“Nothing is more degrading than hunger,especially when man made.”

Ban Ki Moon, United Nations Secretary General

Food and nutritional security in India:

Performance and Challenges

Presented by : JAGRITI ROHITRoll No: 10242

According to FAO, 1996 “food security exists when all people,

at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,

safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food

preferences for an active and healthy life”

Physical and economic

Availability to food

Physical and

economic access to

food

Food Utilization

Stability of the other 3 dimensions over time

dimensions

SWAMINATHAN (1986) has stressed the need for shifting to the

concept of ‘Nutrition Security’, which he has defined as“physical, economic and social access to balanced diet, cleandrinking water, environmental hygiene, primary health care andnutritional literacy”

Poverty

HungerMalnutrition

29.5% of the India population lives below the poverty line (FAO)

210 MILLION OF WORLD HUNGRY PEOPLE ARE IN INDIA. (FAO)

42.3 per cent children under the age of five years are underweight, 58.8 per cent are stunted and 11.4 per cent are “wasted”. (FAO)

Food insecurity

Global losses in economicproductivity due toundernutrition andmicronutrient deficiencieshave been estimated at morethan 10 percent of lifetimeearnings and 2–3 percent ofglobal gross domestic product(GdP) (World bank, 2006a)

Reason for global food crisis

Food security at the national level refers to

availability in the country of sufficient stocks

of food to meet domestic demand through

domestic supply or imports

Crop 2011-12 2012-13

Rice 105.31 104.22

Wheat 94.88 93.62

Coarse cereals 42.04 39.52

Total cereals 242.23 237.3618

Pulses 17.09 18.00

Total food grains 259.32 255.36

Oilseeds 29.79 30.72

Sugar 24.60 26.00

Vegetables 156.325 156.445

Fruits 76.42 79.40

Milk 127.9 133.7

Source:-RBI Hand Book on India Economy 2011-12

(million tonnes)

Physical Availability of Food

Growth in production and yields of food grains, fruits and vegetables (%)

Rice WheatCoarse

CerealsPulses

Total food

grainsFruits Vegetables

Production

1950s 4.46 5.17 3.66 4.10 4.24 NA NA

1960s 1.19 6.82 1.51 -1.29 1.85 NA NA

1970s 1.90 4.31 1.11 -0.39 2.07 NA NA

1980s 3.62 3.58 0.35 1.49 2.73 NA NA

1990s 2.02 3.57 -0.01 0.86 2.10 5.25 5.15

2000s 2.16 1.78 3.46 3.00 2.29 6.48 5.53

Overall 2.59 4.78 1.00 0.59 2.50 4.27 4.41

Productivity

1950s 3.15 1.08 2.33 0.94 2.26 NA NA

1960s 3.36 4.46 0.91 0.03 1.32 NA NA

1970s 1.01 1.87 2.00 -0.98 1.60 NA NA

1980s 3.19 3.10 1.71 1.59 2.97 NA NA

1990s 1.34 1.82 2.14 1.27 2.17 1.83 3.26

2000s 1.62 0.80 3.59 1.96 1.69 0.55 1.57

Overall 1.90 2.82 1.90 0.41 2.23 -0.09 1.67

0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11

Numbers

(in

m

illlio

nto

nn

e)

Population vs Food

Food grain

Rice

Wheat

Pulses

Population

Source: Economic Survey, 2011-12

Production of major livestock products

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Milk (million tonne)

Egg ('000 million no.)

Fish ('00 thousand tonne)

Products CGR (%)

Milk 4.11

Fish 5.77

Egg 3.44

Scope for increase in net sown area is limited

Land degradation in the form of depletion of soil fertility and erosion

Exposure of domestic agriculture to international competition has

resulted in a high price volatility

Steeper decline in per capita agricultural land availability

Shrinking of farm size

Land issues such as SEZs, land going to non-agriculture

Factors responsible for stagnating growth

Per capita availability of foodgrains

• Net availability declined if we compare till 1997 with 2010

• Increase in foodgrains production has not been able to keep pace

with the increase in population.

• 2010, per capita availability of foodgrains was only 439

grams/day - much lower than 510 grams/day in 1991

• Pulses - from1951 to 2010, per capita availability of has declined

significantly

• Per capita availability of sugar and edible oils has increased over

time

15

Year Cereal Pulses Total

1950-51 334.2 60.7 394.9

1960-61 399.7 69.0 468.7

1970-71 417.6 51.2 468.8

1980-81 417.3 37.5 454.8

1990-91 468.5 41.6 510.1

2000-01 366.2 30.0 416.2

2005-06 390.9 31.5 422.4

2006-07 412.1 32.5 444.5

2007-08 407.4 32.5 442.8

2008-09 374.6 41.8 436.0

2009-10 407.0 37.0 444.0

2010-11 407.0 31.6 438.6

Source: Indian Economy,Gaurav Datt and Ashwani Mahajan,2013

(in gram)

Per capita Net Availability Per Day

16

Commodity Per capita availability Minimum per capita requirement

Total cereals 528.70 400

Pulses 46.78 80

Total food grains 568.79 480

Oil 39.73 30

Sugar 54.79 20

Vegetables 348.47 300

Fruits 176.86 150

Milk 297.81 300

Source:-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad

(in gram per day)

Per capita availability, 2012-13

NSS round 43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th

Year 1987-88 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

RURAL

Cereals 26.14 23.8 22.16 17.38 17.02 16.51 16.07

Gram 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.15

Edible oil 4.98 4.37 3.74 4.44 4.08 3.92 4.31

Milk & milk products 8.62 9.33 8.75 8.17 8.16 8.09 7.79

Egg, fish and meat 3.23 3.29 3.32 3.21 3.89 3.5 3.41

Vegetables 5.21 5.94 6.17 5.88 6.07 6.19 6.28

Fruits & nuts 1.63 1.71 1.72 1.8 1.88 1.79 1.76

URBAN

Cereals 14.79 13.85 12.35 9.58 9.38 9.05 8.88

Gram 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.12

Edible oil 5.29 4.33 3.14 3.29 2.99 2.86 3.16

Milk & milk products 9.54 9.67 8.68 7.54 7.26 7.43 7.25

Egg, fish and meat 3.54 3.34 3.13 2.58 2.76 2.61 2.68

Vegetables 5.25 5.38 5.13 4.24 4.25 4.33 4.37

Fruits & nuts 2.51 2.63 2.42 2.14 2.18 2.13 2.11

Source: Household consumption expenditure in India, 2007-08, NSSO, Government of India

Table 5: Share of different food items in per capita expenditure over NSS rounds (%)

Changes in consumption patterns

Share of different food items in per capita expenditure of consumer (%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th

Per

cen

tage

NSSO rounds

0

5

10

15

20

25

43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th

Per

cen

tage

NSSO rounds

0

10

20

30

43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th

Pe

rce

nta

ge

NSSO rounds

Cereals, grams and edible oil

Milk, fish, egg and meat

Vegetables, nuts and fruits

Rural

Urban

According to NCAP report, India will require 280.6million tonnes of food grains by 2020. Demandfor pulses and oil seeds would increase by 140 percent and 243 per cent respectively. India wouldrequire about 130 million tonne of rice in 2020while requirement of wheat would reach 110million tonne in 2020.

Food Grain Requirement Projection

Source: Policy Brief on demand for foodgrains during2020,Ramesh Chand, NCAP, New Delhi

Projected Scenario of 2030

ICAR Vision Document 2030

Strategies to increase food production

• Defending the gainsconservation farming . ‘National Biosecurity System’ ,

“bright spots” and “hot spots” , Good Weather Code

• Extending the gains Indo-Gangetic plains , ‘Ganges Water Machine’

• Making new gains • post-harvest technology, agro-processing and value

addition to primary produce

STRATEGIES TO INCREASE AVAILABILTIY

• Community farming

• Emphasis on nutrient rich indigenous foods such asRagi (called food of the poor)

• Reduction in cost of production through R&Dinterventions

• Targeting increased productivity, Expand utilization ofpublic storage food facilities, and encourage privatesector investment in these facilities

PERFORMANCE IN ACCESS TO FOOD AND

NUTRITION

PERFORMANCE IN ACCESS TO FOOD AND NUTRITION

Individual level: food security means that all members of the

society have access to the food

Own production

The market

The government’s transfer mechanism

Two ways to ensuring the adequate purchasing power

1. Employment

2. Increase incomes and subsidize food through social

protection programmes

Employment Growth

Employment Income Purchasing power Access Consumption

Growth rates of employment: 1983 to 1994 and 1994 to 2005 (%)

Male Female Total

Rural

1983-1994 1.96 1.40 1.77

1994-2005 1.41 1.55 1.46

Urban

1983-1994 3.15 3.37 3.26

1994-2005 3.10 3.08 3.09

Total

1983-1994 2.25 1.65 2.08

1994-2005 1.87 1.78 1.84

Performance in terms of access to food

Source: Dev and Sharma (2010)

Performance in access to food

Food insecurity at the Household Level: Poverty Ratios

The incidence of poverty indicates the extent to which food is accessible to

households (Tendulkar committee)

Particulars Year Urban Rural

Population below poverty line (%)

2004-05 25.70 41.80

2010-11 20.90 33.80

Income criteria to say people below

poverty line (Rs/person /day)

2004-05 28.35 22.42

2010-11 32.00 26.00

Absolute number of poor in India

(crore)

2004-05 8.14 32.58

2010-11 7.64 27.82

2004-05 2007-08

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Tamil Nadu 80.0 49.8 65.2 87.8 65.7 76.4

Andhra Pradesh 62.5 31.6 54.0 81.1 41.8 70.2

Himachal Pradesh 52.0 15.1 46.6 69.1 41.6 65.4

Kerala 39.3 28.6 36.5 58.6 42.4 54.2

Karnataka 59.8 21.8 45.4 58.6 15.9 42.4

Jammu and Kashmir 33.6 47.3 37.5 37.5 50.2 41.0

Chattisgarh 24.4 14.2 22.1 46.8 18.7 40.2

Orissa 21.6 6.7 19.1 36.1 16.7 32.5

Uttarakhand 26.4 3.0 19.5 35.1 16.8 29.9

Madhya Pradesh 23.8 11.6 20.4 30.2 16.6 26.3

Maharashtra 30.5 7.9 20.3 34.6 6.2 21.4

West Bengal 15.1 6.6 12.4 25.8 9.5 20.7

Gujarat 32.6 7.9 23.0 26.7 6.9 18.2

Assam 9.2 2.5 8.0 20.2 1.8 17.0

Uttara Pradesh 6.5 3.0 5.7 18.3 5.5 15.4

Rajasthana 12.8 2.0 10.0 11.4 8.9 10.8

Haryana 4.1 5.3 4.5 12.1 5.0 9.7

Punjab 0.3 0.7 0.5 9.3 4.3 7.3

Jharkhand 5.9 3.4 5.3 8.2 1.7 6.5

Bihar 2.0 1.8 1.9 3.0 2.6 3.0

All India 26.6 14.7 23.0 35.0 19.4 30.1

Proportion of households reporting grain purchase from PDS (%)

Source: Himamshu and Sen (2011)

Food security at the Household Level: PDS

Proportion of households reporting grain purchase from PDS (%)

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Rural Urban

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

2004-05 2007-08

Rotting Wheat in Godowns

Source:-http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-07/india/39090187_1_global-hunger-index-wheat-ghi-score

•The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has admitted in data accessed through

RTI that the amount of damaged wheat has increased from 2,010 tonnes

(T) in 2009-2010 to 2,401.61 tonnes (2011-2012).

•The country has already suffered a loss of 932.46 tonnes damaged

wheat this year till February(2013).

STRATEGIES

• Shorten the Supply Chain

• Farmer-friendly Marketing and Processing –

Producers Owned Companies

Value addition near to production

• Non-farm Interventions

• Strengthen the management and distribution of the food reserves through PPP

• Food Safety Net

• Innovative adoption of Food Coupons,

Food Stamps, Food Credit Cards

Direct Cash Transfer

Absorption/nutrition

Calories(kc) Protein (gms) Fats (gms)

Year NSSO Round Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

1983 38 2,240 2,070 63.5 58.1 27.1 37.1

1987-88 43 2,233 2,095 63.2 58.6 28.3 39.3

1993-94 50 2,153 2,073 60.3 57.7 31.1 41.9

1999-2000 55 2,148 2,155 59.1 58.4 36.0 49.6

2000-01 56 2,083 2,027 56.8 55.3 34.6 46.1

2001-02 57 2,018 1,982 54.8 54.2 33.6 46.1

2002 58 2,025 2,014 55.4 54.9 34.7 47.0

2003 59 2,106 2,020 58.0 55.5 36.4 46.7

2004 60 2,087 2,036 56.9 55.9 35.5 46.8

2004-05 61 2,047 2,021 55.8 55.4 35.4 47.4

Source: Deaton and Dreze (2009)

Mean per capita consumption of calories, protein and fats (per day)

Performance in terms of nutrition indicators

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Cal

ori

es (

kc /

day

)

NSS rounds

Calories intakeRural

Urban

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

66

38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Pro

tein

s (g

ram

s/d

ay)

NSS round

Protein intakeRural

Urban

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Fats

(G

ram

s/d

ay)

NSS round

Fat intake Rural

Urban

Mean per capita consumption of calories, protein and fats (per day)

Undernutrition in India (%)

Nutrition indicatorsNFHS I

(1998-99)

NFHS II

(2005-06)Per cent change

Stunting

(children < 3 age)51 45 -11.76

Underweight

(Children < 3 age)43 40 -6.98

Vitamin A deficiency

(Children < 5 age)NA 57 ---

Anemia

(Children 6-35 months)74 79 6.76

Women with Anemia 52 56 7.69

Men with Anemia --- 24 ---

Source: National Family Health Survey (2005-06)

Almost one in two Indian children is stunted and 40 percent are underweight.

One-third of all Indian women are underweight

Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are extremely high, with almost 80percent of children and 56 percent of women being anemic

• Consumption of nutrient rich indigenous foods such as Ragi

• Dissemination of food and nutrition information to consumers

• Assessment and monitoring of the nutritional status of schoolchildren and adolescents and create awareness on healthydiets

STRATEGIES

AGRICULTURE TOIMPROVE NUTRITION SECURITY?

Leveraging Existing Platforms

Improving Economic and Physical Access to High-Quality, Nutrient-Rich Diets

Improve access to nutrient-rich foods

Biofortification of staple crops

Leveraging Agriculture to Empower Women andStrengthen Their Capacity to Care for Themselvesand Young Children

COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND BRAZIL

Three main policy pillar

• Bolsa Família

• Alimentação Escolar

• The Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar

SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES

In 2009 it was estimated that 20 million Brazilians climbed out of poverty following the implementation of this policy.

There were 15.4% of Brazilians living in poverty in 2009, compared to 27.8% in 1999. The country has thus attained the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty.

Food security has improved overall: in 2009, 30.2% of households were foodinsecure (34.8% in 2004). Early childhood malnutrition fell by 61% between2003 and 2009

LESSONS FROM BRAZIL

• Decentralize purchasing

• Procurement of coarse cereals and millets

• Convergence of social protection schemes with nationalflagship programme.

• A unified database similar to the Cadastro Único to promoteeffective and standardized targeting across schemes

• India can start an in-depth study of the mechanisms of cashtransfers, and pilot the program in willing, better connectedareas

Government strategies

Availability

Production

Access

Affordability

•Food reserve and stocks (>80 million ton) •500 thousand fair price shops

•Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program •Direct Cash Transfer

•Subsidized food to people BPL •Food Security act (Right to Food)

•Food Security Mission • RKVY•Subsidy in fertilizer and irrigation •MSP and assured procurement

23-Aug-17 44

National Food Security Mission

•NFSM was launched in Aug,2007 by GOI with an aim ofachieving an additional production of 10,8 and 2million tonnes of paddy, wheat and pulses respectivelyby the end of 2011-12.•A sum of Rs. 3381 crore has been spent till 31March,2011.

Economic survey, 2013

Mid Day Meal Scheme•100 million schoolchildren are eligible forhot meal; 50 million aregetting the meals; ofwhich 27 million also getthe “4-in-one healthpackage.”

•The scheme does notprovide meals to thosewho does not attend theschool.

46

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Growth in GDP for Agriculture and allied Sectors (%), base year

2004-05

5.8 0.1 0.8 7.9 3.6

Source:-Economic Survey,2013

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

•Started in 2007-08 for incentivizing states to enhance publicinvestment to achieve 4% growth rate in agriculture andallied sectors during the 11th five year plan. During 2007-11an amount of Rs.14598 was released.

47

• 10th September, 2013 with the objective to provide for foodand nutritional security in human life cycle approach, byensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food ataffordable prices to people to live a life with dignity.

•50% of urban and 75% of rural population be covered underAct.•Guarantees providing 5 kg food grain per person per month at asubsidised rate to 67% of the country's population.•82 crore people in both urban and rural areas.•Food grains would include rice, wheat and millet at Rs.3, Rs.2and Rs.1 per kg, respectively.

National Food Security Act 2013

States with increased requirement as per NFSB (lakh tonne)

Present TDPS allocation (2010-11) Likely TDPS requirement (As per NFSB) Increase

Uttara Pradesh 63.41 93.92 30.51

Bihar 33.83 59.23 25.40

Madhya Pradesh 24.02 37.77 13.75

Rajasthana 17.83 29.08 11.25

Maharashtra 40.87 48.71 7.84

West Bengal 32.97 37.87 4.90

Karnataka 20.71 24.78 4.07

Jharkhand 12.41 16.34 3.93

Orissa 21.19 24.53 3.34

Haryana 6.14 8.75 2.61

Chattisgarh 10.92 13.39 2.47

Punjab 7.45 8.88 1.43

Gujarath 1.08 1.21 0.13

Total 309.93 428.87 118.94

Source: Kumar, 2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Present TDPS As per NFSB

2011-12 (billion Rs.) 2012-13 (billion Rs.)

Without NFSB 957.87 1097.96

With NFSB 988.42 1122.20

Existing allotment under TDPS (2010-11) 42.79 mt

Storage

Total capacity with FCI (15/01/12) 33.40 mt

Storage capacity with state agencies(31/03/2011) 30.33 mt

Total storage capacity 63.73 mt

Proposed storage capacity 15.12 mt

Food subsidy

Storage capacity requirement under NFSB

Case study

• Role of Agricultural Extension in Improving Food Security of Rural Households of Hamedan Province, Iran

• Mehdi Mohamadian Jadval Ghadam (2012)• Food availability situation, most of the farmers (40.6) have

stated that the situation of food availability is in moderatelevel and only 12.8 percent have believed that it is completelyappropriate

• In regarding the role of agricultural education in improvingfood security of rural households, findings indicate that mostof the farmers (44.4 percent) have mentioned that agriculturaleducation has a moderate role in improving food security,while 34.2 percent has believed that it is little

Work from our division

• Livelihood security of rural area: a critical analysis by Smitha baby (2005).

• In this study, the food security was operationalised asavailability and access to balanced food at household level. Itwas studied as a component of livelihood security scale.

• Food security of the labor class was very poor as the majority(70%) household was found to be food insecure. 22 per centof the marginal farmers were having low food security index .

SUGGESTIONS• Small farms can be helped in increasing productivity by having access to

extension services and better water management. Sustainable agricultureshould be the focus of interventions.

• Local knowledge and local seeds can be used for biodiversity. Organicfarming can also be encouraged to protect the environment and generatehigher incomes for small farmers.

• Urban agriculture can improve food security in urban areas. Homegrownfood can also be encouraged as it would contribute to food security andnutrition as well as freeing incomes for non-food expenses such as healthand education. ate higher incomes for small farmers.

• Project GOAL empowers communities through health literacy andconnects rural communities with the government health and nutritionservices available.

• Focus on areas likely to be affected by climate change.

• Group approach to realize economies of scale in buying inputs andmarketing outputs. One important problem in India is marketing ofagricultural production.

• Using information technology for agricultural production and marketing.

• Purchasing locally grown food from low income and small holder farmersto benefit their families and communities.

• Micro nutrient programme is another area of intervention. For example,Vitamin A tablets alone have prevented many deaths. Vitamin A and foodfortification like salt iodization are an integral part of food securityprogrammes.

• In order to improve delivery systems in food based programmes there is aneed to strengthen programmes like ICDS with the covnvergence ofseveral departments. International agencies can help in this convergenceas a pilot project to improve the delivery systems.

WAY FORWAD

• Freedom from hunger is not only a basic human right: it is essential for the full enjoyment of other rights, such as health, education, information etc.

• Innovative strategic interventions are the needs of the hour to ensure food availability, food access and utilization of food

• India will not have problem of Cereals availability in the long run (2020-21) and will have shortage of Pulse and Oilseed production if adequate steps are not taken by the Government of India.

• Due to changes in consumption patterns, demand for non-cereal food has been increasing. So, need to focus on crop diversification and improve allied activities

There are many deficit areas in agriculture need to be focus

Investment on infrastructure

Soil and water management

Research

Market reforms

Nutrition component needs a multi-disciplinary approach covering

diet diversification including micronutrients, women’s

empowerment, education, health, safe drinking water, sanitation

and hygiene

Nutrition improvement should combine a rights based approach

and nutrition education.

“There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread.” Mahatma Gandhi