seasonal livelihood programming(slp) programming(slp… seasonal... · seasonal livelihood...

9
Seasonal Livelihood Seasonal Livelihood Programming(SLP) Programming(SLP) for effective for effective Response: Case of C/FFA in Response: Case of C/FFA in Kenya Kenya Kenya Kenya Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012 Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012 Nairobi Nairobi 14/12/2012

Upload: lynga

Post on 24-Aug-2018

250 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Seasonal Livelihood Seasonal Livelihood

Programming(SLP) Programming(SLP) for effective for effective

Response: Case of C/FFA in Response: Case of C/FFA in

KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya

Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012

NairobiNairobi

14/12/2012

Key ElementsLivelihood:

� Capabilities, assets (natural, social, human, financial and physical)

and activities required for a means of living.

Seasonality:

� Characteristic of time series that relates to understanding the time

in which different events occur that will affect or impact on

livelihood systems in typical, bad and good years.livelihood systems in typical, bad and good years.

Seasonal livelihood programming:

� The approach, or way in which seasonal and livelihood aspects are

combined to identify the most appropriate and complementary

range of interventions throughout the year, taking into account

what programmes can be conducted when, by whom, and for which

objectives.

Combining Seasonality and Livelihoods in

Resilience Building programming� Different rationales for different objectives

� Assets creation/ resilience building will be more effective and

greater success is ensured

� Participation in C-FFA programmes will not have negative impacts

on livelihoods

� Different population groups would be able to access programmes

at different times based on gender, and/or labour availability and

existing workload

� Different C-FFA interventions could improve livelihoods and

reduce hardships faced by women and girls.

� Different transfer modalities can be employed

Turkana County-TYPICAL YEAR

Volli Carucci (ODXP) – Rome, May 2012

Kitui: Typical YearMonths October November December January February March April May June July August September

Rain seasons Short Rains - Mbua ya Nzwa (Main Season) High amounts, good distribution in time and space Long Rains - Mbua ya Uiwa (low amounts, poorly distributed)

Dry season Very hot period Very hot, dry and windy

Cold season Cold and dry

Pasture Plenty of pasture Pasture depleted faster in the lowlands where there is plenty of livestock

Land preparation 2nd land preparation Main land preparation and early planting.

Planting (Rain fed) All crops - main season Especially green grams & cowpeas

Offseason planting (Irrigated) Planting of vegetables along valleys of main Rivers like Athi, Tana Vegetables: main crop cultivated

Weeding (Manual) Major crops Vegetables

Maize MAIN HARVEST Minor harvest

Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greegrams Beans, cowpeas, greengrams Pigeon peas

Sorghum and millet Sorghum and millet

Cotton

Fruits (Mangoes) Mangoes

Maize Highest prices - when farmers are buying seeds for planting Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production

Pulses (Beans, cowpeas,) High Prices Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production High prices

Pulses (Greengrams) Highest Lowest Highest

Pulses (Pigeon peas,) Highest - Lots of pigeon peas is exported to Mombasa thus creating scarcity in the local market Lowest

Sorghum and millet Highest Lowest

Cotton Highest

Woodlots Poles, timber harvested

Cattle Prices - peak

Shoats & Poultry Peak Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees

Remittances Peak - due to hunger, farm inputs, festivities and school fees

Honey sales Peak - production because of water avialability Peak prices

Services (Transport - Bodaboda) Business volume good - Transport increases leading to festivities

Milk sales

Meat sales Christmas Easter

Sale of crop products Pigeon peas Mangoes Maize, Beans Pigeon peas

Small business trade Volumes high in major towns

Skilled labour waged - seasonal - artisans, carpenters, etc though skilled they have no full time jobs

Kitui County - Typical Year

Skilled labour waged - seasonal - artisans, carpenters, etc though skilled they have no full time jobs

Unskilled labour Maid services Watchmen, messengers, cooks

Labour demand (men) Terrcing, bricks,

Labour demand (women) Land preparation, planting, paddocking, reseeding

Access to markets No problem accesing markets

Calving for cattle Cattle calving

Kidding and lambing Kiddind lambing Kidding and lambing

Milk availability Because there's plenty of pastures and water

Livestock sales

Livestock prices High - Leading to holidays High- Leading to Easter holidays

Livestock diseases CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle

Livestock vaccination Livestock vaccination

Chicken diseases Newcastle Newcastle Newcastle

Pigeon peas

Cowpeas, Greengrams, Beans Aphids, army worms

Sorghum and millet Weaver birds Weaver birds and queleur

Fruits (Mangoes) Fruit flies Powdery mildew

Maize Squirrels, Guinea fowlsStoke borer Headsmut Storage pests: weevils, GGB,

Pests and diseases (Irrigated) Vegetables most affected by aphids,

Worms Peak infestation Peak infestation

Charcoal burning High prices - less engaged Lowest prices - mass production

Veterinary services and medicine

School fees and related expenditure

Drugs and medical assistance

Entertainment and celebrations Christmas Easter Weddings, Circumcision

Agriculture expenditure Farm inputs Harvesting expenses

Best time for women Less labor/ Some food left from harvest

Best time for men Less challenges, fees paid, plenty of food after harvest

Malnutrition Related to water shortage

Water access High scarcity

Food expenditure peak Most expenditure, prices are high, food preferences change for festivities

Human diseases Malaria, typhoid, dysentry

Food prices (Maize) High Prices

Food prices (Pulses) High Prices

Hunger gap Moderate Moderate

Protection: Labor/ food Resilience/development: Labor based cash programs Protection: Labor/

foodDevelopment

Assistance types

Kitui: Bad yearKITUI County - Bad Year

Months October November December January February March April May June July August September

Rainy season Mbua ya Nzwa (Short Rains) Mbua ya Uiwa -(Long Rains)

Dry season Very hot dry season Very hot, dry and windy season

Cold season Cold and dry

Pasture Pasture availability No pasture Peak in pasture availability

Land preparation Second preparation Main land preparation

Planting (Rain fed) All crops - main season (Still planting as they hope for rain) Green grams & cowpeas

Offseason planting (Irrigated) Planting of vegetables along valleys of main seasonal rivers. Decreases some. Vegetables main crop as market offering better prices

Weeding (Manual) Major crops Vegetables

Maize No harvest Minor

Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greegrams Beans, cowpeas, greengrams Pegion peas

Sorghum and millet

Cotton

Fruits (Mangoes) Harvest of mangoes: For consumption and income

Pigeon peas No crop

Maize High prices Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production

Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greengrams, pigeon peas Highest Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local productionLowest High prices

Sorghum and millet Highest Lowest

Cotton Highest

Woodlots Poles, timber harvested

Cattle Prices - peak

Cattle Prices are extremely low - poor body condition Prices - peak, less livestock will be available in the market as farmers hold onto their stocks with the hope that rains will come

Shoats Prices are high (peak) - due to festivities i.e. Xmas.Sheep not popular due to cultural beliefs. However, people have slowly started appreciating thus slowly picking up Lowest - Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Low - depleted farm residue leads subsequent decline in body conditions

Poultry Peak sales - XmasLowest - Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Easter Lowest - Most affected by Newcastle disease

Donkey Prices - high

Remittances Peak - due to hunger, farm inputs, festivities and school fees

Honey sales High prices - limited availability Low - production as a result of lack of water Peak prices - high because of limited availability

Sand harvesting Peak - Less food. This is a coping strategy

Services (Transport - Bodaboda)

Milk sales Prices are high Price High - Imports from nearby

Meat sales Christmas Easter

Sale of crop products Pigeon peas Mangoes sales peak Maize, Beans Pigeon peas

Small business trade Small businesses increase to cope with failed rains High in major townsSmall business trade Small businesses increase to cope with failed rains High in major towns

Unskilled labour More unskilled labourers available for a longer period i.e. herdsman, househelps etc.

Labour demand (men) Men are engaged in farming and other activities though not as intensive during a typical year. Terracing, brick making

Labour demand (women) Land preparation, planting, paddocking, reseeding. Though engaged they have 3 hours to spare for other tasks every day

Construction (localised) Sand available (brick making)

Market access Markets remain operational though local farm produces reduce. In addition the level of business remains good

Calving for cattle However, there is high abortion and mortality for calves

Kidding and lambing

Milk availability Milk availbale but in low quantities

Livestock sales School fees Peak - Distress sales

Livestock prices Low prices High High Low: animals weak

Livestock diseases CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle High prevalence

Livestock vaccination Preventive vaccination

Chicken diseases Newcastle Fowl pox, Fowl typhoid, Newcastle - Its cold and dry, this is brought about during bird migrationNewcastle Newcastle Newcastle

Pests and diseases (Irrigated) Vegetables most affected by aphids, intensity increases

Cowpeas, Greengrams, Beans Aphids, army worms

Maize Squirrels, Guinea fowlsStoke borer Headsmut Storage pests: weevils, GGB,

Sorghum and millet Weaver birds Weaver birds and queleur

Fruits (Mangoes) Fruit flies Powdery mildew

Wild life menace Baboons, snakes Elephants in areas that border the Tsavo East national park

Migratory pests Quelier birds Army worms

Worms Peak infestation Peak infestation Deworming done

Veterinary services and medicine

School fees and related expenditure School fees and clothing

Drugs and medical assistance Water borne diseases Elder get sick

Entertainment and celebrations Christmas Easter Weddings/ Circumcision/Rituals

Agriculture expenditure Farm inputs, though they will be constrained Mangoes - harvesting

Food expenditure peak Most expenditure, prices are high, food preferences change for festivities

Charcoal burning High prices - less people involved in burning since most people are engaged in farming activities. High demand in external market i.e. Nairobi etc Lowest - mass production

Resource based conflict (Somali) Fight over scarce water and pasture

Worst time for women Weather is extremely hot and distances to water sources increases Women fetch water far away

Malnutrition No food/ no milk/ no vegetables

Water access Water access bad High scarcity (rivers/ pans dry)

Negative coping Strategies Worst time women Lack of cash in the household

Worst time for men Worst time men School fees demands Men must bring some food to HH

Human diseases Malaria, Typhoid, dysentry, water borne diseases

Food prices (Maize) Prices are high - due to high demand for seeds and food - they use seeds for food as well. However, the prices stabilizes but remains high after rains the demand drops a bit

Food prices (Pulses)

Hunger gap Onset of hunger gap. The little food received from available harvest is rationed. Reduction of number of meals, ration sizes and quality. Negative coping strategies. Some food from minor harvest

DevelopmentAssitance types

Protection: Labor based/ Food Protection: Labor based/ Food Protection: Labor based/ Food

Using SLP findings for FFA

Linking shocks, targeting, and livelihoods:

� Exposure to shocks and relevance to assistance objectives and targeting

� Refining targeting criteria for population groups

� Livelihood seasonality and programme entry points

Identifying intervention rationales and programmes types

� Building rationales and priority times for interventions

� Determining programme activities and timing

� Considerations when identifying FFA programmes

Positioning of FFA in broader programming

� Sequencing programmes

� Synthesizing programmes into national level planning

� Complementarities and coordination

Turkana- Response Options

Volli Carucci (ODXP) – Rome, May 2012

Lessons Learnt� SLP helps in anticipating shocks, planning for timely immediate

response and long term development activities.

� Facilitates consultative participatory (with communities +partners)

in problem identification, analysis, and planning action, monitoring

and evaluation of activities.

� Gender mainstreaming in development; choice of activity

commensurate with availability.

� Promotes ownership of the projects and sustainability

� Helps in identification of possible milestoneS in community � Helps in identification of possible milestoneS in community

resilience building and sustainability.

� Creates a basis for pasrtnership based on comparative advantages

of the partners to address underlying challenges in the

communities.