C Lawson, H. C., XIX(I)D Leake, C. D., 47 Leemans, E. A., II(2) Lefort, F. L., 28 Legge, M. D., 6 Legget, H. W., XX A Lehmann, P., 6 Lehmann, W. P., ii Leibniz, G. W., XVII(2)A Lejard, A., XX E Lejeune, A. F., II(I) Lemaitre, G., XIX(i)A Lemay, P., XIX(2)B Lenger, F., XVII(i)A Lenoir, J., 28 Leonardo da Vinci, XV(2) Leprince-Ringuet, L., 24 Lerch, P., XV(2) Lerner, I. M., 29

Letroye, A., XIX(2)C Levenson, J. R., XIX(2)E Levey, M., 6 Levillier, R., XV(2) Levinson, A., XX D Levi-Provenqal, E., X(I) Lewison, E. F., 49 Ley, C. D., 31 Libby, W. F., 39 Liebenthal, W., IV(2), V(I) Liebeschiutz, H., XII(2) Ligeti, L., 8 Lindroth, S., XIX(z)C Lindsay, J., I7 Linnaeus, XVIII(i)C Little, G. A., VI(I)

Liu, G. K-chich, Io Lobachevskii, N. I., XIX(i)A Lockemann, G., XIX(2)B Longhurst, J. E., XVI(i)E Lot, F., 23

Loture, R. de, 29

Lounsbery, G. C., 8 Lucas, A., 2

Liucker, M. A., XIV(I) Luther, F., XIX(2)B

Machabey, A., XVII(i)A, 26 Macomber, H. P., XVII(2)A Maddison, R. E. W., XVII(2)B Madelin, L., I6 Maenchen-Helfen, 0., 10 Mahibhirata, 9 Mahfouz, N. bey, 14, 51 Maier, A., XIV(i) Maimonides, XII(2) Maksimov, N. A., 28 Malleret, L., 8 Maloney, W. J., XVIII(2)D Mandelbaum, D. G., XX C Manneback, C., i8 Manton, I., 28 Marqais, G., 14 Marcon des de Souza, T. 0.,

XV(2) Marcus, J. R., 12

Marquardt, M., XIX(2)D Marrou, H. I., V(I) Marshall, F. H. A., XX C Marshall, 0. S., II(I) Martensen, H. L., XVII(i)E Martin, H., XIX(2)D Martin, L., 27

Martinovitch, N. N., XIV(1) Marx, A., I2

Matthis, A. R., XIX(i)B Mayer, C. F., 50 Mayer, L. A., I4 Maynial, E. XIX(i)C Maziarz, E. A., 20

McAtee, W. L., XVIII(i)C McCallum, E. V., XX D McConnaughey, G., XIX(2)C McCrea, W. H., XX B McDaniel, W. B., 27

McDonald, D., 9 McDonald, E., 17 McGill, V. J., 48 McGregor, M. F., V B.C. McKie, D., XVIII(2)B McKinney, L. C., II(2) Menasce, P. J. de, 14 Men6ndez Pidal, R., XX E Menon, C. A., 9 Menon, N. M., 9 Meritt, B. D., V B.C. Merkenschlager, F., 27 Merlan, P., I(I)B.C. Merritt, W., 50 Merton, E. S., XVIIH(i)C,

XVII(i)D



Index to Critical Bibliography 393

Merton, R. K., 43 Mesnard, P., XVI(2)E Meyer, R. W., XVII (2) E Meyerding, H. W., XIX(2)D Meyerhof, M., '4 Meyerhof, O., XVIII(2)E Michel, H., 10, 23, 24

Michels, A. K., 5 Mieli, A., x6 Mierow, C. C., XII(i) Miles, G. C., I4 Miles, W., 25 Millis Vallicrosa, J. M., XII(I), 6 Miller, H. W., V B.C. Miller, J. E., XVII (2) A Miller, L., XX C Miller, N. E., 37 Millikan, R. A., XIX(2)B Minckelers, J. P., XVIII(2)B Minio-Paluello, L., IV(I) B.C.,

IV(2) B.C. Mirsky, J., 31 Mitchell, E. T., 47 Mogenet, J., XIV(I) Molero, XII(2) Mondor, H., 34 Montagu, A., 35 Monteil, V., 14 Moody, E. A., 6 Moorman, L. J., 52 Morgan, B. Q., XIII(2) Morison, S. E., 44 Most, H., 5i Mowrer, 0. H., 43 Miller, F. W., XIII(2) Muller, R., 4 Muench, 0. B., 32 Mukerjee, R., 45 Muller, H. J., i7 Mullett, C. F., 5i Muiioz, Sendino, J., XIII(2) Murray, M. A., 2

Mullett, C. F., XIX(i)D Murayama, S., XIII(i)

Naef, H., XVI(2)E Nagaeva, V. M., XIX(i)A Nava, P., 50, 51 Neave, E. W. J., XVIII(2)B Negro, The, 35 Nekrasova, V. L., 28 Nekrassoff, V. A., x7 Neuman, A. A., X(i) Newmann, J., 20 Newton, I., XVII(2)A Nicholls, R. V. V., 25 Nims, C. F., 2

Nininger, H. H., 33 Norman, E. H., iI Novikov, P. A., XVIII(2)C

Oberhoffor, M., XVIII(2)E Ody, F., XX D Oehser, P. H., i6

Oesper, R. E., XIX(2)B Olivier-Martin, F., 43 Olschki, L., XIII(2), XIV(I) Onfray, R., XVII(i) A Oppenheim, A. L., 3 Osiris, i 6 Osler, Sir W., XX D Osmond, P. H., XVII(2)A Owen, E. C., x8

Pagel, W., XVI(2)D Palm, E. W., XVI(i)E Palman, P., XVII(i)A Paneth, F. A., XVIII(i)B Paracelsus, XVI (i ) D Paret, R., I4 Paris, P., 14 Parker, A., 26 Partington, J. R., I, 25

Pastore, N., 27 Patri, A., XX E Patterson, L. D., XVII(2)D Patterson, S. W., 5I Pedersen, J., 14 Pedro Alfonso, XII(I) Peeters, P., 4 Pelseneer, J., I6, 22

Pefiuela, J. M. (S.J.), XII(2) Pepper, 0. H. P., 50 Perez Embid, F., 6 Perrin, J., XX B Petrarca, F., XIV(I) Pettengill, G. E., XIX(i)E Peyer, B., XVIII(2)D Pfeiffer, R. H., 49 Phillips, M. M., XVI(x)E Pickles, W., XVIII(i)D Piggott, S., VI(I) Pines, S., 14 Pinkerfeld, J., 14 Pinkett, H. T., 28 Piveteau, J., XIX(i)C Pla, C., XVII(i)B, I7, 24 Planck, M., XX B Planenatz, J., XIX(i)E Planiol, M., 29 Pleadwell, F. L., XVII(2)D Plotinos, III(2) Poffenberger, A. T., XX E Poliakov, I. A., 27 Polynov, B. B., 32

Popol Vuh, IV(a) Popper, K. R., i8 Porteous, G., 28 Powell, J. H., XVIII(2)D Prandtl, W., XIX(i)B Pratt, F., XIV(2) Pratt, J. H., XIX(2)D Pratt, R., 27 Prelat, C. E., XIX(i)B Prescott, H. F. M., XV(2) Prudnikov, V. E., XIX(2)A Pruvost, P., 32

Punnett, R. C., XX C

Putman, J., i6

Rabinowitz, J. L., XVI(2)B Rachford, B. K., XIX(2)D Raikov, B. E., XIX(i)C Rainich, G. Y., 22

Rainov, T. I., XVIII(i)E Raistrick, A., i6 Rapoport, A., I7 Rath, G., XVI(2)C Raven, C. E., XVII (2) C Raven, H. C., 34 Rayleigh, R. J. S., XX B Razi, IX(2) Reddy, D. V. S., XI(i), 9 Reeves, M. E., XII(2) Reichel-Dolmatoff, G., IV(a) Reiss, S., 46 Renou, L., g Renouard, Y., 6 Rheinboldt, H., XIX(i) B,

XIX(2)B Ricci, J. V., 5I

Rich, E. E., XVIIII(i)C Richardson, R. G. D., XX A Rickett, H. W., XIX(i)C Riesman, D., 43 Righi, A., XIX(2)B Rinman, S, XVIII(2)E Ritchie, A. D., i8 Ritter, H., 14 Robb-Smith, A. H. T., 34 Robertson, D. W. Jr., 6 Robertson, R., XX B Robinson, C. A., Jr., I Robinson, F. N., 6 Robinson, J., XIX(2)D Robinson, J. T., 35 Robyns, W., 28 Roddier, H., XVIII(2)E Roddis, L. H., XVIII(2)D,

XIX(i)D Rodinson, M., I4 Rogers, A. D. III, XIX(2)C Rogers, Sir L., XX D Romanel, P., 47 Rome, A., IV(2) Rooseboom, M., XVII(2)C Rosellini, I., 2 Rosen, E., XVII(I)B Rosen, G., XIX(i) D, XIX(2) D Rosenfeld, L., XIX(x)B, XX B Rosenthal, F., XII (i) Rossi, E., XVII(2)C Rostand, J., XVII(1)C, 27 Roth, C., XVIII(2)E Roth, L., XII(2) Rowbottom, M. E., XVII(2)B Rowe, J. S., XIX(I)B Rowley, H. H., 12 Rucker, M. P., 50 Rudberg, S. Y., I(x)B.C. Runes, D., I2 Runge, I., XIX(2)B



304 Index to Critical Bibliography

Ruska, J., 25 Russell, J. C., 6 Russell, K. F., 34 Russell-Wood, J., XVIII(2)B

Siive-Soderbergh, T., 2

Saint-Seine, P. de, 27

Salamanca, L., XIX(ic)C Salinger, G., 14 Santillana, G. de, XVIII(i)E Sarraf, A. H. al, XI(2)

Sarton, G., X(2), XIV(I), XVII(i)A, XVII(2)B, XVIII(2)A, XIX(2)A, II, I4, i6, 20, 41, 45

Sassoon, D. S., 12

Sastry, S. V. P., 9 Sastry, S. V. S., 9 Sauer, J. D., 28 Saussure, R. de, XVIII(2)D Savoy, E., 28 Sawyer, E. C., XVIII(2)C Sbath, P., X(2) Sbordone, F., I(i)B.C., 4 Schacht, J., XX E Schenk, V. W. D., XVI(i)E Schepers, G. W. H., 35 Schierbeek, A., XVII(2)C Schlifli, L., XIX(2)A Schleyer, F. L., 36 Schmalhausen, I. I., 27

Schmassmann, H., 32

Schmidt, G., XIX(2)B Schneider, H., 41 Schoenrich, 0., XV(2) Schoute, D., XVIII(2)D Schove, D. J., 23

Schrek, D. J. E., V(I), 20 Schrodinger, E., 22, 25

Schuhl, P. M., IV(i)B.C. Schuhl, P. M., 4 Schullian, D. M., 50 Schurer, H., XVIII(2)C Schwab, G., IV(c) Schwaller de Lubicz, I., 2

Schweitzer, A., 48 Scientific American, XX E Scott, J. M., XIX(i)B Scoville, W. C., 26 Seckel, D., VIII(i) Sedgwick, W. T., i6 Seeger, R. J., i8 Sellers, R. W., 48 Sellery, G. C., 44 Selye, H., 50 Semyonov, L., 6 Sen, S. N., XVII(2)C Sergescu, P., XVII(i)A Sergienko, S. R., 25

Seven, F., XX A Shafranovskii, I. I., 32

Shannon, A. C., XIII(i) Shatzky, J., 12

Sherrington, Sir C., XVI(i)D Sherwood, E. J., 44

Shih-yiu Yu Li, 8 Shirras, G. F., XVII(2)A Shryock, R. H., 50 Sigerist, H. E., 50 Siggel, A., 14 Silverman, A., XX B Simons, L., XX A Simpson, G. G., 27, 32

Sinclair, H. M., 34 Singer, C., XVI(i)D, I6, 27, 34 Singleton, W. R., XX C Sinnott, E. W., 27 Sire'n, O., XVIII(i)E, IO Siry, J. W., XX B Skinner, H. A., 50 Slaughter, F. G., XIX(i)D Smeaton, J., XVIII(2)B Smedley, D., 29

Smerdon, G. T., XVII(i)D Smith, C. R., 49 Smith, K. M., 28 Smith, F., 54 Smith, S. W. J., XX B Smyth, H. De W., I7 Sneyers, R., XIX(i)B Sobol, S. L., XVIII(i)C,

XVIII(2)B, 24 Soddy, F., 25 Sommer, F. E., 50 Somogyi, J., XIV(2) Souter, A., 5 Spehl, E., XIX(2)D Speranskii, A. D., 50 Spring, K. H., 24

Stakman, E. C., i7 Stearn, W. T., XX C Stearns, R. P., XVIII(i)D Stebbins, G. L., Jr., 28 Stein, E., XX C, 7 Stein, L., XIX(2)E Steindorff, G., 2

Steinen, W. v. d., IX(2) Steno, N., XVII(2)C, XVII(2)JD Stephanides, M., IV(2) B.C.,

II(2), V(I), 4 Stephens, I. K., XIX(2)E Stephenson, M., XX C Stem, C., XX C Stevens, N. E., XX C Stevenson, R. S., 51 Stimson, D., i6 Stratton, F. J. M., 23 Straus, F., XX B Strauss, F., XVIII(2)E Strauss, M. D. H., i8 Strebel, J., XVI(2)D Stromberg, R., IX B.C. Strothmann, F. W., XIII(2) Studnitz, G. v., 27 Sulzberger, S., 20 Sunderman, F. W., 50 [Surgeon General, U.S.], XX D Syfret, R. H., XVII(2)E

Taeschner, F., XIV(i)

Tanner, W. E., XIX(2)D Tasch, P., XIX(i)C Tatakis, B. N., 7 Tatlock, J. S. P., XII(i) Taton, R., XVIII(2)A Taylor, F. S., i6, 25

Taylor, G., XX C Temkin, 0., XVIII(2)D,

XIX(2) D Teng Ssui-YVi, io Terrasse, H., XI(i), 14 Thaer, C., II(I) Thompson, D'A. W., XX C Thomson, E. H., XX D Thomson, G., 4 Thomson, J. 0., 31 Thorndike, L., XIV(I), XIV(2),

XV(2), 6, 23

Tilander, G., XIII(2) Tilton, E. M., XIX(i)D Timpanaro, S., XIX(i)B Tjomsland, A., 28 Tomkeieff, S. I., 32

Townsend, A. C., XIX(2)C Tritton, A. S., X(2) Tromp, S. W., 37 Tucci, G., 8 Tiurst, C., XV(2) Turkish maps, 14 Turrini, G., XVI(2)E Turyn, A., XIV(i) Tyler, H. W., i6

Ueberreiter, K., XX E Ugolino da Montecatini, XIV(2) Uhler, H. S., 20 Ullmann, W., 6 Underwood, E. A., XIX(i)D UNESCO, i7 Urdang, G., 53 Uttamarayan, C. S., g

Vaidyanatha Sastri, M. V., I4 Vaisiere, M. L., 4 Vajda, G., 14 Van Assen, J., XIX(2)D Vandel, A., 35 Van den Bergh, L. P. C., 6 Van den Dungen, F. H., 4 Vandenplas, A., 33 Van der Bijl, P., XX B Van der Waerden, B. L., 3, 20

Van de Velde, A. J. J., XVI(2)C, XVII (2) D, XVIII (2) D, XIX(I)B

Van Doren, C., XVIII(2)B Van Gils, J. M., XIX(2)B, 32 Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw, J. E., 9 Van Mieghem, J., 4 Van Nice, R. L., VI(i) Van Steenberghen, F., XIII(2), 6 Varagnac, A., 40

Varille, A., 2

Vartanian, A., XVIII(i)C Vasco da Gama, XV(2)



index to Critical Bibliography 395 Vassails, G., 24

Vavilov, S. I., XVII(2)A Veith, I., IO

Verlarde, A. G., XIX (ii) B Velghe, A., XIX(2)B Velikovsky, E., 23

Vernet, J., XII(2), 3, 14 Vernet Gines, J., XIII(2) Vesalius, XVI (i) D Veselovskii, I. N., 2

Vetch, H., IO Vial, E., XVI(')E Viets, H. R., XVIII (i)D, 50 Vintejoux, M., 14 Virieux-Reymond, A., 4 Voegelin, E. W., 35 Vogel, K., XV(2), 3 Vol'fkovich, S. I., 25 Vollgraff, J. A., 24

Voltaire, XVIII (2) E Von Loesecke, H. W., 28 Vorontsov-Vel'iaminov, B. A., 23

Voskuil, J., XVII(i) B

Wace, A. J. B., 4 Wackernagel, H. G., 6 Wade, I. O., XVIII(i)E Wade-Gery, H. T., V B.C. Wagner, H. R., XIII(2) Wagner, R. L., XVI(2)E Wakefield, E. I., XIX(2)E Waley, A., IX(i) Walker, C. H., XII(2) Wallace, P. R., 24

Walls, G. L., XIX(i)B

Walzer, R., II(2), 14 Ware, J. R., VI B.C. Warrington, C. J. S., 25 Warshaw, L. J., 5i Washburn, W. L., XIX(2)D Watson-Watts, Sir R., XIX(2) B Watt, W. M., 14 Weatherwax, P., 28 Webb, C. C. J., XIII(2) Webb, K. R., XIX(i)B Weckmann, L., XV(2) Wedderburn, J. H. M., XX A Weevers, T., XX C Wegelin, C., XVIII(i)D Weil, H., XX B Welch, W. H., XIX(2)D Wellesz, E., 4 Wells, H. K., XX E Welsch, M., XX D Wenyon, C. M., XX D Weyl, H., i8, 20

White, L., Jr., 54 White, L. A., 40 Whitfield, J. H., XVI(i)E Whitrow, G. J., i8, 22

Whittaker, E. T., i8 Whyte, L. L., i8 Wickersheimer, E., 49 Wightman, W. P. D., i6 Wilkie, J. S., i8 Wilkins, E. H., XIV(i) Wilkins, E. R., 44 Williams, T. F., XX D Willis, G. G., V(i) Willstiitter, R., XX B

Wilson, J. T., XX C Winderlich, R., XIX(2)B Winiwarter, H. de, XX C Winstedt, Sir R., 8 Winter, H., XVI (i) C, 14 Wittop Koning, D. A., XVII(2)B,

XIX(i) D Wolf, S. G., 50 Wolff, H. G., 50 Wolff, P. 0., 28 Wolfson, H. A., 12

Wood, S., XVIII(2) D Worcester, G. R. G., io Wright, A., XVIII(i)E Wright, T., XVIII(i)B Wroth, L. C., 31 Wymer, N., 26

Yampolsky, P., 23 Yang Lien-sheng, IO Yazdani, G. B., 9 Yearbook on Human Rights, 43 Yeh Te-hui, io Yost, R. M., Jr., XVII(2)D

Zacca, L. R., XVI(2)E Zeman, F. D., XVIII (2) D Zenkevich, L. A., 29

Zeuner, F. E., 39 Zeuthen, H. G., 20

Zinner, E., II(I), 23 Zirkle, C., 27 Zubov, V. P., 6 Zucker, F., III(2) Zweig, F. M., 6

