Seawater Desalination and the EnvironmentSeawater Desalination and the Environment

SeptemberSeptember 14th -- 15 15thth, 2010, 2010

New Exhibition Center, MunichNew Exhibition Center, Munich

Sustainable CSP desalination in the Mediterranean Countries: the main results of the

MED-CSD project

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00

1

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-2

Overview

• Electricity and water supply scenarios in MENA• Why CSP and desalination?• CSP and desalination technology overview• Selected plant configurations• Technical performance model• Financial model• Conclusions

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-3

Water supply scenario in MENA

It is essential to start a paradigm change now!

Potential Water deficit

(Source: AQUA-CSP)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-4

Water deficit scenario by country

Dramatic water deficit in Egypt (ca. 1 Nile River!)

CountryWater deficit

[Bm3/y]

Egypt 51.35

Libya 5.82

Syria 5.22

Jordan 0.66

Israel 0.39

(Source: OME)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-5

Gross electricity demand by country

Country Gross electricity demand [TWh/y]

Turkey 660.60

Egypt 586.55

Algeria 304.69

Morocco 150.80

Syria 134.17

(Source: OME)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-6

Looking for sustainable solutions… why CSP?

• High solar irradiation is the cause of water scarcity Idea: use solar radiation to produce sustainable electricity and

water

• Option of thermal energy storage (TES)high operation flexibility, dispatchability

• Hybrid operation, no “shadow”-power-plant requiredSecurity of supply

• Waste heat from the turbine and produced electricity can be used to drive thermal or mechanical desalination

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-7

Overview on CSP technologies

Parabolic trough (Solar Millennium) Linear Fresnel (Novatec)

Solar Tower (Abengoa) Dish (DLR)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-8

Comparison of CSP technologies

(Source: DLR)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-9

Options for heat storage

Molten Salt (ACS Cobra) Concrete (Züblin, DLR)

Steam accumulator (Abengoa Solar) PCM (DLR) Water Tank (Kuckelhorn)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-10

Comparison of heat storage technologies

(Source: DLR)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-11

Overview on desalination technologies

Multi Effect Distillation (Entropie) Reverse Osmosis (DME)

(INVEN)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-12

CSP-MED configurationSolar field

Thermal Energy storage

Power block

Cooling and Desalination unit

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-13

CSP-RO configuration

Cooling unit

Desalination unit

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-14

Preliminary considerations

(Source: DLR)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-15

Site selection

Source: DLR, kernenergien

10 locations, 4 configurations, 2 DNI models 80 cases!

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-16

Technical model

• Site and configuration definition, input data collection• Yearly simulation with INSEL v8 and result analysis

Ambient temperature

Direct normal irradiation

Wind velocity

Water demand

Electricity demand

Output file

Plant configuration

Site coordinates

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-17

Summer/winter comparison:• In summer the day is

longer and the storage can be charged by day, allowing bridging the night almost without fossil fuel consumption

• In winter the day is shorter and the low sun elevation causes large efficiency losses. The storage can not be completely charged

Result overview - summer case

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

4392 4404 4416 4428 4440 4452 4464 4476 4488

Hour of the year [-]

DN

I [W

/m2 ];

Qst

o [

MW

h];

Md

[m

3 /h]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Net

ele

ctri

city

pro

du

ctio

n [

MW

]

DNI

Qstor

Md

Pel_net

Result overview - winter case

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120

Hour of the year [-]

DN

I [W

/m2 ];

Qst

o [

MW

h];

Md

[m

3 /h]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Net

ele

ctri

city

pro

du

ctio

n [

MW

]

DNI

Qstor

Md

Pel_net

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-18

Main results of the technical model

• Hybrid rate varies between ca 25% and 50% in function of available solar resources and in minor measure of plant configuration

• Seawater salinity affects the internal electrical consumption of the RO influence on the size of solar field and turbine

• The cooling system in the RO case is a dry-cooling; the design ambient temperature plays a very important role

• The MED has a quite stable behaviour, due to the presence of the hot water tank

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-19

Financial models

2 financing options (Source: EIB)

Corporate (or promoter) finance• Financing partners provide

funding to the promoter (a company, a consortium of companies or an institution)

• The cash flows are discounted with the WACC

Project finance• The project is realized and

financed via a standalone project company

• The equity cash flows are dis- counted with the required rate of return on equity (private investor's point of view)

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-20

Main results of the financial model

Source: EDF, kernenergien

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-21

Main results of the financial model

• Assuming the private investor's point of view (the “realistic” point of view), none of the analysed configuration is economically feasible (NPV<0)Adequate feed-in tariff or a grant is necessary

• In Italy, where existing Feed-in-Tariffs are assumed in the model, just a small grant is required

• Private investors require high revenues in risky countries like Palestine and Egypt (up to 20 %) This is an obstacle for the project profitability also in locations

with an excellent solar irradiation like Safaga (EGY2).

• The sensitivity analysis shows that TPC and amount of produced electricity leads to a higher impact on the NPV than a variation of fuel prices or O&M costs

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-22

Main results of the financial model - 2

• With the given assumptions, the Linear Fresnel Reflector is the more profitable technology. However, the LFR is not as mature as the parabolic trough (2 MW Linear Fresnel installed, 30 MW under construction).

• The RO presents lower investment cost in comparison to the MED (however this difference is softened by the membrane replacement cost of the RO) and in the selected locations the LFR-RO configuration is the cheapest option

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-23

Outlook

• Water management and water saving measures should be taken as soon as possible. However, new water resources have to be tapped in order to meet the increasing water demand in the MENA countries

• Concentrating solar multi-purpose plants could generate solar electricity for domestic use and export, drinking water from desalination and shade for agriculture and other human activities

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-24

Outlook - 2

• CSP and desalination are proven technologies, the financial feasibility depends on available resources and economic boundary conditions. Tailor-made feed-in tariffs can open the market for the development of CSP-DES plants, thus producing scale effects and driving the investment cost down

• First pilot and demonstration plants will show the attractiveness of this sustainable solution

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-25

Thank you!

Massimo MoserDLR

DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination

00-26

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