Seven Countries Project

Alena Thieu

Canada

Map of Canda

Country Description Size: - Land Area: 9,093,507 sq km - Water Area: 891,163 sq km - total: 9,984,670 sq kmClimate: - varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in northLocation: - Canda is located in the northern-most region of North America. Its southern territories run along the northern border of the continental United States. - Geographic cooordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 WPopulation: - 34,030,589

Geographic Features Land regions: - The Western Cordillera - The Interior Lowlands - The Arctic Lowlands - The Canadian Shield - The Hudson Bay Lowlands - The Innuition - The Appalachia Highlands Rivers (major): - Athabasca - Columbia - Fraser - Mackenzie - Nelson - Ottawa - St. Lawrence - Saskatchewan - Yukon

Geographic FeaturesLakes (major): - Lake Winnipeg - Great Slave Lake - Lake Athabasca - Reindeer Lake - Great Bear Lake Oceans: - The North Pacfic on the west coast - The Arctic Ocean in the north - The North Atlantic Ocean on the east coast Indigenous Fauna: - Mammals: bats, gray wolves, brown bears, caribou, moose, wolverines, musk oxen, Canada lynx, and the Northern American beaver

Geographic Features - Birds: Canadian geese, snowy owls, ravens, and whooping cranes. - Reptiles: gartner snakes, western rattlersnakes, rubber boas. and painted turtles - Amphibians: spotted salamanders, pacific salamanders, true frogs, true toads, and tree frogs. - Fish: Atlantic and Pacific salmon, rainbow trout, Arctic char, and brook trout Indigenous Flora: - pacific dogswood, wild roses, western red lily, prairie crocus, white trillium, blue flag, purple violets, mayflowers, lady's slipper, pitcher plants, fireweed, mountain avens, purple saxifraga, and maple leaves

Geographic Features: Vacation TourSeventy-nine miles north of Vancouver, Whistler Ski Resort is widely recongized as one of the world's best ski resorts. Whistler has been a popular torist attraction for 82 years. During the winter, skiers come to Whistler to enjoy what they love. However, during the summer, its thawed slopes beckon mountain bikers.

Geographic Features: Vacation TourAbout 1.2 million tourists visits the Bay of Fundy, a Canadian natural wonder. The main attraction at Fundy is the world's highest tide and the myriad natural phenomena, including several species of rare endangered whales.

History1497 - John Cabot, Italian navigator, reaches the coasts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton.1534 - Jacques Cartier explores the St Lawrence river, claims the shores of the Gulf of St Lawrence for France. 1583 - Newfoundland becomes England's first overseas colony. 1600s - Fur trade rivalry between the French, English and Dutch; the Europeans exploit existing rivalries between Indian nations to form alliances. 1627 - Company of New France established to govern and exploit "New France" - France's North American colonies. 1670 - Hudson's Bay Company established by London traders. The company holds trading rights for regions whose rivers drain into Hudson Bay. 1701 - Thirty-eight Indian nations sign a peace treaty near Montreal with the French, ending 20 years of diplomacy.

History1756 - Seven Years' War begins, between New France and the larger and economically-stronger British colonies. After early French successes, the settlement of Quebec falls in 1759 and the British advance on Montreal. 1763 - Under the Treaty of Paris, Britain acquires all French colonies east of the Mississippi including New France, which becomes the colony of Quebec. 1774 - The Quebec Act recognises the French language and the Roman Catholic religion in the colony. 1776 onwards - Loyalist refugees from the American War of Independence settle in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Ontario. 1783 - Fur traders in Montreal set up the North West Company. The company builds up a network of trading posts across the west and north; its expeditions reach the Pacific coast.

History1791 - Quebec divided into Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) and Upper Canada (present-day Ontario). 1800s - Immigration picks up. Thousands of newcomers from England, Scotland and Ireland arrive each year. 1812-14 - War of 1812 between the US and Britain, largely over the effects on the US of British blockades of French ports. Action includes naval battles in the Great Lakes and a US attack on York (present-day Toronto). But the US fails to realize its plans to invade Canada. 1821 - Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company merge, after years of bitter rivalry descend into bloodshed. 1837/8 - Armed rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada, caused by disaffection with the ruling elites, poverty and social divisions. 1841 - Formation of the United Province of Canada reunites Canada East (Lower) and Canada West (Upper) Canada.

History1867 - British North America Act unites Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in the Dominion of Canada. 1870 - Manitoba becomes fifth province, followed by British Columbia and Prince Edward Island.1898 - Gold rush along the upper Yukon River; Yukon Territory given separate status. 1905 - Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces of Canada. 1914 - Outbreak of World War I. Canada fights on the side of Britain and France. Some French-speaking Canadians are wary of the move.

Current Events On February 17, 2011, Ottawa’s (providence in Canada) federal cabinet minister stated that computers in two Canadian government departments were hacked in early January. China is the main suspect of the crime. Ever since the attack in January, Canada’s bureaucrats had little or no Internet access until now. The president of the Treasury Board, Stockwell Day, declared that the hackers had infiltrated computers in his department, which is liable for the government’s budget and financial policy. Day believed that the hackers were after Canada’s financial records. Since January, Canada’s government with great guard isolated their computers in the two departments that were attacked from the world wide web. Security officials investigated the individual computers for proof in case of criminal inspection and to eliminate the compromising software while the computers were left disconnected for nearly two months. It wasn’t until almost two months after the assault that the public was informed about the incident. The problem was so reserved that even the employees weren’t allowed to be updated. Most of the workers had to work at home or go to nearby cafes for Internet connections. There are many clues that lead the identity of the hackers are in fact from China. According to the CBC and other Canadian news organizations, the attackers embraced the same tactic that was used to steal essentials from the Indian Defense Ministry used by China last year. It is believed that the hackers used a method known as executive spear phishing. In order to use this scheme, the hackers would have had to take control of computers used by the senior officials in the aimed departments.

Current Events As soon as the hackers have access, they compose messages, that appears as if it came from the senior officials themselves, to the departments’ information technology sections, where they retrieved passwords to different government computer systems. Like the departments’ information technology sections, the hackers sent emails to the workers with attachments. When the attachments are opened, concealed programs are sent to find information on the government networks. Lastly, if the government’s security scanning software is designed to spot and obstruct harmful hidden programs, the hackers has two options: formulate programs that are unfamiliar to software security companies or seek a unusual system of hiding their unwanted computer code. It is reported that the government pin pointed the hackers to an Internet address in China. Rafal A. Rohozinski, one of the Munk School researchers who examined the earlier Chinese attack toward the Indians, believe that it is likely to conclude if China is behind the attack or if hackers are using China as a cover up.Since last fall, Canadian government upgraded to a new computer security strategy; however, very little of the plan has been put into effect, leaving security greatly uncoordinated and unstable in condition from section to section alleged by RohoziskI

PoliticalCapital: Ottawa, OntarioType of government: a parliament democracy, a federation, and a constitutional monarchy Government Leaders: Head of state: Queen Elizabeth; represented by Governor General David Johnston Viceroy: Governor General of Canada: David Lloyd Johnston Head of government: Prime Minister Stephen Joseph Harper

EconomyIndustry: - transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, and natural gasExports: - motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, and aluminumImports: - machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, and durable consumer goodsEconomic Status:

EconomyMajor Trade Partners: - United States; exports 75.02%, imports 51.1% - United Kingdom; exports 3.37% - China; exports 3.09%, imports 10.88% - Mexico; imports 4.56%Trade Associations: - The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) - The 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - European Free Trade Agreement (ETA)

Daily LifeStandard of Living: highLiteracy: 99% of total population can read and writeClothing: Western-styleInternet Usage: 26.95 million Languages: 58.8% English (official) 21.6% French (official) 19.6% other Ethnic Groups: 28% British Isles origin 26% mixed background 23% French origin 15% other European 6% Asian, African, Arab 2% indigenous Indian and Inuit

CulturalTraditions and Customs: Like America, because Canada is filled with immigrants in the early stages of Canda, there are traditions and customs from many parts of the world. However, there are many old Canadian traditions like: Thanksgiving: Unlike the Thanksgiving celebrated in America, Canadian Thanksgiving is held on the first Monday in October. The early settlers were so pleased with their first harvests in the new land that they had a celebration to give thanks. Guy Fawke's Day: This day is celebrated on November 5 with a bonfire in the evening. Religions: 42.6% Roman Catholic 23.3% Protestant (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%)

Cultural 4.4% other Christian 1.9% Muslim 11.8% other and unspecified 16% none Foods: Canadian cusinie is heavily influcenced by American, British, and French foods. Poutine: French fries topped with cheese curds and gravy Traditional Nanaimo Bars: a Canadian bar cookie dessert made of a wafer crumb-based layer, topped by a layer of light vanilla or custard flavored butter icing, which is covered in chocolate made from melted chocolate squares. Music and Dance: The aboriginals, British, and French have contributed to Canadian music. In the 21st century, Canada plays the modern music of Hip-Hop, Rap, etc., but music in the past reflects the sounds of old times in France or Britain.

CulturalUnique Facts and Places: - Canada, like the British and Australians, have a special argot they use daily. hoser = loser take off! = you are kidding, no way! eh! = multiple meanings like what did you say?, what do you think?, you're joking!, etc. - The Quebec Ice Hotel in Quebec City: It's an average hotel except for the fact temperature inside an ice hotel runs between -3°C and -5°C. Like an igloo, the 4-foot thick ice walls insulate the interior and protect guests from the wind.

Winter Olympics In 2010, Canda did not only participate in the Winter Olympics, but hosted it in Vancouver. Canada received 26 metals in total: 14 gold, 7 silver, and 5 bronze. They were the third country with the most number of metals; United States first and Germany second. While the United States was the winner in the total medal count with 37, Canada's "Own the Podium" initiative proved successful, as Canada shattered its gold ceiling (in two previous Olympics, host Canada failed to win gold), winning 14 gold medals on home soil, a new record for a host country.

ConclusionCanada could be America's twin. It's diverse and uses the traditions of it's many ethic groups alive with a modern twist. It is one of the world's most diverse countries. Today, Northern Canada is mostly English-speaking while Southern Canada is French. It may have been a dominion of Britain in the earlier years, but today, it's a icon for modern living. From all that is to offer in Canada, it would be exciting to actually travel there, ehhhh?

Cape Verde

Map of Cape Verde

Country Description Size: - Land Area: 4,033 sq km - Water Area: 0 sq km - total: 4,033 sq kmClimate: - temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic. The sun shines 350 days a year and temperatures range between 21°C and 29°C. The breeze blows constantly from the ocean at a relatively low average humidity of 40% to 60%. Location: - Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal - Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 24 00 WPopulation: 516,100

Geographic Features Land Regions: - Barlavento - Sotavento Rivers: - Riberia de Viana - Riberia de Calhau - Riberia de Juliao - Riberia de Garca - Riberia de Janela - Riberia de Paul Lakes: - there is no significant lakes in Cape Verde Oceans: - North Atlantic Ocean

Geographic FeaturesIndigenous Fauna: - Mammals: With the exception of bats, there are no native speices animals because there was initially no animal life on the volcanic islands. As time past, many mammals such as the green vervet monkey, small mice, or even wild rabbits “immigrated.” - Birds: sandpiper, black-winged stilt, heron, spoonbill, plover, ruddy turnstone, African broad-billed roller, hoopoe, sanderling, whimbrel, little egret, cattle egret, northern wheatear, blue-headed wagtail, and spotted flycatcher - Fish:Parrotfish, silver shimmering sardines, hake, squirrelfish, scorpion fish, false-eyed puffer, butterfly, red trumpet fish, grey mullet, pinkgill, flying fish, East Atlantic surgeonfish, barracuda, angelfish, wrasse, snapper, ballan wrasse, coralfish, and hogfish

Geographic Features

Indigenous Flora: - The Cape Verde Islands were originally without any vegetation after their formation by volcanic activity. Many seeds were introduced from West Africa, Latin America, the Mediterranean region and the other Macaronesian islands through the ocean current, by birds, human beings, and the wind.

Geographic Features: Vacation TourThe island of Sal is part of Cape Verde and in Sal is a popular place tourist love to see for their own eyes and capture the moment, Pedra De Lume. Pedra De Lume is the name given to a crater of the now extinct volcano. Entry to the crater was made possible by means of a artificial tunnel built in 1804. The crater is at sea-level, and even though the sea is 1 km away the water manages to filter in.

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Another reason why tourist enoy traveling to Sal, Cape Verde is because of it's natural swimming pool that fills and empties according to the tides, Buracona. When the sun is just right, you can also see the “Blue eye” formed when the light shines into the cave. When the swell is big watch the power of the waves as they slam into the cliff, sending plumes of spray high into the air.

History1456 - First Europeans arrive in Cape Verde 1495 - Cape Verde becomes a Portuguese crown colony. 1956 - Amilcar Cabral, a native of Cape Verde, co-founds the African Party for Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in Guinea-Bissau. 1960 - PAIGC-led liberation war begins against Portuguese rule in Guinea-Bissau, with many Cape Verdeans joining in. 1975 - Cape Verde becomes independent and adopts constitution envisaging unity with Guinea-Bissau. 1980 - Cape Verde ditches plans for unity with Guinea-Bissau following coup in latter. 1981 - African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) replaces the PAIGC and becomes the country's sole party. 1991 - Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro becomes president following Cape Verde's first free election.

History1992 - A new constitution brings in a multi-party system.

Political Capital: PraiaType of government: republic Government Leaders: - Chief of State: President Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires - Head of Government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira Neves

Economy Industries: - food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repairExports: - fuel, shoes, garments, fish, hidesImports: - foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment, fuelsMajor Trade Partners: - Spain; exports 53.98%, imports 6.1% - Portugal; exports 22.23%, imports 44.86% - Morocco; exports 7.13% - Netherlands; imports 15.51% - Italy; imports 4.46% - Brazil; imports 4. 21%

EconomyTrade Associations: -Camara de Comercio, Industria, Agricultura e Servicos de Barlavento - Camara de Comercio, Industria e Servigos de Sotavento

Daily LifeStandard of Living: moderateLiteracy: 76.6% of total population can read and/or writeClothing: Western-styleInternet Usage: 150,000 Languages: Portuguese CriuoloEthnic Groups: 71% Creole 28% African 1% European

CulturalTraditions and Customs:Cape Verde's festivals and traditions are rich, vibrant and a reflection of their colorful history. They stem from their African roots to the colonial occupation and the Diaspora through to independence and the hope of the new democratic Republic of Cape Verde. Carnival: Carnival is Cape Verde's most famous festival, which is normally held in February. Carnival is similar to New Orleans's Mari Garda. Religions: about 80% of the population is Catholic 10% are Protestants the rest belongs to smaller denominations

CulturalFoods: - Cachupa is the national dish of Cape Verde; a stew of hominy, beans, and whatever meat or vegetables may be available - Cuscus is a traditional breakfast made of a steamed cornbread, eaten with honey and milk or coffee. Music and Dance: Cape Verde is known for their type of music known as moma, a form of folk music. It is related to Portuguese fado close cousin, Brazilian modinha. Lyrics are usually in Creole, and reflect highly-variable themes, including love and lust, patriotism, and mourning. Unique Facts and Places: The highest point in the archipelago is Mount Fogo, a volcano reaching 2,829 meters in height

Winter Olympics 2010

Cape Verde did not participate in the Winter Olympics of 2010.

ConclusionCape Verde is such a small country, but it's culture and people makes it as big as all the other African country. With such a diverse of culture, it's amazing how different groups of people in Cape Verde can cope with each other. Cape Verde should be mentioned more because it's worth mentioning even if there isn't such a big fuss about it throughout history.

Japan

Map of Japan

Country Description Size: - Land Area: 364,485 sq km - Water Area: 13,430 sq km - total: 377,915 sq kmClimate: - varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in northLocation: - Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula - Geographic Coordinates: 36 00 N, 138 00 EPopulation: - 126,475,664

Geographic FeaturesLand Regions: - Hokkaido - Tohoku - Kanto - Chubu - Kinki - Chugoku - Shikoku - Kyushu-OkinawaRivers (major): - Tone River - Isikari River - Sinano River - Kitakami River - Kiso River - Tokati River

Geographic Features -Yodo River - Agano River - Mogami River - Tesio RiverLakes (major): - Biwa Lake - Kasumigaura LakeOceans: - Pacific Ocean Indigenous Fauna: - Mammals: snow monkeys, brown bears, Asiatic black bears, red foxes, raccoon dogs, Japanese martens, leopard cats, Iriomote cats, and dugongs. - Birds: Japanese woodpeckers, copper pheasants, green pheasants, okinawa rails, izu thrush, and bonin white-eyes.

Geographic Features

- Reptiles and Amphibians: mamushi, habus, sea turtles, sea snakes, and the Japanese giant salamander. - Fish: ayu, crucian carp, koi carp, red sea bream, mudskippers, and parrotfish. Indigenous Flora: - Japanese beech, hinoki cypress, Japanese red pine, Japanese black pine, Japanese red cedar, chrysanthemum, and bamboo

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Kyoto used to be the former capital of Japan. Now, it's known as one of the most beautiful places in Japan. I's the place to absorb the maximum amount of architectural beauty, culture and history in the shortest amount of time. Some visitors pick Kyoto over Tokyo entirely, spending their visit among the ancient temples and serene Zen meditation gardens.

Geographic Features: Vacation TourJigokudani Yaen-koen (Hell Valley Wild Monkey Park) in the mountains of Nagano, Japan is one of Japan's most popular tourist attractions. Everyone from around the world comes to Jigokudani to see the indigenous snow monkey. In winter, the snow monkeys soak themselves in the natural hot water while the snow falls on their heads. That is their way of keeping warm during the cold winters.

History1894 - Japan goes to war with China. Japan's better equipped forces win victory in just nine months. 1895 - China cedes Taiwan to Japan and permits Japan to trade in China.1904 - Japan goes to war with Russia. Japanese victory in 1905. 1910 - Japan annexes Korea after three years of fighting. Japan is now one of the world's great powers. 1914 - Japan joins World War I on the side of Britain and her allies. Japan has limited participation. 1919 - Treaty of Versailles gives Japan some territorial gains in the Pacific. 1923 - Earthquake in Tokyo region kills more than 100,000 people. 1925 - Universal male suffrage is instituted. The electorate increases fivefold.

Current Events On March 11, 2011, at 2:46 p.m., or 12:46 p.m. ET, a powerful 8.9 earthquake shook upon Japan. When they thought the worst was over, a powerful tsunami swept across northern Japan. The epicenter of Friday's main quake was positioned off Miyagi Prefecture, about 230 northeast of Tokyo. The massive waves killed hundreds, swallowed up towns, hauled residences onto highways, and tossed cars and boats onto land. Buildings collapsed , but some were lucky to just be shaken by the quake. Along with collapsing buildings, plenty of flames ignited. Six million homes, more than 10% of the total in Japan, were without electricity. Thousands of families had no choice but spend the night at shelters. Besides the death of citizens, many more are missing. Due to the colossal earthquake, tsunami warnings were sent to 50 different countries, including California and the states out in the West Coast. In the company of vigorous earthquakes and overwhelming tsunamis, there was a radiation leak take place at an atomic power plant. Those who lived within 6 miles of the power plant was forced to evacuate. There is no definite number of deaths, but it is predicted to exceed 1,000 as rescue searches continue. The morning after the earthquake, more than 50 nations offered to aid. Friday’s earthquake is the strongest earthquake in Japan’s history. Japan isn’t a stranger to earthquake but haven’t experience anything like that one on March 11. The previous record was a 8.6-magnitude earthquake in 1707.

Political Capital: TokyoType of government: a parliamentary government with a constitutional monarchyGovernment Leaders: - Chief of State: Emperor Akihito - Head of Government: Prime Minister Naoto Kan - Minister of Foreign Affairs: Seiji Maehara - Ambassador to the United States:Ichiro Fujisaki

EconomyIndustries: - among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods Exports: - transport equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors, electrical machinery, chemicalsImports: - machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materialsEconomic Status:

Economy Major Trade Partners: - China; exports 18.88%, imports 22.2% - United States; exports 16.42%, imports 10.96% - South Korea; exports 8.13%, imports 3.98% - Taiwan; exports 6.27% - Hong Kong; exports 5.49% - Australia; imports 6.29% - Saudi Arabia; imports 5.29% - Indonesia; imports 3.95% Trade Associations: - Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) - Japan Foreign Trade Council Inc. (JFTC)

Daily LifeStandard of Life: highLiteracy: 99% of population can read/or writeClothing: Western-style; Traditional dress of Japan is the kimono. They are made of silk and has long, large sleeves and reaches from shoulders to the heels of the feet. Kimono are tied with a wide belt like called an obi. Internet Usage: 99.182 million Languages: Japanese (official) EnglishEthnic Groups: 99% Japanese 1% Korean, Chinese, Brazilian, Filipino, and other

Cultural Tradtions and Customs: Tea Ceremony: a ceremonial way of preparing and drinking tea. The custom is strongly influenced by Zen Buddhism. Sumo: Sumo is a type of wrestling and Japan's national sport. In anicent times, it was to entertain the Shinto gods. Big men use their upperbody strength to try to push their opponent out of the circle drawn on the ground. Religions: - Shintoism 83.9% - Buddhism 71.4%, - Christianity 2% - other 7.8%

CulturalFoods: Tempura: Tempura is food deep-fried in vegetable oil after being coated with a mixture of egg, water and wheat flour. Among the ingredients used are prawns, fish in season and vegetables Sushi: Sushi is a small piece of raw seafood placed on a ball of vinegared rice. The most common ingredients are tuna, squid and prawnsMusic and Dance: Gagaku: Ancient court music from China and Korea. It is the oldest type of Japanese, traditional music. Biwagaku: Music played with the Biwa, a kind of guitar with four strings. Odori Mai

Cultural Unique Facts and Places: - In a traditional Japanese house, you don't sit on chairs or sleep on beds. - Some farmers grow square watermelons in Japan. - In Japan, the most popular topping for pizza is Squid. - There are special slippers for restroom usage. - In Tokyo a bicycle is usually faster than a car for most trips up to 50 minutes

Winter Olympics 2010In the 2010 Winter Olympics, Japan received a total of 5 medals: no gold, three silvers, and two bronzes. One-hundred eleven Japanese sports officials and coaches accompanied the 94 athletes to the games, a far higher ratio of staff-to-athlete than most other participating nations.

ConclusionJapan, one of the busiest and most visited country in the world, is a meca for technology and modern living. After the 2011 earthquake, Japan is still strong, main citywise. With all the pride the Japanese have, they will be able to overcome the horrible event. Japan is full of beautiful scenery from the ancient temples and houses to the cherry blossom forests. Japan is without a doubt the top country for excitement and enjoyment. The Japanese may be one of the world's most modern countries, but they do keep in touch with their ancestors, which is a reason why Japan is an outstanding and thriving country.

Mauritania

Map of Mauritania

Country DescriptionSize: - Land Area: 1,030,700 sq km - Water Area: 0 sq km - total: 1,030,700 sq kmClimate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dustyLocation: - Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara - Geographic coordinates: 20 00 N, 12 00 WPopulation: 3,281,634

Geographic Features Land Regions: Mauritania is divided into two main land regions. - Northern Mauritania is mostly covered by the Sahara Desert and a few rocky plateaus. - Southern Mauritania has two fertile areas—a narrow plain along the Senegal River and a savanna in the southeast. Rivers (major): - Gorgol River - Karakoro River - Kolimbine River - Sagyuiet Al Hamra RiverLakes: - Lake Alega - Lake Rkiza

Geographic FeaturesOceans: - Atlantic Ocean Indigenous Fauna: - Mammals: dromedary camels, foxes, jackals, and hyenas - Reptiles and Amphibians: Lizards, scorpions and snakes - Fish: tuna, barracudas, sea bass, octopus, lobsters, and mackerelIndigenous Flora: - black groves, balanites aegyptiaca, kerdas, and utricularia stellaris.

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Mauritania's coast has 500 miles of beach. However, there are ledges on the beaches that could be dangerous. Rocks and waves under cliffs. The coast only attracts those who enjoy pictures because it is rather beautiful.

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Parc National du Banc d’Arguin is a national park with vast area of islands and coastline located on the Atlantic desert coast midway between Nouakchott and Nouâdhibou. The park is one of the world’s largest bird sanctuaries and provides a shelter for over two million migrant birds from northern Europe.

History3rd-7th centuries AD - Berber and Arab migrants displace the original inhabitants of present-day Mauritania. 9-10th centuries - Empire of Ghana has its capital in present-day south-west Mauritania. 1076 - Berber Almoravid warriors defeat the Empire of Ghana. 1500s - European mariners and traders establish settlements. 1644-74 - Mauritanian Thirty-Year War: Berbers unsuccessful in repelling Arab warriors. 1850s-60s - French forces gain control of southern Mauritania. In 1898 France wins the allegiance of Moors in the region. 1904 - France establishes Mauritania as a colonial territory. 1920 - Mauritania becomes part of French West Africa, and is administered from Senegal. 1946 - Becomes a French overseas territory. 1957 - Nouakchott established as the capital.

History1958 - Mauritania becomes self-governing. 1960 28 November - Mauritania becomes independent. 1960 - Mauritania makes territorial claims to neighbouring Spanish Sahara. 1973 - Mauritania joins the Arab League. 1976 - Mauritania and Morocco divide up Spanish Sahara, now known as Western Sahara, after Spain pulls out. Guerrillas of the Polisario front, aiming to establish an independent state in the territory, fight the forces of both countries.

PoliticalCapital: NouakchottType of government: military juntaGovernment Leaders: - Chief of State: President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz - Head of government: Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf

Economy Industries: - fish processing, oil production, mining of iron ore, gold, and copperExports: iron ore, fish and fish products, gold, copper, petroleumImports: machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goodsEconomic status: Major Trade Partners: - China; exports 42.06%, imports 9.94% - Italy; exports 9.71% - Japan; exports 7.57% - Cote d'lvoire; exports 6.16% - France; imports 14.3% - Spain; exports 5.63%, imports 4.02%

Economy - Netherlands; exports 4.32%, imports 10.33% - Belgium; imports 4.87% - Germany; 4.04%Trade Associations: - Nouakchott Trading Company

Daily Life Standard of Living: lowLiteracy: 51.2% of the total population can and/or writeClothing: Western-style; Mauritanian attire is influenced by the desert heat and Islamic norms. Women wear a malaffa, a long cloak wrapped loosely around the body from head to toe. The men wear a dara, a long, loose robe over baggy pants known as sirwal . Some men wear head-coverings, predominantly turbans or hawli, for protection from the winter cold and summer heatInternet Usage: 75,000Languages: Hassaniyya Arabic French Azayr Fulfulde Mande-kan Wolof

Daily LifeEthnic Groups: 40% Maur/black 30% Maur 30% black

CultureTraditions and Customs: Mauritania is called the 'Islamic Republic of Mauritania' for a reason: the majority of Mauritanians are Sunni Muslims. The Moors' impression of Islam is less open-minded than Black people's; it is therefore preferable to respect their way of life and religious traditions.Religions: 100% Muslim Foods: - Mechoui: roast lamb - Zrig: camel’s milkMusic and Dance: The music and dance of Mauritania mainly came from the country’s largest ethnic group, the Moors. The instruments they use involves: the tidinit, an hour-glass shape like four-stringed lute, and the tbal, a kettle drum.

CulturalUnique Facts and Places: - The Ancient city of Chinguetti founded in 777 AD is the spiritual capital of Mauritania, and is widely considered by Mauritanians to be the seventh holiest city of Islam. - The people of the fishing village of Nouamghar use dolphins to drive shoals of migrating fish towards the shore and their nets. - Two-thirds of Mauritania is desert and the desert is expanding southwards every year

Winter Olympics 2010

Mauritania did not participate in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

ConclusionMauritania is one of those countries you rarely hear about unless it's mentioned in a textbook or on a map. I bet most people couldn't even pronounce Mauritania. However, Mauritania is a fasincating country. Full of people who love their country and want it to thrive. They don't care about modernizing. Most cherish their ancestory and try to maintain their traditions. If you want to visit Africa from the past, Mauritania is the place to visit. Not much cities, but full of desert. It'd take you to the past.

Taiwan

Map of Taiwan

Country DescriptionSize: - Land Area: 32,260 sq km - Water Area: 3,720 sq km - total: 35,980 sq kmClimate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all yearLocation: -Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China - Geographic coordinates: 23 30 N, 121 00 EPopulation: 23,071,779

Geographic Features Rivers (major): - Lanyang - Shuang - Danshui - NankanLakes (major): - Chengcing - Longtan - Sun MoonOceans: - Pacific Ocean

Geographic FeaturesIndigenious Fauna: Mammals: Chinese pangolin, formosan black bear, formosan clouded leopard, formosan lesser horseshoe bat, formosan mountain dog, formosan rock macaque, kano mole, reeves's muntjac, and sika deers. Birds: Asian blue quail, Baer's pochard, Chinese sparrowhawk, fairy pitta, lesser whistling duck, oriental dollarbird, and yellow tit Fish: Liosaccus pachygasterIndigenious Flora: ficua, pandanus, palms, teaks, bamboos, camphors, and rhododendrons

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Tourists fly from different parts of the world to visit Taiwan's National Palace Museum. It truly is a palace; as soon as you see the building itself, you'll be in awe. The Museum is both an art gallery and a museum. National Palace Museum is believed to house the largest number of Chinese artifacts in the world.

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour One of the top hotels in Taiwan is the Crystal Resort Sun Moon Lake. The resort is positioned on the banks of Sun Moon Lake. From day to night, you'll gaze at such an amazing view of the lake you'll be in inner peace. It provides a timeless world of tranquility enhanced by distinctive design, fine dining and phenomenal lake views.

History1540s-1732 - Kingdom of Middag established;

PoliticalCapital: TaipeiType of Government: multiparty democracyGovernment Leaders: - Chief of State: President Ma Ying-jeou; Vice President Vincent Siew - Head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) Wu Den-yih; Vice Premier (Vice President of Executive Yuan) Sean Chen

Economy Industries: electronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals Exports: electronics, flat panels, machinery; metals; textiles, plastics, chemicals; optical, photographic, measuring, and medical instrumentsImports: electronics, machinery, crude petroleum, precision instruments, organic chemicals, metalsEconomic Status: Major Trade Partners: - China; exports 28.1%, imports 14.2% - Hong Kong; exports 13.8% - United States; exports 11.5%, imports 10% - Japan; exports 6.6%, imports 20.7% - South Korea; imports 6.4%

EconomyTrade Associations: - Taiwan Chamber of Commerce - Chinese Taipei Business Council of the ICC - France Taiwan Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Daily Life Standard of Living: moderateLiteracy: 96.1% of the total population can read and/or writeClothing: Western-styler;Taiwan is very influenced by the Chinese culture and heritage so their clothing would be similar. Qipao/Cheongsam: a traditional Chinese dress that is tight-fitting. The female and male dresses are similar except for the fact male cheongsam (changshan) are usually long-sleeved. Internet Usage: 16.147 million Languages: Chinese (Mandarin-official) Hakka dialectEthnic Groups: 84% Taiwanese 14% mainland China 2% aborigine

Cultural Traditions and Customs: Taiwan's tradtions and customs are the same as the Chinese. Taiwan is heavily influenced by China from customs, clothing, to the lanugage. Lunar New Years: Like in America, there is a big celebration for the new year. However, in Asia, there is a big celebration for the new moon and good harvest each year. Lunar New Years last for 15 days and each day there is precise traditions for that specific day. For example, the day before Lunar New Years is cleaning day. The house must be clean in order for good spirits and good luck. Religions: 93% mixture of Buddhist and Taoist 4.5% Christian 2.5% other

CulturalFoods: - Bah-uan: meatballs in large dumplings - Taichung: suncake, puff pastry with a sweet center often honey or molassesMusic and Dance: Taiwan music is also influenced by the Chinese. It's the sound from mountain-dwelling tribes and polyphonic vocals that made the aboriginal music distant. Like every modern music, upbeat and load music is heard throughout Taiwan replacing the old anicent ways. Traditional Taiwanese dance is a delicate form comprising mainly of foot movements. The original dance form has however, considerably altered in the 20th century, and Taiwan today stages a number of commendable performances of modern dance.

CulturalUnique Facts and Places: - Taiwan won the 1996 Little League World Series in the U.S city of Williamsport. Baseball is the national sport in Taiwan. - Taiwan hosted the Miss Universe pageant in 1988. Ironically, Miss Taiwan, Jade Hu Fei-tsui, did not even make the semi-finals. - After Cold War, Taiwan emerged as one of the most powerful economies in the Third World.

Winter Olympics 2010

Taiwan did not participate in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

ConclusionTaiwan is a mixture of old and new China. Everyday life includes new and old methods of living. Because Taiwan is so heavily influenced by China, the people may be considered Chinese. However, the people might feel offended if they were called Chinese. They take pride in their country. Taiwan isn't just filled with beautiful scenery that would take your breath away, it's filled with pride even if most of their culture is Chinese

Zambia

Map of Zambia

Country DescriptionSize: - Land Area: 743,398 sq km - Water Area: 9,220 sq km - total: 752,618 sq kmClimate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)Location: - Southern Africa, east of Angola, south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geographic coordinates: 15 00 S, 30 00 EPopulation: 13,881,336

Geographic FeaturesRivers (major): - Kafue - Kalambo - Luapula - Lusemfwa - Zambezi Lakes (major): - Bangweulu - Kariba - Mweru - Mweru Wantipa - Tanganyika Oceans: Zambia is in the middle of Africa; therefore, it is not near any ocean.

Geographic FeaturesIndigenous Fauna: Mammals: Cookson's wildebeest, Senga Kob, Thronicroft giraffe, zebras, rhinoceros, elephants, baboons, monkeys, hyenas, wolves, and lions. Birds: eagles, gulls, terns, kingfishers, swifts, redwings, larks, babblers, sunbirds, weavers, redbilled queleas, and storks Reptiles: crocodiles, tortoises, turtles, terrapins, geckos, agamas, nonvenomous pythons, mambas, vipers, and adders. Fish: bream, snoutfish, butterfish, tigerfish, bottlenose, gorgefish, mudfish, catfish, barbel, "vundu," squeaker, whitebait, perch, carp, bass, and "utaka" Indigenous Flora: Acacia trees, baobab trees, thorn trees, and Zambian teak (Baikiaea plurijuga)

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Victoria Falls is the world's largest waterfall. Tourists visit Victoria Falls for its stunning scenery. For daring travelers, they have the chance to swim in the "devil's pool," a spot where people are able to go in the water, near the edge of the falls.

Geographic Features: Vacation Tour Near Victora Falls, Mosi Oa Tunya National Park is a popular tourist attraction because travels can have the chance to exprience to ride on back of elephants. They are able to interact with one of the world's biggest animals.

History12th Century - Shona people arrive in the area, later establishing the empire of the Mwene Mutapa, which includes southern Zambia. 16th Century - Arrival of peoples from Luba and Lunda empires of Zaire to set up small kingdoms. Late 18th Century - Portuguese explorers visit. 19th Century - Instability generated by migration as well as slave-trading by Portuguese and Arabs. 1851 - British missionary David Livingstone visits. 1889 - Britain establishes control over Northern Rhodesia, administering the area using a system of indirect rule which leaves power in the hands of local rulers. Late 1920s - Discovery of copper, which later encourages an influx of European technicians and administrators.

History1953 - Creation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, comprising Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (now Malawi). 1960 - UNIP (United National Independence Party) formed by Kenneth Kaunda to campaign for independence and dissolution of federation dominated by white-ruled Southern Rhodesia. 1963 - Federation dissolved. 1964 - Independence, with Kaunda as president. Late 1960s-1970s - Key enterprises nationalised. Private land nationalised in an unsuccessful agricultural improvement programme. 1972 - Zambia becomes a one-party state, with UNIP as the only legal party.

PoliticalCapital: LusakaType of government: republicGovernment Leaders: - Chief of State: President Rupiah Banda - Head of government: President Rupiah Banda; Vice President George Kunda

EconomyIndustries: copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticultureExports: copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity; tobacco, flowers, cottonImports:machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer, foodstuffs, clothing Economic Status: averageMajor Trade Partners: - China; exports 21.37%, imports 5.85% - Democractic Republic of Congon; exports 8.55%, imports 4.22% - South Africa; exports 6.96%, imports 51.78%

EconomyTrade Associations: - Livingstone Chamber of Commerce - Zambia Association of Chambers of Commerce and Industry - Lusaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Kitwe Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Daily LifeStandard of Living: lowLiteracy: 80.6% of the total population can read and/or writeClothing: Western-styleInternet Usage: 816,200 Languages: English (official) Bemba Kaonda Lozi Lunda 70 other indigenous languagesEthnic Groups: 98.7% African 1.1% European 0.2% other

CulturalTradtions and Customs: -Traditionally made pots and baskets in the more populated areas however, are being replaced by commercially manufactured utility items made of plastic or tin.

- Gifts are often offered to a visitor as a sign of honor, friendship or gratitude. One should never refuse a gift and accept it with both hands at the same time expressing thanks. Religions: - 50%-75% Christian - 24%-49% Muslim and Hindu - 1% indigenous beliefs Foods: Nshima: made of corn Samoosas: savory-filled pastires

CulturalMusic and Dance: Quiet beauty, bustle, bounding life or overflowing joy distinguish many aspects of music and dance in Zambia. Highlighting varies from gasping acrobatic display among drumming to fine sensitivity of sound and movement. Unique Facts and Places: - Zambia's former name was Northern Rhodesia. - There are 74 tribes in Zambia.

Winter Olympics 2010

Zambia did not participate in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

ConclusionZambia, another African country that stays away from media. Like Mauritania, it's closely attached to it's past. For the exception of technology and clothing, Mauritania is suck in the past. Their culture and traditions decides how they live their life. With vast land and wild animals, the people of Zambia aren't use to the technology we have today. They lack so much and never complain while we complain about the simpliest things. Zambia shows courage. Even though Zambia isn't as clean or organized as America, those living there keep their heads up high.

Netherlands Antilles

Map of Netherlands Antilles

Country DescriptionSize: 958 sq kmClimate: tropical maritime climate; There is a short rainy season from October to January. Average temperature ranges are from 24 degrees Celsius to 32 degrees Celsius all year.Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the Caribbean Sea - composed of five islands, Curacao and Bonaire located off the coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius lie east of the US Virgin Islands Population: 210,134

Geographic FeaturesLand Regions: - Bonaire - Curacao - Saba - Saint Eustatius - Saint MaartenRivers (major): - Linge - Wilhelm Lakes (major): - GotomeerOceans: - Atlantic Ocean

Geographic FeaturesIndigenous Fauna: Birds: groove-billed ani, vermilion flycatcher, white-tailed hawk, purple martin, lesser nighthawk, and palm warblerIndigenous Flora: abrojo colorado, nectandra krugii, and apple guava

Geographic Features: Vacation TourHilma Hooker is a shipwreck in Bonaire, Netherland Antilles. Tourists come to dive underwater and see the extremely popular wreck diving site.

Geographic Features: Vacation TourSaint Maarten is one of the most lively island in the Netherland Antilles. With beautiful view, it was the perfect place for amazing pictures and memorable events. Full of excitement and beauty, no wonder Saint Maarten is one of the most visited islands in the Antilles.

History1493 - explored by Christopher Columbus 1527 - claimed by Spain 1643 - claimed by the Dutch 1845 - the six islands officially formed the Netherland Antilles 1994 - the islands voted to preserve their federation with the Netherlands 2010 - the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved; Saint Maarten and Curacao became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The islands of Bonaire, Saba, and Saint Eustatius became special municipalities of the Netherlands proper.

PoliticalCapital: WillemstadType of government: constitutional monarchy Goverment Leaders: Chief of State: Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands Head of Government: Prime minister Emily de Jongh-Elhage Governor: Frits Goedgegrad

EconomyIndustries: oil refining Exports: Petroleum productsImports: Crude petroleum, manufactured and consumer goods, food.Major Trade Partners: - Venezuela; exports 35.3% - United States; exports 21%, imports 17.5% - Mexico; exports 9.8% - Italy; exports 5.4% - Netherlands; exports 4.8% - Brazil; exports 3.1% - Guatemala; imports 8% - Costa Rica ; imports 6.5 - Bahamas; imports 4.6% - Jamaica; imports 4.1% - Chile; imports 3.4%

Economy Trade Associations: - A & A Supply - Alico - Antek - St. Maarten Harbour Holding N.V. - St. Maarten Marine Trades Association

Daily LifeStandard of Living: moderateLiteracy: 97% of the total population can read and/or write.Clothing: Western-styleLanguages: Dutch (official) Papiamento English Spanish Ethic Groups: 85% mixed African Carib American White East Asian

Cultural Traditions and Customs: Reflects regional differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and exploring spirit of the Dutch and the influx of immigrants. Superstitious beliefs abound. For example, a red ribbon placed above a door of a home or office keeps the evil eye away.Religions: Roman Catholicism various forms of Protestantism Judaism Seventh-Day AdventismFoods: Funchi: corn porridge Pan bati: a maize-floured pancake

CulturalMusic and Dance: Tumba is the music of the zumbi class, which is African-derived and not modern or European. Tumba was first sung by slaves on the island expressing their pain and sorrows. Going along with this type of music would be clapping and blowing of a cow’s horn. Unique Facts and Places: - Aruba used to be part of the Netherlands Antilles until 1896. - The Netherlands Antilles used to be called "the Dutch Antilles."

Winter Olympics 2010Netherlands Antilles did not participate in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

ConclusionThe Netherland Antilles are a group of islands with beautiful scenery and life. Who knew such little islands could have so much to do in them. With all the tourists visiting, those in the Antilles try to show them the traditions of the islands. Everyone has heard of the United States' Virign Island, but no one has really heard of the Netherland Antilles even though they are so close to each other. Netherland Antilles are island that connect modern to old. From this project, what I learned about the Netherland Antilles is that there is actually a group of island called the Netherland Antilles.

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