sep 2012 lesson 4.9 meteorology weather reports & forecasts
TRANSCRIPT
Sep 2012Lesson 4.9
Meteorology
Weather Reports & Forecasts
Reference
From the Ground Up
Chapter 6.14.3 & 6.14.4:
Aviation Weather Reports & Forecasts
Pages 163 - 172
Introduction
• Weather reports and forecasts tell what the weather is like and predict what it will be.
• This is very important, as pilots must check the weather before and during every flight.
Outline
• Weather Reports• Weather Forecasts
Weather Reports
• Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)– Actual observation of current weather– Issued on the hour, every hour– Cloud heights are AGL (above ground)– Issued as a SPECI when a significant weather
change occurs off the hour
METARMETAR CYYZ 292000Z CCA 30015G25KT 3/4SM R33/4000FT/D -SN BLSN BKN008 OVC040 VV010 M05/M08 A2992 REFZRA WS RWY33 RMK SF5 SC3 VIS 3/8 TO NW SLP134
• METAR Report name – METAR or SPECI• CYYZ Station identifier – Toronto Pearson
International Airport• 292000Z Observation date and time – Issued on the
29th day of the month at 20:00 UTC• CCA Corrected report• 30015G25KT Wind and gusts – 300 degrees true at 15
knots gusting to 25 knots• 3/4SM Visibility – ¾ statute mile• R33/4000FT/D Runway visual range – Runway 33 has 4000
feet visibility with a downward tendency
METARMETAR CYYZ 292000Z CCA 30015G25KT 3/4SM R33/4000FT/D -SN BLSN BKN008 OVC040 VV010 M05/M08 A2992 REFZRA WS RWY33 RMK SF5 SC3 VIS 3/8 TO NW SLP134
• -SN BLSN Weather – Light snow showers and blowing Snow
• BKN008 OVC040 Sky condition – Clouds (and ceiling) are broken at 800 feet and also overcast at 4000 feet
• VV010 Vertical Visibility – 1000 feet• M05/M08 Temperature and dewpoint – Minus 5°C
and dewpoint minus 8°C• A2992 Altimeter setting – 29.92“ Hg• REFZRA Recent weather – Freezing rain• WS RWY33 Wind shear – On runway 33
METARMETAR CYYZ 292000Z CCA 30015G25KT 3/4SM R33/4000FT/D -SN BLSN BKN008 OVC040 VV010 M05/M08 A2992 REFZRA WS RWY33 RMK SF5 SC3 VIS 3/8 TO NW SLP134
• RMK Remarks:• SF5 Stratus Fractus covering 5 oktas• SC3 Stratocumulus covering 3 oktas• VIS 3/8 TO NW Visibility is ⅜ statute mile to the northwest• SLP 134 Sea level pressure is 1013.4 hPa
Weather Codes• Intensity and proximity:
– - Light– (no sign) Moderate– + Strong– VC Within vicinity
• Descriptors:– MI Shallow– BC Patches– DR Drifting– BL Blowing– SH Shower(s)– TS Thunderstorm– PR Partial– FZ Freezing
• Precipitation:– DZ Drizzle– RA Rain– SN Snow– SG Snow grains– PL Ice pellets– GR Hail– GS Snow pellets– IC Ice crystals– UP Unknown
precipitation (auto)
Weather Codes• Obscuration:
– HZ Haze– FU Smoke– SA Sand– DU Dust– FG Fog– BR Mist– VA Volcanic Ash
• Other phenomena:– PO Dust/sand whirls– SS Sandstorm– DS Duststorm– SQ Squalls– FC Funnel cloud– +FC Tornado/waterspout
• Sky condition (clouds):– CLR Sky Clear (auto)– SKC Sky Clear– FEW Few (1-2 oktas)– SCT Scattered (3-4 oktas)– BKN Broken (5-7 oktas)– OVC Overcast (8 oktas)
Note: The lowest BKN or OVC cloud layer is the ceiling
Weather Codes• Cloud Types
– CI Cirrus– ST Stratus– CS Cirrostratus– SF Stratus fractus– CC Cirrocumulus– SC Stratocumulus– AS Altostratus– CU Cumulus– AC Altocumulus– CF Cumulus fractus– ACC Altocumulus castellanus– TCU Towering cumulus– NS Nimbostratus– CB Cumulonimbus
METAR
• Examples:– METAR CYTZ 191400Z AUTO 07007KT 5SM BR CLR 05/04
A3043 RMK SLP307
– SPECI CYBN 191403Z AUTO 18006KT 5/8SM OVC001 02/02 A3042
– METAR CYKZ 191200Z 07003KT 6SM BR OVC004 03/02 A3044 RMK ST8 VIS N LWR SLP316
– SPECI CYYZ 191346Z 02002KT 3/4SM R05/P6000FT/D R06R/P6000FT/N BR OVC002 04/ RMK FG4ST4
Weather Forecasts
• Graphic Area Forecast (GFA)– Prediction of upcoming weather– Issued four times a day, every six hours– Two types:
• Clouds and weather• Icing, turbulence and freezing level
• Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)– Prediction of upcoming weather– Issued four times a day, every six hours– Valid for up to 24 hours– Cloud heights are AGL (above ground)
GFA
GFA
TAFTAF AMD CYTZ 031530Z 0316/0416 VRB03KT P6SM SCT030 TEMPO 0318/0319 18005KT 1/2SM FG VV002 FM 032100 5SM BKN020 BECMG 0323/0401 19010KT OVC020 PROB30 0412/0413 2SM BR BKN015 RMK NXT FCST BY 032200Z
• TAF Report name – Aerodrome forecast• AMD Report has been amended• CYTZ Station identifier – Billy Bishop Toronto City
Airport• 031530Z Observation date and time – Issued on the 3rd
day of the month at 15:30 UTC • 0316/0416 Coverage period - Valid on 3rd day of the
month from 16:00 UTC until 16:00 UTC of following day
• VRB03KT Wind and gusts – Variable at 3 knots• P6SM Visibility – Plus 6 statute miles
TAFTAF AMD CYTZ 031530Z 0316/0416 VRB03KT P6SM SCT030 TEMPO 0318/0319 18005KT 1/2SM FG VV002 FM 032100 5SM BKN020 BECMG 0323/0401 19010KT OVC020 PROB30 0412/0413 2SM BR BKN015 RMK NXT FCST BY 032200Z
• SCT030 Sky condition – Clouds scattered at 3000 feet• TEMPO 0318/0319 Forecast change – Following conditions will
occur between 18:00 and 19:00 UTC:• 18005KT Winds 180 degrees at 5 knots• 1/2SM FG Visibility ½ statute mile due to fog• VV002 Vertical visibility – 200 feet• FM 032100 From 21:00 UTC, the following will occur:• 5SM Visibility 5 statue miles• BKN020 Clouds broken at 2000 feet
TAFTAF AMD CYTZ 031530Z 0316/0416 VRB03KT P6SM SCT030 TEMPO 0318/0319 18005KT 1/2SM FG VV002 FM 032100 5SM BKN020 BECMG 0323/0401 19010KT OVC020 PROB30 0412/0413 2SM BR BKN015 RMK NXT FCST BY 032200Z
• BECMG 0323/0401 Between 23:00 and 01:00 UTC, becoming:• 19010KT Winds 190 degrees at 10 knots• OVC020 Clouds overcast at 2000 feet• PROB30 0412/0413 30 percent probability that between 12:00
and 13:00 UTC, the following will occur:• 2SM BR Visibility 2 statute miles due to mist• BKN015 Clouds broken at 1500 feet• RMK NXT FCST BY Remarks – Next forecast by 22:00 UTC on
the032200Z 3rd day of the month
TAF• Examples:
– TAF CYTZ 191338Z 1914/2014 05008KT 6SM BR SCT012 TEMPO 1914/1915 2SMBR BKN008 PROB30 1914/1915 1/2SM FG VV002FM191500 08008KT 6SM BR SCT240 TEMPO 1915/1916 3SM BR BKN009FM191700 19008KT P6SM FEW220FM200600 05008KT 6SM BR BKN120 BKN240 PROB30 2006/2014 2SM BRRMK FCST BASED ON AUTO OBS. NXT FCST BY 192000Z
– TAF AMD CYBN 191355Z 1913/1924 17005KT 3/4SM BR VV001BECMG 1914/1916 P6SM NSW SCT120RMK FCST BASED ON AUTO OBS. NXT FCST BY 191800Z
TAF• Examples:
– TAF AMD CYKZ 191424Z 1914/1924 VRB03KT 11/2SM BR OVC003 TEMPO1914/1915 3SM BR SCT004FM191500 07005KT 11/2SM BR BKN004BECMG 1915/1916 6SM BR SCT240RMK NXT FCST BY 191800Z
– TAF CYYZ 191438Z 1915/2018 04005KT 2SM BR BKN004BECMG 1915/1916 6SM BR SCT240FM191700 14006KT P6SM FEW220FM200600 02004KT 6SM BR BKN150 BKN240 PROB30 2006/2012 2SM BRRMK NXT FCST BY 191800Z
Next Lesson
5.1 – Navigation
Latitude & Longitude
From the Ground Up
Chapter 7.1:
Latitude & Longitude
Pages 177 - 179