SECTION 1: CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY 1. Development of Cardiology in India: Are We on the Right Track? _______________________________________ 3 Padmavati S

Cardiac Society and Foundation 3Funding of Health Care 3Preventive Programs 3Research 4Lack of International Recognition 4

2. History of Thrombolysis _____________________________________________________________________________ 5 Chopra HK, Sambi RS, Krishna CK

Development of Thrombolytic Therapy 5Advantages of Newer Agents Over the Older Agents 8Trends in Thrombolysis 8

3. Epicardial Reperfusion _____________________________________________________________________________ 10 Chopra HK, Sambi RS, Krishna CK

Importance of Epicardial Reperfusion 10No-Reflow Phenomenon 10Measures of Epicardial Reperfusion 11Reperfusion Strategies 12

4. History of Beta-Blockers ____________________________________________________________________________ 15 Cruickshank JM

The Very Early Days 15The Pharmacology and Adverse Reactions of Different β-Blockers 15Coronary Artery Disease; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Arrhythmias; The Atheromatous Process 21Beta-Blockers in Hypertension 23Beta-Blockers and Heart Failure 26Other Indications 28

5. History of Antithrombotics Agents ___________________________________________________________________ 31 Jariwala P, Chandra KS

Antiplatelet Agents 31Anticoagulants 38Thrombolytic Agents 45

6. History of Statins ___________________________________________________________________________________ 49 Manchanda SC, Makhija A, Sharma MK

The Discovery of Compactin—Initial Molecule 49Mechanism of Action 50Pharmacology 50Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 50Safety Results 52Current Indications of Statins 52Statin Trials—Primary Prevention 52Statin Trials—Stable Coronary Heart Disease 55

Contents

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxii

Statin Trials—Acute Coronary Syndromes 55Utility of Statins in Special Populations 56Statins in Combination with Other Lipid-Lowering Drugs 56Which Statin and What Dose to Start with—Indian Scenario 56Future Directions 57

7. History of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ____________________________________________________________ 59 Pancholia AK, Jain V, Tewari S

The Angiotensin II Receptor 59Functions beyond Hypertension Control 60The Renin-Angiotensin Cascade and Angiotensin II Receptor Subtypes 61Development of Saralasin 61Development from Losartan to Other Drugs 62The ARB Controversy—Myocardial Infarction 62Cardiovascular Protection—A Breakthrough for High-Risk Patients 62The New Challenge—ARBs as a Cancer Risk Factor 65Time Line of Landmark Trials with ARBs 65ARBs Under Development 65Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms 65

8. History of Heparin and Cardiovascular Disease Protection ____________________________________________ 68 Banerjee AK, Ray S

Early Days 68Research Escalates 68Heparin in Clinical Domain 69Postwar Resurrection 69Procreation 70Heparin in Cardiovascular Disease 70Sibling Rivalry 71Epilogue 71

9. History of ACE-Inhibitors ___________________________________________________________________________ 73 Sawhney JPS

10. Antibiotics in Cardiology ___________________________________________________________________________ 76 Sharma KB

Emerging Relationships of Infections and the Cardiovascular System 76Cardiovascular Infections 76Acute Rheumatic Fever 76Infective Endocarditis 77

11. Polypill in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Evidence and Future Promises _____________________________ 80 Kuppuswamy V, Choo WK, Gupta S

Current Strategies in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk 80The Birth of Polypill 80Failure of Current Preventive Strategies 81Components of a Polypill 82Polypill in Primary Prevention 85Polypill in Secondary Prevention 85Limitations of the Polypill 85

12. The History of Acute Coronary Syndrome ____________________________________________________________ 87 Bansal M, Mehrotra R, Kasliwal RR

Anatomy and Physiology of Circulation 87Understanding the Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome 88

xxiiiContents

Evaluation of Acute Coronary Syndrome 89Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome 90

13. History of AMI: A Saga of Transition from Tortoise Walks to Rabbit Run ________________________________ 92 Chouhan NS, Chandra P

Stethoscope Era 92Era of Electrocardiography 93Concept of Coronary Care Units 95Pharmacotherapy Era 95Reperfusion Era 95Primary Angioplasty Era 96The Platelet Inhibitors 96Stenting Era 96

14. History of Nitrates __________________________________________________________________________________ 99 Gupta R, Mangla S, Bhatnagar A, Chopra HK, Parashar SK

History 99Wartime Production Rates 99Instability and Desensitization 100Detonation 100Manufacturing 100Use as an Explosive and a Propellant 100Nitroglycerin and Dynamite 101Industrial Exposure 102

15. History of Calcium Channel Blockers _______________________________________________________________103 Guha S, Mukherjee S, Karmakar RN

16. Antiplatelet Therapy—History and Future Trends, with Special Reference to Prasugrel _________________107 Singh M, Sharma V, Singh A

Historic Milestones in Antiplatelet Therapy 107Classification of Antiplatelet Drugs 107Pathophysiology of Atherothrombosis—Role of Platelets 107Antiplatelet Therapy 109ADP Receptor Blockers—Thienopyridines 109Glycoprotein IIA/IIIB Receptor Blockers 110Novel Drugs—Special Reference to Prasugrel 110Prasugrel 110Future Trends 111

17. History of Antiarrhythmic Drugs ___________________________________________________________________113 Wander GS, Kaushal S

Quinidine 113Procainamide 113Lidocaine 114Phenytoin 114Sparteine 114Ajmaline 115Moricizine 115Bretylium 115Amiodarone 115Flecainide and Others 115β-Blockers 116Calcium Blockers 116

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxiv

Atropine and Others 116Classification 117Recent Studies 117

18. Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Its Clinical Applications ___________________________________120 Chopra HK, Krishna CK, Sambi RS, Aggarwal KK, Parashar SK, Manjuran RJ, Gupta R, Bansal M,

Kasliwal RR, Mittal S, Srivastava S, Nanda NCHistorical Background and Development 120Researchers in the 1970s and Late 1980s 121What is the Principle of Mechanism? 127Enhanced External Counterpulsation 127What are the Effects of EECP? 128What are the Indications? 128What are the Contraindications? 128

19. Lycopene and Related Tomato Carotenoids in Coronary Heart Disease ________________________________130 Henkin Y

Bioavailability and Absorption of Lycopene 130Role of Oxidation in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Heart Disease 131Antioxidant Properties of Lycopene 131Additional Potential Mechanisms for Inhibition of Atherosclerosis by Lycopene 131Epidemiological Studies 132

20. History of Oils, Fats and Coronary Heart Disease ____________________________________________________135 Jain P

The Beginnings 135Protein Toxicity Versus Lipid Hypothesis 135Observations in Familial Hypercholesterolemia 135Diet and the Heart 136A Note on the Saga of Trans-Fats 138

21. History of Cardiac Fitness __________________________________________________________________________140 Somasundaram M, Raghothaman S

History of Cardiac Fitness Programs 140Rehabilitation/Maintaining Fitness after Discharge 142Aerobics for Cardiac Fitness—Its History 143Other Advantages of a Fit Lifestyle—History of Its Discovery 144

22. History of Blood Pressure and Its Measurement _____________________________________________________147 Hegde BM

The Beginning 147Later Developments 148What is The Future? 148

23. History of Blood Pressure Amplification between the Heart and Peripheral Arteries ____________________149 Rourke MO’, Adji A, Namasivayam M

24. The History of Cardiac Rehabilitation: An Evolutionary Perspective ___________________________________156 Sahgal V

Prehistoric 156Modern Times 157

25. A Brief Historical Chronicle of Hypertension ________________________________________________________160 C Venkata S Ram

Systemic Hypertension as a Risk Factor for the Global Disease Burden 160Hypertension and Target Organ Damage 160History of Blood Pressure Measurement 162

xxvContents

Reducing the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease 163History of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs—From Reserpine to Aliskiren 163

26. History of Risk Factor Stratification of Hypertension _________________________________________________168 Mehta NP, Shah SN

United States Guidelines (1977–2003) 168Indian Hypertension Guidelines (2001–2007) 171World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension Guidelines (1986–2003) 173European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines—

(2003–2007) 176British Hypertension Society Guidelines (1989–2004) 178

27. Retracing the Heroic Steps from Lipid Hypothesis to Aggressive Treatment of Blood Cholesterol—A Revolution in Preventive Cardiology ________________________________________180

Enas EA, Kuruvila AT, Lulla SAtherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease 180Cardiovascular Epidemic and Cholesterol Wars 180Nicholai N Anitschkow—The Father of Atherosclerosis 180The Lipid Hypothesis 182Genetic Evidence of High Cholesterol Producing Heart Attacks in Children 182Familial Hypercholesterolemia 182Goldstein Brown and LDL Receptor 182Cholesterol-Year Score and Coronary Atherosclerosis 183John Gofman—The Father of Clinical Lipidology 183LDL-C and Lipoproteins 183Oxidized LDL 184Low HDL—The Body Armor against Atherosclerosis 184Lipoprotein (A)—A Dangerous Genetic Variant of LDL 184Donald Fredrickson and Classification of Lipoproteins 184How High is High Blood Cholesterol? 184Ancel Keys and International Comparison of Cholesterol Levels 185The Framingham Heart Study—The Mother of All Epidemiological Studies 185Diet-Heart Disease Versus Diet-Blood Cholesterol-Heart Disease Paradigm 185Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on Blood Cholesterol 185Cholesterol Agnostics 186Dietary Intervention Trials 186Dramatic Reduction in Blood Cholesterol with Intestinal Bypass Surgery 187How to Lower the Blood Cholesterol? 188Jeremiah Stamler and American Heart Association (AHA) 188Lipid Research Clinics 189LRC-CPPT (Coronary Primary Prevention Trial) 189The 1984 NIH Consensus Development Conference 190The National Cholesterol Education Program 190Akira Endo and the Era of Statins—The Underused Wonder Drugs 190Statin Mega Trials and Revolution in Preventive Cardiology 191Blood Cholesterol, Stroke and Statins 191How Safe are Statins? 191How Low is Low LDL-C? 191Does Low Cholesterol Increase Non-CVD Mortality? 192When to Start LDL-C Lowering Therapy? 192

28. Past, Present and Future of Cardiovascular Dysmetabolic Syndrome __________________________________195 Srikanth S, Deedwania P

Historical Perspective 195

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxvi

Evolution of the Definition 195Prevalence 196Clinical Implications 197Understanding Pathophysiology of CDS 197Identification 199Therapy 200Lifestyle Modification 200Pharmacological Options 201Surgical Management 205Current Controversies and Future Direction 205

29. History of Obesity and Cardiovascular Disorder _____________________________________________________209 Manoria PC, Pankaj M, Verma RK, Manoria P

Obesity and Relation with Various Diseases 209Different Body Shapes and Obesity Risk 209Obesity and Syndrome X 210Treatment of Obesity in the Early Days 210The Situation Today 210

30. History of Dilated Cardiomyopathy _________________________________________________________________211 Bahl A, Nahar U, Talwar KK

Dilated Cardiomyopathy 211The Genetics of Dilated Cardiomyopathy 212Treatment 212

31. History of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ___________________________________________________________215 Parakh N, Bhargava B

The First Citation 215History before History 216The Journey after Teare 216The First Surgery 216Journey to Golden Jubilee 216

32. History of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy ______________________________________________________________219 Venugopal K

The Enigma of Endomyocardial Fibrosis 219Geographical Distribution 219History of Endomyocardial Fibrosis 219Endomyocardial Fibrosis in India 220Cardiac Amyloidosis 220Other Infiltrative and Storage Disorders 221

33. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy ______________________________________________________________________224 Deshpande NV

Epidemiology 224Etiology and Pathogenesis 224Clinical Presentation 225Management 225Natural History and Prognosis 226

34. History and Clinical Implications of Myocarditis and Pericarditis _____________________________________229 Tewari S, Jain V, Pancholia AK

Myocardium 229Myocarditis 229Etiology 229

xxviiContents

Pathogenesis 230Clinical Presentation 231Diagnostic Evaluation 231Natural History and Prognosis 232Treatment 232Future Directions 233Pericarditis 233Pericardial Effusion 234Laboratory Investigations 235

35. History of Infective Endocarditis and Future Directions ______________________________________________238 Sankardas MA, Subban VK

Historical Perspective 238Pathophysiology of Endocarditis—Infectious or Inflammatory 239Birth of Blood Culture 239Experimental Reproduction of Endocarditis 240Classification of Endocarditis 240Antibiotic Era 241Antibiotic Prophylaxis 241Echocardiography and Infective Endocarditis 241Diagnostic Criteria 241Current Trends and Future Challenges 241New Developments 242

36. The History of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism _____________________________244 Deb PK, Chatterjee A

Etiology 244Clinical Picture 245Investigations 245Medical Management 246Surgical Management 247Prevention 247Epilogue 247

37. Lessons Learnt from History of Rheumatic Heart Diseases ___________________________________________249 Vijayalakshmi IB

History in the 18th Century 249History in the 19th Century 249Rheumatism’s New Face 251Death From Acute Rheumatism: A New Outcome 251Wells and “Rheumatism of the Heart” 252Acute Rheumatism Changes again with Chorea 253Patients and Doctors 253Social Setting of Acute Rheumatism 255Therapy for Rheumatism in the Early 19th Century 255History of Drugs in Acute Rheumatic Fever 256Treatment for Congestive Heart Failure 257History in the 20th Century 257Molecular Biology 258Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisone 258Penicillin 259Inadequacy of Public Health Programs 261Sorting Out Therapy 262

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxviii

Variation of Virulence of Strains in a Single M Type 263The Return of Rheumatic Fever and Invasive Gas Disease 264Experimental Studies of the Capsule’s Relation to Adherence, Epithelial Internalization, Colonization and

Mucosal Invasion 264Surgery for Rheumatic Fever 264

38. History of Pediatric Cardiology: From the “Untouchable” Heart to the Brave New Era __________________270 Maheshwari S, Kiran VS

Legacy of a Young Branch 270Prehistoric Era—Babylonian Clay Tablets 270The Contributions from Greece—Galen 270Renaissance Period—Leonardo Da Vinci 270European Contribution—Steno and Tetralogy 271Masterpiece Work—Morgagni 271Account of a Blue Boy—Sandifort 271Cyanotic Spells—Hunter 272The Debate on Cyanosis—19th Century Europe 272Works of a Seer—Sir Thomas Bevill Peacock 273Cardiac Septal Defects—Rokitansky 273Tetralogy Defined—Fallot 273The Godmother Arrived 274Mother of Pediatric Cardiology 274Tombstone of Paget’s Views 275Surgical Victory over the Arterial Duct—Robert Gross 275New Ideas, New Directions 275Success of Teamwork—Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas 276Lateral Thinking—Other Paths for Tetralogy of Fallot Palliation 277Structuring Pediatric Cardiology—Fellowship Programs 277New Angles to Diagnosis—Catheterization Techniques 277Conquering Valvular Lesions—Percutaneous Techniques 278Devising the Devices—The Amplatzer Era 278From No One’s Child to A World Class Entity—Progress to World Congress 278Dreams of Correction—Evolution of Definitive Surgery 278Heart-Lung Machine—Saga of Gibbon 279Story of a Single Pump—Glenn and Fontan 279Changing Hearts—Quest for Pediatric Heart Transplants 280Other Correlations—Genetics, Therapeutics, Nosology and Epidemiology 281The Future: Dare to Try—No Star is Too High! 281

39. History of Pulmonary Embolism ___________________________________________________________________283 Pathak LA, Pravin P, Parikh A

Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Embolism 283Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism 283Management of Pulmonary Embolism 285

40. History of Stroke in Cardiac Patients ________________________________________________________________289 Patel A, Bharani A

Hypertension and Stroke 291Myocardial Infarction and Stroke 291Heart Failure and Stroke 291Mitral Stenosis and Stroke 291Prosthetic Heart Valve and Stroke 292Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke 292

xxixContents

Infective Endocarditis and Stroke 292Paradoxical Embolism and Stroke 293

41. Tobacco and Heart: A Historical Perspective ________________________________________________________296 Mathur MR, Prabhakaran D

Historical Overview of Journey of Tobacco Across the World 297Anti-Tobacco Movements and Sentiments—A Historical Snapshot 298A Historical Synopsis of Establishment of Relationship between Tobacco Consumption and

Cardiovascular Disease 299Anti-Tobacco Policies—A Historical Synopsis 301

42. History of Stress and Heart Disease Relationship ____________________________________________________306 Bhat KSS, Vikranth V, Veeranna V

The Brain Heart Connection 306

43. History of Cardiorenal Connectors _________________________________________________________________314 Hotchandani R, Khaira A

History of Cardiorenal Connectors 314

44. History of Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Protection ____________________________________321 Prakash A, Agarwal SK

History 321

45. History of Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Heart ____________________________________________325 Nath RK

Menopausal Symptoms 325Discovery of Estrogen 326Progesterone 326Hormone Replacement Therapy 326The Protective Effects of Estrogen on the Cardiovascular System 327Hormone Replacement Therapy and Heart Disease 327Hormone Replacement Therapy and Stroke 328Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer 328Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thromboembolic Disease 328

46. Tuberculosis and Heart ____________________________________________________________________________330 Kumar S, Sindhe P

Tuberculosis of Heart 330Tuberculosis and Myocardium 332Tuberculosis and Atherosclerosis 333Tuberculosis in Heart Transplant Recipients 333

47. History of Cardiac Syncope ________________________________________________________________________336 Das MK

Historical Landmarks 336

48. History of Markers of Sudden Cardiac Death ________________________________________________________340 Sinha AK

Arrhythmias During Sudden Cardiac Death 341Pathophysiology of SCD—How do Noninvasive Tests Help Us 342Markers of Sudden Cardiac Death 344Scientists Reveal The Mystery of Sudden Cardiac Death 355Markers of SCD in Individual Patients 355Future Direction and My Point of View 356

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxx

49. History of Women and Heart Disease _______________________________________________________________359 Vinod S, Tsering TP

Clinical Assessment and Chest Pain History 360Enormity of Coronary Artery Disease in Women in Global Context 361Gender Differences in Selecting the Appropriate Diagnostic Test 364Medical Management for Coronary Artery Disease in Women 366Final Interpretation 366

50. History of Heart and Trans-Fat Relationship_________________________________________________________370 Kumar A, Kaur H, Mohan V

Chemistry 370Sources 370Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Effects of Trans-Fatty Acids 371History of Trans-Fat Development and Progress in Food Industry 372Trials Showing Increased Risk of Coronary Artery Disease with Intake of Trans-Fats 372Ban on Trans-Fats 374

51. Coronary Artery Disease and Homocysteine Relationship ____________________________________________380 Mohanan PP, Deepesh R

Homocysteine Metabolism 380

52. Savitri Satyawana: The First Described Cardiac Revival of the Vedic Times _____________________________390 Aggarwal KK

International Scenario In Brief (uptodate.com) 390

53. History of Sildenafil: From Angina to Erectile Dysfunction ____________________________________________393 Shrivastava S, Sharma VK

History of Sildenafil 393The Success Story of Sildenafil 394Controversies 394Expanding Uses beyond Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction 394

54. Cardiocutaneous Diseases _________________________________________________________________________396 Mendiratta V, Malik M

Genetic Disorders 396Disorders of Keratinization 401Autoimmune Diseases 402Inherited Disorders of Elastin and Collagen 402Disorders of Lipid Metabolism 403Immunological and Infective Disorders 404Inborn Errors of Metabolism 404Infiltrative Disorders 405

55. ARBs and CVD Protection __________________________________________________________________________408 Ray S

History of Development of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 408Mode of Action of ARB 408The Members of ARB Class 408Role of ARB in Hypertension 409ARB in Heart Failure 409Post-MI Set-Up 409Combination Therapy with ACE-I and ARB 409ARB and Coronary Artery Disease 410ARB and Stroke 410ARB and Nephropathy 410

xxxiContents

ARB and Diabetes 410ARB and AF 410

SECTION 2: NONINVASIVE CARDIOLOGY 56. Echocardiography: A History and Perspective _______________________________________________________413 Hage FG, Nanda NC

The History of Ultrasound 413Development of Clinical Cardiac Ultrasound: A-Mode and M-Mode Echocardiography 414Two-Dimensional Echocardiography 417Conventional Doppler Ultrasound 417Color Doppler Ultrasound 419Contrast Echocardiography 420Transesophageal Echocardiography 423Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking Imaging 423Three-Dimensional Echocardiography 423Perspective 425

57. History of Cardiac Imaging ________________________________________________________________________432 Krishna BA

X-ray Imaging 432Angiocardiography 432Ultrasound Imaging 432Two-Dimensional Echocardiography 433Doppler Echocardiography 433Intracardiac Intracoronary Ultrasound 433Nuclear Imaging 433Positron Emission Tomography 433Computed Tomography 434Magnetic Resonance Imaging 434Fusion Imaging 434

58. History of Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography ___________________________________________________436 Chahal NS, Senior R

Opacifying The Myocardium 436Advances in Contrast Agents 436Improving Microbubble Visualization 437From Bench to Bedside 437Quantifying Myocardial Perfusion 438Safety of Ultrasound Contrast Agents 439

59. History of Stress Echocardiography _________________________________________________________________442 Upadhyayula S, Kapur KK

Historical Perspectives 442Stress Echocardiography 443Exercise-Induced Mitral Regurgitation 449Real-Time Three-Dimensional Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography 456Real-Time Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography + Three-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography 456Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Non-Coronary Heart Diseases 456Hemodynamic Two-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography 456Preload Two-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography 457Diastolic Two-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography 457Evaluation of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Responders by Two-Dimensional Low-Dose Dobutamine

Echocardiography + Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography 457

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxxii

60. Role of Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease—Catheter Interventions _______________________463 Awasthy N, Shrivastava S

Role of Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease—Catheter Interventions 463Evaluation of Atrial Septum by Transesophageal Echocardiography 465Patent Foramen Ovale 466Patent Ductus Arteriosus 469Percutaneous Closure of Ductus Arteriosus 470Valvuloplasty: Pulmonary and Aortic 471Infundibular Stenosis 474Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction 475Coarctation of Aorta 476Pericardiocentesis 478

61. History of Fetal Cardiology _________________________________________________________________________480 Chadha V, Kapoor N

The History of The Four-Chamber View 480

62. Cardiac MRI: Present Status________________________________________________________________________494 Gulati P, Saini L

Applications of Cardiac MRI 495Obstructive Disorders 497Anatomic Disorders 498Valvular Lesions 499Cardiomyopathies 500Cardiac Tumors 501Neoplastic Diseases 505Coronary MR Angiography 505Transplanted Heart 506History of MRI 508

63. History of Nuclear Cardiology ______________________________________________________________________509 Mahapatra GN

Various Nuclear Cardiology Procedures 510

64. Telemedicine and Cardiology in India ______________________________________________________________539 Raju PK, Prasad SG

History 539Indian Scenario 540Burden in India—Coronary Heart Disease 541Telemedicine as a Process 542Methodologies 542Application Software 543Our Experiences 545Obstacles and Challenges 551

65. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valve ______________________________________553 Malhotra P

Tricuspid Valve Anatomy 553Transesophageal ECHO Examination of The Tricuspid Valve—Different Views 555Abnormalities of the Tricuspid Valve 558Tricuspid Stenosis 562Pulmonary Regurgitation 565Pulmonary Stenosis 568

xxxiiiContents

Grading Pulmonic Stenosis 569Historical Aspects of Echocardiography of Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve 570

SECTION 3: INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY 66. History of Interventional Cardiology _______________________________________________________________575 Bhatia V, Kaul U

The Development of Right and Left Heart Catheterization 575Unravelling the Coronary Vasculature 576Moving into the Peripheral and Coronary Tree 577The Stent Era—Stents and Other Devices 578History of Some Other Devices and Concepts 579

67. History of Saphenous Vein Grafts Intervention ______________________________________________________581 Kumar V, Rastogi V, Seth A

Nature of Vein Graft Disease and its Pathophysiology 581

68. History of Left Main Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ____________________________________________588 Mishra S, Bahl VK

69. History and Future of Coronary Angioplasties by Radial Approach ____________________________________594 Sengottuvelu G

History 594Limitations of The Radial Approach 595Future 595

70. History of Cardiac Interventions and Future Directions ______________________________________________597 Upasani PT, Lal P

Cardiac Catheterization 597Angioplasty and Related Catheter Interventions 599High-Risk Angioplasty and Related Procedures 601Adjunctive Equipment and Therapies Used in Angioplasty 601The Discipline of Interventional Cardiology 602Future Directions 602A Note of Caution 603

71. History of Catheter Ablation _______________________________________________________________________605 Chen FC, Tester GA, Bisco SE, Gard JJ, Asirvatham SJ

History of The Prerequisites: Setting the Table 605The His Bundle Electrogram 606Surgery and Catheter Ablation 606Supraventricular Tachycardia 606Typical Atrial Flutter 607Atrial Fibrillation 608Ventricular Tachycardia 608Past History 608Future History 608Summary—Back to the Future 609

72. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ________________________________________________________________613 Rao BH

Pacing for Heart Failure 613The Era of Randomized Trials 613Do All Heart Failure Patients Need Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy-D? 616Nonconventional Indications for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 616

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxxiv

Patients without Overt Heart Failure 617Dyssynchrony and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 617The Issue of Response and Nonresponse 618Reasons For Non-response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 618Etiology of Heart Failure 619Optimal Programming of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Parameters 619Future 620

73. History of Intravascular Ultrasound ________________________________________________________________622 Garg N, Bhandari S

Development of Intravascular Ultrasound 622Preliminary Studies 623Therapeutic Studies of Intravascular Ultrasound 623

74. History of Intervention for Congenital Heart Disease ________________________________________________625 Kohli V

History of Angiography 625History of Balloon Atrial Septostomy 626History of Valvuloplasty 627History of Device Closure 628History of Coil Closure 629History of Stent Use 630Timeline of Interventions of Congenital Heart Disease 630

75. Wide QRS Tachycardias Diagnosis and Management _________________________________________________631 Singhal R, Jaswal A

Classification of Tachycardias with a Broad QRS Complex 631Electrophysiology of Ventricular Tachycardia 631Criterias to Differentiate Wide QRS Tachycardia 632Etiology of Ventricular Tachycardia 632Value of the Electrocardiogram during Sinus Rhythm 634Value and Limitations of the Electrocardiogram in Broad QRS Tachycardia 635Management of Wide QRS Tachycardia 635

76. History of Periphral Vascular Interventions _________________________________________________________638 Rao SS, Khanna NN

Carotid Angioplasty 639Advancement—The Age of Cerebral Protection 640Renal Angioplasty 640Angioplasty for Aortoiliac Occlusive Diseases 641Angioplasty for Infrainguinal Peripheral Vascular Disease 641Endovascular Repair of Aortic Aneurysm 641History of IVC Filters 642

77. Intracardiac Echocardiography: Historical Perspective, Current Applications and Future Directions ____643 Katikireddy CK, Kort S

History 643Types of Ice Catheters and Transducers 643Ice Applications 645Ice in the Pediatric Population 649Accuracy of Ice 650Complications of Ice 650Limitations of Ice 650Future Directions 650

xxxvContents

SECTION 4: CARDIAC SURGERY 78. History and Advances in Cardiac Surgery ___________________________________________________________655 Trehan N, Malhotra R, Dhir U

Coronary Artery Disease 655Percutaneous Valve Repair and Replacement 660Surgery for Heart Failure 661

79. History of Valvular Heart Surgery___________________________________________________________________667 Yadava OPSurgery for Mitral Stenosis 667Surgery for Aortic Stenosis 668Mitral Regurgitation 669Artificial Heart Valve 669Aortic Homograft 670Development of Tissue Valves 671Pulmonary and Tricuspid Valves—Poor Cousins 672Percutaneous Approaches to Valvular Heart Diseases 673Robotic Valve Surgery 673

80. History of Surgery for Ischemic Heart Disease _______________________________________________________676 Katariya K

Surgical Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease: The First Era (Pre 1935) 677The Second (Pre Heart-Lung Machine) Era (1932-1954) 679Post Heart-Lung Machine Era (After 1954) 681

81. History of Robotically Assisted Cardiac Surgery _____________________________________________________688 Mishra YK, Collison SP

Historical Aspects of The Development of Current Robotic Technology 688Development of Robotic Cardiac Surgery 689Laparoscopic Surgery 689The Development of Telepresence Surgery 690Milestones in The Development of Robotic Cardiac Surgery 692Robotic Coronary Artery Bypass 693Mitral Valve Surgery 693Atrial Fibrillation Surgery 693Time Line of Salient Events in the Development of Robotic Cardiac Surgery 694Left Ventricular Lead Placement 695Congenital Heart Disease 695

82. History of Aortic Surgery __________________________________________________________________________697 Bhan A

Arterial Aneurysmal Disease 697Arterial Occlusive Disease 699Development of Vascular Grafts 700Development of Imaging 701Pioneers of Present Day Aortic Surgery 701Landmarks in Aortic Surgery 702

83. History of Heart Transplantation and Its Future _____________________________________________________705 Kohli V, Krishan K

Mechanical Circulatory Support 708The Future of Heart Transplant 708

Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspectivexxxvi

84. The History of Congenital Heart Surgery ____________________________________________________________710 Iyer KS

The Precardiopulmonary Bypass Era 710The Era of Cardiopulmonary Bypass 712Landmark Moments in the Development of Surgery 712Origins of Congenital Heart Surgery in India 713

SECTION 5: FUTURE OF CARDIOLOGY 85. Future of Thrombolytics ___________________________________________________________________________717 Oliveros E, Dahya Z, Ishmael A, Peña C, Mehta S

History and Evolution of Fibrinolytic Therapy 717Role of Thrombolytics for Acute Myocardial Infarction 717Clinical Trials Relevant to the Development of Tenecteplase 719Assent-3 Plus 722Assent-4 PCI 722Future Horizons of Thrombolytics Therapy 723

86. Future of Thrombus, Thrombolytic Therapy and PCI in Cardiovascular Disorders in India ______________726 Iyengar SS

St Elevation Myocardial Infarction 726Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke 727Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Pulmonary Embolism 728Thrombolytic Therapy in Other Situations 728

87. Future of Balloon Valvotomy—Newer Aspects _______________________________________________________730 Arora R

Mitral Stenosis 730Tricuspid Stenosis 733Pulmonary Valve Stenosis 734Aortic Stenosis 735Special Situations 736Fetal Balloon Dilatation 736

88. History of Stem Cell Therapy and its Future in Cardiovascular Diseases _______________________________739 Shah VK, Shalia KK

Preclinical Data Evidence towards Regeneration 739Animal Experiments 740Human Trials 742Future Directions 746Specific Set-Up Required for Clinical Cell Therapy to Ensure Quality Control and Safety 747

89. Future of Heart Transplant in India _________________________________________________________________750 Shad S

Heart Transplant as the Definitive Treatment for Heart Failure 750Indian Scenario 750Essentials of Good Results of Heart Transplant 751Factors Limiting Modern Therapies in India 751Opportunities and the Way Forward 752

Index _____________________________________________________________________________________________753