Second Industrial Revolution: la belle

époque

European History

Image page 652

Science Triumphs: “Second” IR

SIGNIFICANCE: 1) Impact of ideas and products wide

spread 2) Optimism in human progress3) Science = only way to truth

New ProductsSteelChemicalsElectricityPetroleum

Steel= lighter, smaller, faster

machines, engines, ships, railways, and weapons

By 1910 America = #1 producer, Germany #2, GB #3

ChemicalsFrance & Germany in lead

Alkalies & artificial dyes revolutionize soap, textile, paper industries

Photographic plates and filmChemical fertilizers

Electricity Thermodynamics

Sig: impacts heat, light, motion & communication Michael Faraday – electromagnetism (electric

engine) Thomas Edison (AM) & Joseph Swan (GB) - electric

lighting Alexander Graham Bell (AM) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi – radio waves across Atlantic,

1901 Electric Streetcar – Berlin, 1879 Factories – conveyor belts, cranes, machines

Petroleum Internal combustion engine, 1878 (gas &

air) Gottlieb Daimler, 1886 – light engine

Automobile – 1900=9000 cars; 1916=750,000 Henry Ford (AM) & mass production

1900 Zeppelin airship 1903 Wright Brothers

WWI = boom in aircraft industry 1919 = 1st commercial aircraft

New Markets Increase in population growth Increase in wages (up 2/3) Decrease in price of food and

manufactured products Gives rise to mass marketing & department

stores (pg. 654)

Bon Marche, Paris 1867 Macy’s, NYC 1908

Tariffs & Cartels (pg. 653) Protective tariffs: What & why?

Cartels: What & why?

Larger Factories Cartels = need for larger, more efficient

factories (1000+ employees) Germany 205,000 (1882) to 879,000 (1907) Also GB, France & Belgium

Streamline production – use of electric machines, precision tools & assembly line

Industrial Leadership GB passes the Industrial baton to

_____________? Why? (pg. 654-655)

Economic Zones by 1900 Industrialized Zone = GB, Belgium, Germany,

France, Netherlands, Austro-Hungarian Empire (West), Italy (North) High standard of living, education, healthier, system of

transportation Agricultural Zone = Italy (south), Austro-

Hungarian Empire (East), Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia Providers of raw materials and food Decline in price of food makes farming difficult – large

farms develop By 1870 Russia and Japan begin industrialization World economy = interdependency of goods &

products