SUBMITTED BY:-

DEEPTI KOTHARI

I.D - 38293

SUBMITTED TO:-

Dr. PRATIBHA SINGH

Deptt. OF HOME SCIENCE

EXTENSION

EXTENSION IN THE WORLD

O Origin from U.S.A

O Started form late 80s

O Until 1914, use of extension lectures

O Smith Lever Act, 1914- a turning point

PHASES OF EXTENSION IN INDIA

Pre-British Period

British period

Pre-independence

Post-independence

Present scenario

1.PRE- BRITISH PERIOD

Villages were self-sustained, self-

sufficient and self-governed units

Panchayat system was there

Development of central seat of the

government i.e ONE RULAR

2.BRITISH GOVT. PERIOD

No effort till last quarter of 19th

century Series of Famines(1875-1901)

forced them to:-1. Appoint commission2. Following certain Acts(e.g.

Cooperative Act, Land Improvement Loans Act etc.)

3. ESTD. Of Rural Construction Department

OUTCOMES :-

Can be assessed in the form of shortcomings, that are:-

No detailed planning involved

No emphasis on people’s participation, cooperation and

involvement

Never followed educational approach

Approach of extension agents were like that of BOSSES

3.PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA

Some efforts were done by benevolent persons and some agencies that are:-

Work at Shantiniketan

Gurgaon Experiment

Servants of Indian Society, Poona

Sir Daniel Hemilton’s Scheme of Rural Reconstruction

Marthandam Project

Sarvodaya Programme etc.

OUTCOMES:-

Although being initial efforts were superb, but still one or the

other shortcoming that could be summed up are as

following:-

Individual initiative

Govt. backing & financing were not forthcoming

All attempts were isolated, uneven & discontinuous

Inexperienced and untrained staff

Plans and programmes were ill-defined and unbalanced

No evaluation were carried out at the end

4.POST INDEPENDENCE ERA

There are 4 distinct stages in extension efforts during this period:-

1) Community Development

2) Technological Development

3) Development with Social Justice

4) Infrastructural Development

EXTENSION SYSTEM IN INDIA

PRESENT SCENARIO

Public-Sector Extension

a. State Departments of Agriculture

b. Agricultural Technology Management Agency

c. SAUs

d. Knowledge Transfer through KVKs

Public-Private Partnership: The Agriclinics and

Agribusiness Centres (ACABC) Scheme

Cntd….

Private-sector Extension: E-Choupal,

Farmer Field Schools

Innovative Approaches

Mass Media and Information and Communication

Technology Approaches

Information flow in the State Departments of Agriculture

Information linkages in the KVKs

Information flow in the e-Choupal model

Information flow in the agri-clinic program

Information flow in farmer field school approach

Private-sector Approaches

O ITC e-Choupals

O Haryali Kisaan Bazaars of DCM Shriram

Consolidated Ltd.

O Tata Kisan Sansar, an initiative of Tata

Chemicals

ICT Approaches O Kisan Channel on Doordarshan

O All India FM Transmitter Network

O Kisan Call Centres

O IKSL (IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Ltd. in collaboration with

Airtel), Mandi on Mobile

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES

O Kerala Horticulture Development Program

(KHDP)

O Mahindra Krishi Vihar (MKV)

O BASIX

EXTENSION SYSTEM (STRENGTHS)

Post T & V period show decentralization of

extension planning & control

The use of group approach

Use of para-extension workers

Setting up of multi-disciplinary teams from SAUs

Setting up of agri-clinic by private entrepreneurs

Formation of registered societies like ATMA at the

district level by integrating the functions of key

stakeholders

• Public sector still dominates ,Information

flow is supply-driven and not needs-based or

area-specific

• A large no. of agencies provide support and

advisory support but restricted to regions

• Public-private partnership is limited

• Infrastructural & networking support is still

lacking

• Remote areas and poor producers are poorly

served by both private & public sector

extension

POINTS TO CONSIDER YET……