SERVICES

Name: Yashna Garg

Roll no.: DIAD12269

Course: Interior architecture and design

Section: B

Cohort: 2012-16

� Plumbing

� Electrical

� HVAC

Water supply

• Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavours or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.

• Why water supply?

• Infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as fire fighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases, the water must fulfil both quality and quantity requirements.

• All water supply systems use a combination of pipes As well as avoiding contamination and achieving the right pressure and flow, the system must be suitable for the temperature of water carried. A well-designed and installed system will also be durable, minimise noise from water flow and from problems such as water hammer, and support efficient use of water.

• All water supply systems use a combination of pipes (of different dimensions and materials), valves and outlets to deliver water to building users. Some water supply systems also use storage tanks and pumps. Designing a water supply system involves getting all of these elements right so that clean water is delivered to the user at the appropriate rate and temperature.

Water pressure

• Water pressure is a term used to describe the flow strength of water through a pipe or other type of channel.

• The pressure of water depends on its flow. The more water being pushed through a pipe, the more pressure there will be naturally. Many people prefer high water pressure to low, as faucet valves and other tools can help maintain the flow of water at a lower rate. However, if it is too low, there is little that can be done to improve the pressure.

• If the aim is to provide for building users’ needs while also using water efficiently, the right water pressure is crucial. If water pressure is too low, this will be inconvenient for building users – for example, because showers have poor water flow, and baths take a long time to fill. If pressure is too high, this will lead to wastage of water, as well as high wear and tear on the system.

• Mains pressure systems require pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves to control water pressure and temperature. Typically, pressure limiting or pressure reducing valves will be used to control pressure in mains-supplied hot water systems or where high pressure may lead to problems such as burst pipes.

Water flow rate • The Building Code requires that sanitary fixtures

and appliances have adequate water supply at an adequate flow rate.

• As with water pressure, flow rates are crucial. A flow rate that is too high will result in water being wasted, whereas a flow rate that is too low will mean that sanitary fixtures and appliances don’t work properly.

• Flow rate is affected by: 1. Water pressure 2. Pipe diameters – The smaller the internal

diameter of the pipe, the lower the pressure and flow rate. (Note that pipes are generally referred to by their inside nominal diameter (DN), but it is actually the internal diameter that counts; a pipe rated as DN 15 may have an actual inside diameter ranging between 10–18 mm.)

3. Pipe lengths – longer pipes will result in a lower flow rate

4. Number of bends and fittings – the more bends in a length of pipework and the more fittings, the lower the flow rate

5. Water temperature – higher temperatures will tend to raise pressure and flow rates (note: also see materials below).

• A flow regulator can be used to maintain a constant flow, independent of water pressure. As an example, if someone is in the shower and the kitchen tap is turned on full, the temperature and flow are likely to remain more stable if a flow regulator is used.

• Limiting the flow for a tap or appliance to a reasonable rate helps balance the available pressure throughout the system. Regulating flow allows a simpler design and minimum pipe sizes as peak flow rates can be specified accurately and can also reduce noise, splashing taps, and water hammer.

• Low pressure systems require few valves or controls. In low or unequal pressure systems, pressure can be increased to adequate levels by storing water in a header tank (typically in the ceiling space) so that gravity can be used to create water pressure. If a tank is being used.

• Pressure can also be raised to adequate levels using a pressurising pump, in which case it may be necessary to use pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves.

Drainage

• The drainage system is an essential part of living in a city or urban area, as it reduces flood damage by carrying water away.

• Drainage is a facility to dispose off liquid waste.

• When it rains, some water naturally seeps into the ground. The rest makes its way through drainage systems, into rivers and creeks and eventually into the bays, or directly to the bays through storm water beach outlets.

• In areas with houses, shops and roads we need to create alternative ways for this water to drain away. Large amounts of water can build up quickly during heavy rain and storms, and without adequate drainage this flows towards low-lying land, causing flooding, damage and safety risks.

Drain location

• When designing drainage pipelines, the design must be extended to cross any road or proposed road widening that is adjacent to the development. This is to ensure that any existing or proposed services within the road reserves are known and that the proposed drainage works can cross these services.

• As well as generally following the natural watercourse alignment, drains should as far as practicable be designed to follow easements or reserves that are intended for drainage purposes. Where a drainage reserve or easement forms part of the major drainage system it must be wide enough to cater for flood flows of a 100 year ARI.

• Easements and reserves must be sized to cover the width of the drain as well as provide for access, construction and maintenance.

System layout In the design process, the layout of the plumbing system will largely follow room layout. Nonetheless, there are many things to consider which relate to Code compliance, building users’ comfort, and sustainability. When planning a water supply layout, the following must be considered: �Pipe runs and lengths – Keep pipe runs as short as possible. Pass pipes close to fixtures to minimise the number of branches and unnecessary elbows, tees and joints. Having longer pipe runs and more fixtures will reduce flow rate, increase heat losses, and increase use of materials �Point of entry into the building – This should be into a utility space such as garage/laundry and include an accessible isolating valve, line strainer and pressure limiting valve (if required) �Water heating system – Locate centrally to reduce the length of pipe runs to fixtures because longer pipe runs require more water to be drawn off before hot water is discharged. Install a separate point-of-use water heater for fixtures that are more than 10 m from the main water heater �Noise prevention – Avoid running pipes over or near bedrooms and living areas.

• Construction and maintenance requirements are particularly important considerations when designing channel or waterway works. Relevant considerations include:

• the maximum slope and height of the grassed batters

• whether trucks require access to the channel invert

• the location of inlets and roads

• whether there are limitations on the use of certain construction techniques (when adding to, or duplicating existing drains in built-up areas for example)

• ground conditions

• the distance from the proposed alignment to any existing services (particularly if there are any issues with side loading effects during excavation)

• the location of overhead power lines and the width of streets

• Location of an underground drain within the pavement area of a road is acceptable if it is not practicable to locate the pipeline outside the pavement area.

• Possible limitations on the use of certain construction techniques need to be considered when selecting an underground drain alignment. This is particularly the case when adding to, or duplicating existing drains in built-up areas.

• Surface obstructions

• Surface obstructions such as buildings, electricity supplier poles, native vegetation or large trees etc. may affect the proposed alignment of the drain. These should be located during the initial survey and inspection of the site. If the proposed drain location cannot avoid or closely approaches the obstruction, it will be necessary to contact the owner, local council or relevant authority. The designer should compare the construction costs to either avoid, or where feasible, relocate the obstruction before deciding on the final route of the drain.

• Existing bridges or culverts can also influence the design. These must be checked to ensure they are capable of coping with the additional discharge from the proposed drain. The alignment and capacity of the existing structure may need to be improved during construction if necessary.

• Underground obstructions

• Underground services that have the potential to affect drainage design include:

• underground electricity cables

• oil pipelines

• gas mains

• communication cables

• water mains

• sewer mains

• council drains

• traffic signal cables

Design depth

Some factors that influence the drain depth include:

• the hydraulic considerations

• the provision of space above a drain for other services

• ground conditions

• underground obstructions

• the size and depth of existing culverts and bridges

• the ability to adequately service upstream catchment properties that are likely to be developed in the future

• the provision of sufficient grade for the future downstream extension of the pipeline

• sufficient cover for future road grading and pavement depth

• Where possible, the drain should be designed as high as possible to minimise construction costs. The minimum cover over underground pipe drains is 850 millimetres. However less clearance is permissible for short lengths where justified by local circumstances.

• The cover over the pipe is to be considered to ensure that it does not compromise pavement design or location of other services.

Traps- types and uses

• A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings.

• The traps are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water.

• The retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the building from drain pipes.

• Therefore all plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, bathtubs and toilets etc. are equipped with traps.

• This article tells you the features of traps, various types of traps and water seal.

A trap has following features. •

It may be manufactured as an integral trap with the appliance as in some models of European WC, or it may be a separate fitting called an attached trap, which is connected to waste or foul water outlet of appliances.

The traps should be of a self-cleansing pattern.

• Traps for use in domestic waste should be convenient for cleaning.

• A good trap should maintain an efficient water seal under all conditions of flow.

What is plumbing?

• Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains fittings, valves, valve assemblies, and devices installed in a building for the distribution of water for drinking, heating and washing, and the removal of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures in such systems.

• The word "plumbing" comes from the Latin ‘plumbum’ for lead, as pipes were once made from lead.

Plumbing

Water supply • Rain water • Rivers • Dams

drainage

Disposal of rain water

Floor Trap or Nahini Trap

• This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc.

• These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI) on the top of the trap.

• The minimum depth of water seal should be 50 mm.

Gully Trap

• These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc. and are connected to the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from sewer do not come to the house.

• These are deep seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50 mm minimum.

• It also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying waste water.

P. Trap • This trap is used with Indian

water closet.

• The traps are made from cast iron or UPV sheet.

• This trap also has water seal and prevents entry of foul gases to the house.

S Trap

• This trap is similar to P. trap and is used for fixing water closets in toilets.

• The only difference between P trap and S trap is that P. trap is used for outlet through the wall whereas S. trap is used for outlet through the floor.

Q Trap

• This trap is used in toilet under water closet.

• It is almost similar to S trap and is used in upper storey other than ground floor.

Intercepting Trap:

• This trap is provided at the last main hole of building sewerage to prevent entry of foul gases from public sewer to building sewer.

• It has a deep-water seal of 100 mm.

Grease Trap • This trap is a device to

collect the grease contents of waste and can be cleaned from the surface.

• This is generally used in food processing unit.

Bottle Trap

• This trap is used below washbasin and sinks to prevent entry of foul gases.

Silt trap

• A silt trap is a designated area where water that is contaminated with suspended sediment as a result of construction activity or water runoff is contained.

• While the water is in the trap, the sediment can settle to the bottom of the trap until it can be removed.

• These devices can be made using silt curtains, silt fences or a series of shallow ponds to naturally filter the sediment from the water before it reaches a stream or clean body of water.

Types of pipes

• Copper pipe ideal water supply lines leading from the main water supply pipe to household sinks and toilets. Copper is popular with plumbing contractors because it is clean, doesn't rust and is very reliable for both hot and cold water delivery. Copper pipes provide trouble-free service for decades. Copper pipes will freeze and burst if left exposed to the elements. If you have copper pipes that run through the outer walls of your home, be sure the walls contain plenty of insulation.

• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe is the most common material used today for household drainpipes and vents. It comes in a wide variety of sizes and is durable and reliable. It is finding renewed acceptance as a copper substitute in pressurized water supply lines. It has long been popular for drainage and sewage piping. PVC pipe is inexpensive and popular with plumbing contractors because its joints fit tightly together to resists root intrusion and it is easy to repair. It can be quickly glued together to provide decades of trouble-free service.

• Clay piping is an older style, if you discover that you still have it in your home, you need to get it replaced as soon as possible.

• CPVC pipes are beige and are approved for use in hot or cold water service lines.

• Cast Iron pipes are tough and reliable. Today they are more commonly found in commercial and municipal applications than in residential plumbing. However, iron pipes can be found in older homes. Cast iron resists corrosion and can last a very long time. Plumbers work with cast iron drainage pipes, water supply lines and natural gas lines.

• Lead pipes have fallen out of favor today due to the danger of lead-related illnesses and health problems. Lead was the most common type of pipe for centuries because it was easy to work with.

• Galvanized steel pipes have also fallen out of favor in new construction. After years of use, minerals from water react with the galvanizing material to cause scale build up inside the pipe. This will eventually narrow the diameter of the pipe resulting in lower water pressure and reduced volume. Polyethylene tubes are black and approved for cold water use.

• Polybutylene is gray or beige and is usually sold in coiled lengths. Polybutylene is the only flexible pipe approved for hot and cold service lines.

EARTHING Why Earthing ?

• Earthing is the process of creating an alternative path for the flow of fault / excessive currents safely into the ground in the presence of minimal resistance or impedance.

• The primary purpose of earthing is to reduce the risk of serious electric shock from current leaking into uninsulated metal parts of an appliance, power tool or other electrical devices. In a properly earthed system, such leaking / fault current is carried away harmlessly while tripping the fuse. Earthing also provides protection from large electrical disturbances like lightning strikes and power surges. It also aids in the dissipation of hazardous static electrical charges.

• Although most electrical systems have fuses or circuit breakers for protection against a fault current, the human body may be fatally electrocuted by a current of less than one ampere which is well below the point at which a fuse or breaker will operate. Earthing helps minimize such hazards from occurring.

• The earthing system is an essential part of power networks at both high- and low-voltage levels.

• Manual fire alarm call points for fire alarm systems are devices that enable people to raise a fire alarm in the event of a fire incident by pressing or breaking an element to activate the fire alarm system.

• A fire rating refers to the length of time that a material can withstand complete combustion during a standard fire test. Fire testing of building materials and components of buildings — such as joists, beams and fire walls -- is required in most places by building codes.

Smoke detector

• A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

• Commercial and residential security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms.

Hot desk

• Practice of not giving employees (especially the salespeople) their own desk in the office. Instead, the firm provides a pool of fully equipped desks which are occupied as required. Hot-desking is possible where a firm's databases and services can be easily accessed via wireless or telephone links.

Fire sprinkler

• A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been exceeded.

HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING)

• HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.

• Thermal comfort- 24 degree celcius-27degreee celcius

• Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air indoor air quality. Ventilation is the act of moving air. Out with the hot, in with the cool.

• Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation.

• An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger section, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent.

Types of heaters

• Radiant bar heaters (or strip heaters) produce a lot of heat very quickly, and are ideal for areas like bathrooms, where heat is required for short amounts of time.

• Oil-filled column heaters provide radiant heat, and are generally favoured over other portable electric heaters for reasons of efficiency and safety.

• Geothermal heat pump systems are able to draw heat from the ground to use for cooling your home. Geothermal systems are expensive to install but very cheap to run.

• Wall-mounted electric panel heaters are reasonably cheap to run, and are fairly safe to use due to the convective heat they give off.

• Hydronic heating uses heated water pumped through a network of pipes to radiators. It also works as under-floor heating.

• Wood heaters give out a fantastic, cosy, radiant heat, but they require a steady supply of fuel and the occasional clean to keep them going.

• Gas heaters are reasonably efficient, cheap and environmentally friendly, and require little maintenance to keep them up and running.

• Reverse cycle air conditioners are effectively heat pump heaters. They are a cheap and efficient heating option, and provide both heating and cooling.

• Solar air convection heaters are rare, but have no operating costs at all. Because solar heaters rely on sunlight, they don't always provide heat when it's needed.

• Off peak storage heaters, also called heat banks, heat up during the hours when off-peak electricity rates apply. These heaters are best suited to constantly cold climates.

• Convection fan heaters provide instant heat and are very portable. They are also fairly inefficient, and are best suited for short-term use in small rooms.

• Heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and energy recovery ventilators (ERVs), while they do use energy, are an efficient and effective way to ventilate a tightly sealed home while maintaining the temperature.

• Heat lamps can be a good source of warmth for your bathroom, particularly in colder weather.

• A wall surface, using some clever design principles, can be used to passively heat air and allow it to naturally flow into your home. Learn more about Trombe walls and how they work.

• Electric under floor heating can keep your toes warm on cold mornings and keep the temperature in your house at a constant, comfortable level.

Types of air conditioners

Windows AC is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill.

Split AC comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

Tower AC These are also known as floor-standing air conditioners. Like split ACs, a tower AC set consists of 2 units- one internal and an external. However, the indoor unit doesn’t need wall installation. It rather occupies some space on the floor. Tower air conditioners usually have high cooling capacity and suitable for very large rooms. Cassette AC These space-saving ACs are shaped like cassettes and are designed to be installed on ceilings. The panel of these air conditioners is designed to blend with all kinds of home décor. They are stylish, and are known to deliver fantastic performances. Most cassette type air conditioners require no ducting. They are perfect for large spaces where windows or split AC may not reach out.

Cube Air Conditioner This fairly new design introduced by Panasonic can be mounted close to a ceiling or at the window level. Basically, this is a smaller version of the split type air conditioner and costs less than the former. The indoor unit features a newly designed diagonal propeller fan for efficient and fast cooling. Improved blade shape curvature and larger intake grill further aid for efficient performance.

• Thermodynamics is a

branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

Conduction is the transfer of heat within a substance, molecule by molecule. If you put one end of a metal rod over a fire, that end will absorb the energy from the flame (this is radiation transferring energy). The molecules at this end of the rod will gain energy and begin to vibrate faster. As they do their temperature increases and they begin to bump into the molecules next to them. The heat is being transferred from the warm end to the cold end.

Convection is heat transfer by the mass movement of a fluid in the vertical (up/down) direction. This type of heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases. This occurs naturally in our atmosphere. Warm air is less dense than cold air, making cold air heavier than warm air.

Heat Transfer

Radiation allows heat to be transferred through wave energy. These waves are called Electromagnetic Waves, because the energy travels in a combination of electric and magnetic waves. This energy is released when these waves are absorbed by an object.