Section 5 – Henry VIII

1. What type of king was Henry known as?2. How did the role of the Privy Chamber differ

between the rule of Henry VII and Henry VIII?3. Give 3 reasons Wolsey rose to power.4. Debate – Was Wolsey the master or servant?

– give a historian who supports the traditionalist view and one who supports the revisionist view that he followed kings wishes

5. What was fifteenths and tenths?

Henry VIII

6. What was the Amicable Grant?7. When did England first go to war against

France?8. Who was the leader of the Holy Roman

empire?9. What was the ‘Ladies Peace’?10. At which battle did the English kill King

James IV of Scotland?

Henry VIII

11.Name 4 abuses of the church

12. Which title was Henry given by the Pope?

13. Name the 2 bible quotes that were used in the annulment case

14. Who was responsible for deciding Catherine of Aragon’s fate throughout the annulment case?

15. What did Wolsey introduce in order to maintain his position of power in 1529?

Section 5 – Henry VIII

1. What type of king was Henry known as? renaissance2. How did the role of the Privy Chamber differ between

the rule of Henry VII and Henry VIII? From personal assistants to political advisors

3. Give 3 reasons Wolsey rose to power. Intelligence, connections, supported French war

4. Debate – Was Wolsey the master or servant? – give a historian who supports the traditionalist view and one who supports the revisionist view that he followed kings wishes Traditionalist = Pollard, Revisionist = Gunn

5. What was fifteenths and tenths? Tax subsidy

Henry VIII

6. What was the Amicable Grant? Tax raised for war

7. When did England first go to war against France? 1513

8. Who was the leader of the Holy Roman empire? Charles V

9. What was the ‘Ladies Peace’? Treaty of Cambrai 1529 – French and Spanish agreement to end war

10. At which battle did the English kill King James IV of Scotland? Battle of Flodden Field

Henry VIII

11.Name 4 abuses of the church – simony, nepotism, absenteeism, pluralism

12. Which title was Henry given by the Pope? Defender of the faith

13. Name the 2 bible quotes that were used in the annulment case Leviticus and Deuteronomy

14. Who was responsible for deciding Catherine of Aragon’s fate throughout the annulment case? Cardinal Campaggio

15. What did Wolsey introduce in order to maintain his position of power in 1526? Eltham Ordinances

Henry VIII Revision 1

The Consolidation of the Tudor monarchy 1509-1529

Government and authority under Henry VIII: the Court and the Privy Chamber

and the rise of Thomas WolseyEarly reign• Renaissance Prince• Removal of Empson and Dudley –

arrested and executed to satisfy public demand

• Abolished Council Learned in Law• Marriage – 11th June 1509, thought Henry

VII neglected and acted dishonourably to Catherine

• Declaration of war against France – Henry’s aim was to be glorious warrior King

• Young courtiers were bored with peace• Took time to reverse his father’s policies• Counsel established – strained

relationships with King• Start of reign – affairs in counsel directed

by grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort• Beaufort disliked Wolsey who impressed

Henry• Counsel factions were public

• Wolsey quickly realised the King wanted war• Wolsey desired personal success• His rapid rise to chief advisor to Henry was due

to his intelligence and lack of significant opponents

• Edward Stafford – Buckingham, despised Wolsey and was a powerful enemy, wealthy and had a claim to the throne

• In 1521 Buckingham was accused of treason and executed

• Wolsey debate: Master (Pollard) or Servant (Gunn)?

Domestic Policies: legal reforms, financial management, relations with parliament and

economic issues including enclosure

• Administrative – no major reform• 1526-29 – King demanded more

counsellors – Eltham Ordinances• Continued links central and local – invites

to court• Star Chamber – set up to reduce

corruption

• Legal Reforms: Star chamber – noblemen prosecutedBut by 1529 it was collapsing with workload• Finance:• 15ths and 10ths seen as inefficient• 1523 Direct Subsidy brought in – resentment,

didn’t raise enough money.• Amicable Grant 1525 – raised non-parliamentary

tax – benvolence – voluntary contributions• Anti-grant rebellion in Suffolk, repressed by

Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk• Parliament had bitter relations with Wolsey –

called in 1515 – church affairs and 1523 – funds for French war

• Enclosure – humanists thought it was evil.

Wolsey reversed some and was generally against it as he wanted to weaken wealthy opponents.

• Profiteering – fixed prices – charged those who overcharged on basic foodstuffs

Past Exam Questions• Explain why the Amicable Grant was introduced in 1525.

(12 marks)Explain why Thomas Wolsey emerged as the King’s chief minister in 1515. (12 marks)

• How successful were the domestic reforms of Wolsey in the years 1515 to 1529? (24 marks)

• How important were Wolsey’s domestic policies in strengthening the royal authority of Henry VIII? (24 marks)

• Possible questions: How important was Wolsey’s rise to power due to his

own personal qualities? (24 marks) Question to consider: Why has Wolsey’s career given rise to so many different

interpretations.

How successful were the domestic reforms of Wolsey in the years 1515 to 1529?

Overall Argument:

Reason Explanation Evidence Counterargument

How successful were the domestic reforms of Wolsey in the years 1515 to 1529?

Overall Argument:

Reason Explanation Evidence Counterargument

Wolsey promised reform of economic abuses and abuses of the church, but delivered little

Wolsey was effective in raising the finances the king demanded, but this was despite a lack of innovation, and poor management of parliament

Wolsey made an impact as a legal reformer

Foreign Policy

• Italian Wars still dominated events across Europe

• France – 1511 anti-French Holy League• Attacked 1513- initially unsuccessful, new

army led by Henry, allied to Maximillian fought at the Battle of Spurs and claimed Tournai

• Costly war – 1514 peace treaty agreed

France cont….

• 1515 Francis I in power – successful• Wolsey needed to develop allies• 1518 – Treaty of London – Peace in Europe led

by Wolsey• 1520 – Field of Cloth of Gold – nothing of real

diplomatic value achieved.• 1522 – war against France - failure• 1525 – reversal of policy – pro French• 1526- anti- Habsburg League of Cognac –

France and Italian States – England gave financial assistance

Holy Roman Empire• Good relations with Maximillian • Charles V appointed 1520 – Wolsey refused Emperor’s

invitation to join war against France• April 1521 – Habsburg-Valois Wars – Wolsey negotiates • 1522 – England declared war on France – Charles

uncommitted – English lost – • 1525 – Charles captures Francis at Battle of Pavia – Italy• 1527 – Sack of Rome• Treaty of Westminster and Amiens – Anglo French

agreements leads to war against HRE in Jan. 1528• Trade embargo – Charles held English Merchants

hostage – also a bad harvest in England • Ladies Peace 1529 – Treaty of Cambrai – Charles and

Francis agree peace – England not involved – left diplomatically isolated.

Foreign Policy

• Relations with the papacy generally good until issue of annulment.

• Scotland – 1513 – Battle of Flodden Field• James IV killed James V a minor – governor was

Duke of Albany – anti English – poor relations• 1523 – English army sent up to attack borders

1524 – Albany left – diplomatic revolution achieved.

Church Matters

• Abuses – Wolsey frequently accused• Spread of Protestantism• Henry given the title ‘Defender of the Faith’• Wolsey had plans to reform but limited or

not executed fully

King’s Great Matter

• No Son• Anne Boleyn• Leviticus – opposed by Deuteronomy• Wolsey presumed a quick annulment• 1528-29 Cardinal Cameggio arrives to

hear case and suggests nunnery – Legatine court Blackfriars 18th June 1528 (Clement VII playing for time as he then recalled case to Rome on 18th July 1529)

Decline of Wolsey

• Failure of Amicable grant• Isolation from the King• Political enemies • Foreign policy failures • Rise of Anne Boleyn

• Accused of treason on 9th Oct 1529• Dies 29th Nov 1530 on way to London