Section III: Peace in a New EuropeSection III: Peace in a New Europe(Pages 624-629)(Pages 624-629)

Section III: Peace in a New EuropeSection III: Peace in a New Europe(Pages 624-629)(Pages 624-629)

This section is about:This section is about: The armistice that The armistice that

ended World War I.ended World War I. The economic and The economic and

human costs of the human costs of the war.war.

How world leaders How world leaders attempted to work attempted to work out peace terms at out peace terms at the Paris Peace the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.Conference in 1919.

Start by looking at Start by looking at the pictures on the pictures on each of the pages: each of the pages: 625-628.625-628.

Look at the “Main Look at the “Main Ideas” on page 624.Ideas” on page 624.

Look at the side Look at the side notes on 624 and notes on 624 and 625.625.

Peace in a New EuropePeace in a New EuropeSigning an ArmisticeSigning an Armistice

It’s a lot easier to start It’s a lot easier to start a war than it can be to a war than it can be to end one.end one.

Ending WWI took the Ending WWI took the skills of all the leaders skills of all the leaders of both sides.of both sides.

The Eleventh HourThe Eleventh Hour As more an more Americans As more an more Americans

came to help the exhausted came to help the exhausted French and British troops, French and British troops, the Germans began losing the Germans began losing hope of winning the war.hope of winning the war.

All of the other countries All of the other countries had already signed an had already signed an armisticearmistice..

Finally, Germany did, too – Finally, Germany did, too – at 11/11/11 and the war was at 11/11/11 and the war was over (1918).over (1918).

The terms of the treaty were The terms of the treaty were tough on Germany – they tough on Germany – they gave up many of their gave up many of their weapons and the allies had weapons and the allies had the right to occupy the the right to occupy the western part of Germany western part of Germany (west of the Rhine)(west of the Rhine)(an agreement to stop fighting)

Disbanding Allied TroopsDisbanding Allied Troops

Plans were started Plans were started for for demobilizationdemobilization / / demilitarization on demilitarization on both sides (sending both sides (sending soldiers back soldiers back home).home).

This process took a This process took a long time – the long time – the tired French and tired French and British went first.British went first.

The American The American “doughboys” didn’t “doughboys” didn’t leave Europe until leave Europe until 1923.1923.

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

WWI affected millions WWI affected millions around the world. around the world.

It involved countries in It involved countries in Europe, Asia, North Europe, Asia, North America and Africa.America and Africa.

Fighting took place in Fighting took place in Europe, Asia, and Europe, Asia, and Africa.Africa.

Fighting happened the Fighting happened the Atlantic, Pacific, and Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.Indian Oceans.

Total WarTotal War

WWI was a total war – WWI was a total war – soldiers, regular people, soldiers, regular people, movement of people and movement of people and goods – and changed the goods – and changed the face of the world forever.face of the world forever.

It brought mass destruction It brought mass destruction to many of the towns of to many of the towns of Europe.Europe.

It changed political It changed political boundaries of many boundaries of many countries.countries.

It even changed the It even changed the workforce – for the first time, workforce – for the first time, women began working women began working regular jobs a lot more and regular jobs a lot more and soon after the war was over soon after the war was over got the right to vote.got the right to vote.

Costs of the WarCosts of the War Wars also cost a lot of money and WWI was “record breaking.”Wars also cost a lot of money and WWI was “record breaking.” $186 billion dollars in 1918 money.$186 billion dollars in 1918 money. But there were other costs – loss of business and regular But there were other costs – loss of business and regular

production, medical costs for the wounded, future economic production, medical costs for the wounded, future economic contributions of the killed, and costs of supporting families of contributions of the killed, and costs of supporting families of people who had died.people who had died.

Loss of LifeLoss of Life More than 65 million soldiers More than 65 million soldiers

fought in WWI.fought in WWI. Some battles had over a Some battles had over a

million soldiers.million soldiers. Some countries had even Some countries had even

more civilian than military more civilian than military deaths.deaths.

As an example, the Ottoman As an example, the Ottoman Turks thought the Armenian Turks thought the Armenian Christians were helping the Christians were helping the Russians and massacred 1.5 Russians and massacred 1.5 million men women and million men women and children.children.

7-11 million soldiers were 7-11 million soldiers were killed and twice that many killed and twice that many were wounded and/or were wounded and/or disabled for life.disabled for life.

An entire generation of An entire generation of European youth were killed.European youth were killed.

““Only” 125,000 Americans Only” 125,000 Americans were killed in battle.were killed in battle.

In Germany or Great Britain, In Germany or Great Britain, it seemed just about every it seemed just about every family had someone who had family had someone who had been killed.been killed.

““Only” 125,000 Americans were killed in battle. Only” 125,000 Americans were killed in battle. But, about 650,000 American soldiers died during But, about 650,000 American soldiers died during

the war.the war.

There was a bad flue There was a bad flue epidemic in the world in epidemic in the world in 1918.1918.

It may have even started in It may have even started in 1918 in Kansas, and a 1918 in Kansas, and a soldier brought it to Europe.soldier brought it to Europe.

It kept spreading and It kept spreading and spreading.spreading.

It infected 500 million people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to 100 million of them—3 to 5 percent of the world's population at the time—making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history

The Terms of PeaceThe Terms of PeaceThe Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points

The war was not The war was not officially over until there officially over until there was a plan for peace.was a plan for peace.

The allies met at the The allies met at the Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference in 1919 to come up with in 1919 to come up with a plan.a plan.

President Wilson had President Wilson had come up with a come up with a plan plan about how the countries about how the countries of the world should get of the world should get along after the war.along after the war.

It had 14 points, so it’s It had 14 points, so it’s called: called: ____________________________

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference At the peace conference, At the peace conference,

different committees worked different committees worked on different parts of the on different parts of the plan.plan.

One of the issues was One of the issues was reparationsreparations – – who was going who was going to pay for the damages of to pay for the damages of the war?the war?

““The Big Four” (U.S., Great The Big Four” (U.S., Great Britain, France, and Italy) Britain, France, and Italy) met at Versailles The other met at Versailles The other countries had a more minor countries had a more minor role in the plan.role in the plan.

Each of the Big Four Each of the Big Four countries found things in the countries found things in the Fourteen Points they didn't Fourteen Points they didn't like – and since the other 3 like – and since the other 3 were in Europe, they had were in Europe, they had their own plans about the their own plans about the post-war map of Europe.post-war map of Europe.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

The losing nations couldn’t The losing nations couldn’t help with the post-war plan help with the post-war plan at the at the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles..

And, the winning nations And, the winning nations broke some promises they broke some promises they made at the Paris Peace made at the Paris Peace Conference.Conference.

Germany lost some land Germany lost some land and Resources.and Resources.

Poland was made a Poland was made a separate country again.separate country again.

All of Germanys’ overseas All of Germanys’ overseas colonies were taken from colonies were taken from them (and spit up by the them (and spit up by the Allies).Allies).

……………………………………………………

The hardest part for Germany:The hardest part for Germany: Germany had to accept the Germany had to accept the

“war guilt” statement – that “war guilt” statement – that they were the aggressor in the they were the aggressor in the war.war.

This meant that Germany This meant that Germany would have to pay reparations would have to pay reparations for the damage they caused, for the damage they caused, and the Allied losses ($33 and the Allied losses ($33 Billion).Billion).

Economists pointed out this Economists pointed out this would cause problems down would cause problems down the road – for Germany and for the road – for Germany and for nations that would trade with nations that would trade with them.them.

Terms of the Terms of the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

There were a total of 440 There were a total of 440 clauses in the final treaty. The clauses in the final treaty. The first 26 clauses dealt with the first 26 clauses dealt with the establishment of the League of establishment of the League of Nations. The remaining 414 Nations. The remaining 414 clauses spelled out Germany's clauses spelled out Germany's punishment. punishment.

……………………………………..

““The Big Four” wanted The Big Four” wanted to make sure Germany to make sure Germany would never be a would never be a threat again.threat again.

Germany would be Germany would be restricted to 100,000 restricted to 100,000 troops (not many).troops (not many).

The German army had The German army had to reduce their amount to reduce their amount of ships.of ships.

They were prohibited They were prohibited to manufacture to manufacture armored cars, tanks, armored cars, tanks, airplanes, submarines, airplanes, submarines, and poison gas.and poison gas.

The area west of the The area west of the Rhine River became a Rhine River became a demilitarized zonedemilitarized zone – no – no military forces.military forces.

The League of NationsThe League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles also The Treaty of Versailles also

created the created the League of NationsLeague of Nations.. They were supposed to keep They were supposed to keep

countries boundaries intact countries boundaries intact and reduce military forces and and reduce military forces and equipment.equipment.

President Wilson’s “14President Wilson’s “14thth Point” Point” was that the League of was that the League of Nations should also keep world Nations should also keep world peace.peace.

In the U.S., Congress makes In the U.S., Congress makes peace treaties – not the peace treaties – not the president - and republicans president - and republicans wanted that control.wanted that control.

They also felt that the United They also felt that the United States might have to listen to States might have to listen to the League of Nations at times the League of Nations at times when the United States might when the United States might want to take a more want to take a more independent action.independent action.

…………………………………………....

Wilson traveled all over the Wilson traveled all over the United States, trying to win United States, trying to win support for his plan.support for his plan.

But Wilson wore himself But Wilson wore himself out, got very sick, went out, got very sick, went back to Washington D.C., back to Washington D.C., and died.and died.

The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was signed, but not by the was signed, but not by the United States – they made United States – they made a separate treaty with a separate treaty with Germany.Germany.

One of the purposes of the One of the purposes of the League of Nations: prevent League of Nations: prevent aggressor nations from aggressor nations from forming – but we know forming – but we know there’s a WWII, so it didn’t there’s a WWII, so it didn’t work the way it was work the way it was planned planned

Other Other TreatiesTreaties

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia Hungary, and Yugoslavia (with Serbia and Montenegro) (with Serbia and Montenegro) were made countries.were made countries.

Austria-Hungary's army was Austria-Hungary's army was reduced and it’s navy reduced and it’s navy eliminate d – it’s ships given eliminate d – it’s ships given to the Allies.to the Allies.

Hungary lost 2/3 of it’s Hungary lost 2/3 of it’s population to Czechoslovakia, population to Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland, Yugoslavia, Austria, Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Italy.Romania, and Italy.

The Allies took away much of The Allies took away much of the Ottoman Empire’s the Ottoman Empire’s territory.territory.

Turkey and Greece gave up Turkey and Greece gave up land to Greece, Italy, and land to Greece, Italy, and Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia.

Iraq and Palestine Iraq and Palestine (Mesopotamia) would now be (Mesopotamia) would now be controlled by the British.controlled by the British.

Effects of the Peace TreatiesEffects of the Peace Treaties

The Peace Treaty didn’t The Peace Treaty didn’t really solve anything.really solve anything.

The Allies didn’t care The Allies didn’t care about their defeated about their defeated enemies.enemies.

Resentment grew – Resentment grew – especially from the especially from the Germans.Germans.

The economic problems in The economic problems in Germany later encouraged Germany later encouraged new leaders to take over new leaders to take over their government.their government.

I think you know what I think you know what happens about 20 years happens about 20 years later. later.