Section 37-1

Capillary

Connective tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle

Endothelium

Endothelium

Valve

Venule

Endothelium

Arteriole

VeinArtery

The Three Types of Blood Vessels

Chapter 18Human Respiratory System

Section 37-1

Capillaries of head and arms

Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veinCapillaries of

right lung

Superior vena cava

Aorta Pulmonary artery

Capillaries of left lung

Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System

Section 37-1

Right Ventricle

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Inferior Vena CavaVein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium

Tricuspid ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle

Pulmonary ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary VeinsBring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium

Superior Vena CavaLarge vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium

AortaBrings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Pulmonary ArteriesBring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Aortic ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta

Mitral ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle

Left Ventricle

Septum

Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart

Break in Capillary Wall

Blood vessels injured.

Clumping of Platelets

Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin..

Clot Forms

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting

Section 37-2

Superior vena cava

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Heart

Thoracic duct

Spleen

Lymph vessels

Figure 37-11 The Lymphatic System

The Respiratory System

Alveoli

Bronchiole

Capillary

Section 37-3Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the

Lungs

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

Section 37-3Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

Section 37-3Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of

Breathing

Human Respiration video

What three things are required to be a respiratory surface?

What three things are required to be a respiratory surface?

1.THIN2.MOIST

3.In contact with exchanging material

Respiration• Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to create energy. (ATP)

Respiration

Aerobic RespirationAnaerobic

Respiration

Alcoholic

Fermentation

Lactic Acid

Fermentation

The path Oxygen must travel along Your Respiratory System

Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchiolesalveoli

pleuradiaphragm

Human Respiration• Involves the process of cellular

respiration and gas exchange a) cellular respiration:

glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s b) gas exchange: **exchange of gases between the

internal and external environment with the use of lungs

(I) Human Respiratory System

• Composed of a network of passageways which permits air

to flow from the external environment and into the

lungs• Kept open By cartilaginous

rings

Human Respiratory system

Diaphragm

Nasal CavityStructure Function

Lined with:

• cilia

• mucus membrane

• hairs

•Olfactory Nerve endings

The cilia and mucus:

1. Filters air

2. Warms air

3. Moistens air

(Warmed air diffuses easier!!!)

PharynxStructure Function

*Known as the throat region

*It is an area in which both air and food pass through

LarynxStructureStructure FunctionFunction

*Also called the Adam’s apple

*or voice box

*2 pairs of vibrating

membranes

*Humans use the larynx as a voice box which contains vocal cords that vibrate and produce sound as air passes through

EpiglottisStructureStructure FunctionFunction

*A cartilaginous/ muscular flap

*Covers the trachea when swallowing food

TracheaStructureStructure FunctionFunction

*AKA: windpipe

**Kept open by rings of cartilage

**Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane

Breathing tube

(One cigarette paralyzes the cilia for 20 minutes)

Human Respiratory System

Bronchi (bronchus = singular)

StructureStructure FunctionFunction

*Trachea divides into two major divisions known as bronchi

**also contain cartilage rings

***The bronchi subdivide many times forming smaller tubules known as bronchioles

*Two tubes air leading to the lungs

BronchiolesBronchiolesStructureStructure FunctionFunction

*Lack cartilage rings

**Tiny bronchioles subdivide and terminate (end) with structures known as alveolialveoli

*Smallest air tubes within the lungs

Lung:

Above: Normal city dwellers lung. Note black specks throughout indicative of carbon deposits from pollution.

Smokers lung with cancer.  White area on top is the cancer, this is what killed the person. 

Human Respiratory System

Alveoli Alveoli (s. alveolus)(s. alveolus)

StructureStructure FunctionFunction*thin, (like capillaries)

*moist

*surrounded by capillaries

*gas exchange between the lung and the blood

**increase surface area for gas exchange

***O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and CO2 and water diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli

Alveoli

Alveoli

Bronchiole

Capillary

Gas Exchange in the Lungs

Lung Capacity Lab (Vital capacity):My actual lung Capacity=My actual lung Capacity=4100cm34100cm3

(2) lungs measurements:(2) lungs measurements: 17cm x 6cm x 10cm = 17cm x 6cm x 10cm = 2400 cm32400 cm3 41%41%

Balloon value= Balloon value= 3100cm3 3100cm3

Calculated Vital CapacityCalculated Vital CapacityMy height 66’’x 2.54cm=167.64My height 66’’x 2.54cm=167.64167.64 x 29 = 167.64 x 29 = 4861.56 cm34861.56 cm3Height x factors = capacityHeight x factors = capacity

Gas exchange

Gas exchange

Gas exchange

Using complete sentences describe “how you breathe?”

Diaphragm

*Muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity

**Causes Pressure within thoracic cavity

(II) Breathing Process• Lungs are highly elastic (stretchable)

• Breathing is controlled by the medulla

• Movement of the diaphragm and ribcage causes pressure change in the chest cavity which moves air into and out of the lungs

• The breathing rate is controlled by the concentration of CO2 in the blood

• Inhalation- breathe in

• Exhalation- breathe out

When you breath you are inhaling and exhaling….

• Inhalation = O2

(oxygen) enters the body system

• Exhalation =CO2

(carbon dioxide) is passed out of the body

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

The Mechanics of Breathing

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

The Mechanics of Breathing

(II) Breathing Process

(IV) Gas Exchange1. In the blood, hemoglobin binds

with oxygen from the alveoli to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

2. Carbon dioxide is carried primarily in the plasma of the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

(IV) Gas Exchange

--Bronchitis-Emphysema-Bronchitis

-Asthma Many respiratory diseases are

cause by abrasive agents: Asbestos

-Cigarettes

Asbestos

•Asbestos fibers enter the body via inhalation or ingestion. •Many factors determine how exposure to asbestos will affect health and how severely. •These factors include:

•How many fibers entered the body •How long the exposure to asbestos occurred •Whether or not the asbestos was inhaled or swallowed.

•Inhalation of asbestos fibers can result in mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and impaired blood flow to the lungs due to enlargement of the heart.

CigarettesCigarettes

• 4000 chemicals and toxins in one puff on a cigarettes

• 50 cancer causing agents

• Tar, Nicotine, Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Arsenic (Rat poison)

http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/view_video_ani.html

•Some other poisons in tobacco smoke that are inhaled by both smokers and passive smokers include:

•nitrogen oxides, •hydrogen cyanide,(rat poison)•arsenic (white ant poison), •ammonia (floor cleaner), •phenol (paints), naphthalene (mothballs), •cadmium (car batteries), •urethane, •Acetone (paint stripper),•carbon monoxide (car exhaust), •DDT (insecticide) and•butane (lighter fuel).

Bronchitis• Inflammation of the membrane of the bronchial

tubes

• Bronchitis is caused by viruses (common cold viruses, influenza virus, adenovirus) bacteria – ( Bordatella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae,

Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) or by other infectious organisms

Asthma

• An aggravated/allergic Reaction

• Constriction of the bronchial tubes

http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/

                                                •Don't panic •Breathe deep, slow and easy •Rest •Take your prescribed asthma medication •Call for help •Get to a doctor

•Cigarette smoke •Cockroaches •Dust mites •Mold •Pets and animals

•Pollen •Cold air •Exercise •Stress •Respiratory infections

Asthma Asthma

Emphysema*Disease in which the walls of the alveoli

breakdown, **Decreasing surface area for gas Decreasing surface area for gas

exchangeexchange ***shortness of breath, difficulty

breathing, and decreased lung capacity*****Caused by:

Emphysema

Emphysema

Emphysema

Normal lungcapacity

Loss of surface area

Emphysema

Normal lungcapacity

Patient 1

Patient 2

Pneumonia

• The alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange

between the alveoli and the capillaries

Lung Cancer

What is C.F.?   

Babies are born with (Cystic Fibrosis) CF when they inherit faulty genes from both their parents.  CF is a disease in which

the secretions from various glands are thick and sticky instead of being watery and free flowing.  The lungs and

digestive system are particularly affected.  A build up of thick mucus in the lungs reduces the ability to clear bacteria

leading to cycles of infection and inflammation which damage the delicate lung tissues.

Lung function is progressively lost and respiratory failure is the major cause of death in CF patients. The lower intestine can also become blocked by a build up of mucus, but the major digestive problem concerns the pancreas. 

Why we breath?

You mean that

respiration is different then breathing??

When’s the last time you

saw a tree breath?

What three things are required to be a respiratory surface?