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Section 3:

Primary Air Pollutants

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18. What is the difference between a primary air pollutant and a secondary air pollutant?

Primary air pollutants are emitted directly into the air from sources. They can have effects both directly and as precursors of secondary air pollutants.

Secondary air pollutants are chemicals formed through reactions in the atmosphere.

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primary air pollutants and secondary air pollutants

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Name and Formula for Primary Air Pollutant

How is it Formed? Principal Effect Other Noted Facts

19. Complete the following chart pertaining to primary air pollutants.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

It is a gas that is formed when sulfur is exposed to oxygen at high temperatures duringfossil fuel combustion, oil refining, or metal smelting

The formation of acid rain and aerosols

SO2

dissolves in cloud droplets and oxidizes to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which can fall to Earth as acidrain or snow or form sulfate aerosol particles in the atmosphere.

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Name and Formula for Primary Air Pollutant

How is it Formed? Principal Effect Other Noted Facts

19. Complete the following chart pertaining to primary air pollutants.

Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, referred together as NOx)

These highly reactive gases form whenoxygen and nitrogen react at high temperatures during combustion or lightning strikes

In the atmosphere NOx reacts with (VOCs) and carbon monoxide toproduce ground-level ozone.

These are eventuallyoxidized to nitric acid (HNO3). Nitric acid contributes to acid deposition and to aerosol formation.

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Name and Formula for Primary Air Pollutant

How is it Formed? Principal Effect Other Noted Facts

19. Complete the following chart pertaining to primary air pollutants.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

CO is an odorless, colorless gas formed by incomplete combustion of carbonin fuel.

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Low exposures can aggravate cardiac ailments, while highexposures cause central nervous system impairment or death. It also plays a role in the generation of ground-level ozone.

CO binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing their ability to transportand release oxygen throughout the body.

Name and Formula for Primary Air Pollutant

How is it Formed? Principal Effect Other Noted Facts

19. Complete the following chart pertaining to primary air pollutants.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

VOCs are emitted from a very wide range of sources, including fossil fuel combustion, industrial activities,and natural emissions from vegetation and fires.

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Some anthropogenic VOCs such as benzene areknown carcinogens.

VOCs are chemical precursors of ground-level ozone and aerosols.

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Sources of Primary Air Pollutants

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Section 4

Secondary Air Pollutants

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20. Secondary air pollutants form when primary pollutants react in the atmosphere.

21. Ground-level ozone (O3 ) is a

pernicious secondary air pollutant, toxic to both humans and vegetation.

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Section 5

Aerosols

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22.In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains solid and liquid particles that are suspended in the air. These particles are referred to as aerosols or particulate matter (PM).

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They are removed when rain or snow carries them out of the atmosphere or when larger particles settle out of suspension due to gravity

Size of aerosols. between 0.01 and 10 micrometers in diameter

Aerosols are found where?in the lower troposphere

How long do they reside here?a few days

State the (2) ways by which they are removed.

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24. Complete the table to distinguish between large aerosol particles and small aerosol particles.

Type of Aerosol Particle

Size Generated/Produced - Examples

Large usually 1 to 10 micrometers in diameter

generated when winds blow sea salt, dust, and other debris into the atmosphere

Examples: sea salt, dust

Small (fine) diameters less than 1 micrometer

produced when precursor gases condense in the atmosphere

Major components of fine aerosols are sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, and elemental carbon.Examples: black carbon, soot

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25. High concentrations of aerosols are thought to be a major cause of what?

cardiovascular disease and are also suspected to cause cancer

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