scoring the scientific attitude inventory by microcomputer

181

Scoring the Scientific Attitude Inventoryby Microcomputer

Kevin D. FinsonTom Rahlfs

Over the past decade, numerous studiesattempting to assess student attitudestoward science have been conducted. Atfirst, the assessment of such attitudeswas difficult since few, if any, adequateattitude inventories had been developed.As attitude assessment instruments weredesigned and field tested, researchersmade use of computer techniques forscoring and analysis purposes. Thesecomputer uses necessitated knowledgeof how to prepare programs and usethem with computers.

Since the advent of microcomputers,many researchers have found scoring and limited analysis applications usingthese devices to be of some convenience and increased simplicity compared tomuch mainframe use. The problem facing researchers has thus become one offinding microcomputer software capable of scoring and analyzing attitudinal as-sessment instruments.

In science education research conducted at Kansas State University, Finson(1985) made use of the Scientific Attitude Inventory (SAI) developed by RichardW. Moore and Frank X. Sutman. This instrument has been widely used over theyears, and was judged by Finson to be appropriate for the needs of the study.Moore and Sutman (1970) developed and field tested the Scientific Attitudes In-ventory as a useful, valid and reliable inventory of scientific attitudes possessedby subjects. The instrument is composed of sixty items arranged in a statementformat. The items are divided into twelve subscales. The first six subscales focusupon intellectual attitudes while the last six subscales focus on emotional atti-tudes. There are actually six areas dealt with by the twelve subscales, but eacharea has both a positive attitude and a negative attitude factor (the "A" sub-scales are positive while the "B" subscales are negative). More detail can befound on the SAI subscales in Moore’s article in the Journal of Research inScience Teaching, 1970,7, 85-94.The Scientific Attitude Inventory was prepared carefully to avoid use of un-

familiar words. Further, the instrument’s statements were written to keep the

School Science and MathematicsVolume 86 (3) March 1986

182 Scoring the SAI

reading level of the Inventory below the eighth grade level (Moore and Sutman,1970). Response to each item was elicited through use of a five-point Likert-typescale (A, B, C, D, E), w4th A representing "strongly agree," and E representing"strongly disagree." The Inventory was field tested in a pretest/post-test controlgroup situation utilizing intact classes. Test-retest reliability was reported by thedevelopers as 0.934 (Moore and Sutman, 1970).

(<<. . . the SAI was primarily analyzed via FORTRAN onmainframe computers."

As with other attitudinal instruments, the SAI was primarily analyzed viaFORTRAN on mainframe computers. The marks-in (or marked-sense) com-puter cards available to the researchers could only accommodate fifty items. TheSAI, being a sixty-item instrument, could not be used with these cards. Further,considerable time would be required to place the data on punch cards. Theauthors felt that, considering the accessibility of microcomputers and their easeof use, a program for scoring the SAI could be written, with the scores enteredon diskette for modem transmission and use with the mainframe.The SAI scoring utility consists of three different microcomputer programs:(1) SAI.SCORER.DIRECTIONS . . . This program is a manual of the in-

structions for operation of the scoring and printing programs;(2) SAI.SCORER . . . This program reads the data file containing the ques-

tionnaire results, performs the scoring processing and writes an output file todiskette; and

(3) READ.SAI.OUTPUT . . . This program reads the output file created bythe SAI.SCORER program and offers a choice of CRT (video) display or hard-copy from the printer.The utility is written in Applesoft BASIC programming language. Researchers

should feel free to edit the program to fit their individual needs. The minimumsystem requirements needed to operate the program are: Apple lie or lie, 64Kmemory and two disk drives.The SAI.SCORER program is written to read a sequential file from diskette.

This file must be created using the Applewriter lie Wordprocessing System andsaved on a data diskette prior to analysis. At this time, the file will handle 150subjects, each containing 60 (SAI) responses. If more than 150 subjects will beused in the data file, then the array�A$�that is dimensioned in line 160 of theSCORER program must be changed to fit the required size. For example, if 200subjects are saved in one file, the editing \\\\\ look like this:

160DIMI$(60): DIMI(60): DIM A$(200).


Scoring (he SAI 183

"The program will take approximately 7 minutes to processa file containing 150 subjects/’

The program will take approximately 7 minutes to process a file containing150 subjects. This is due to the fact that interpreted Applesoft is slow when usedfor these types of applications. The speed of operation can be greatly increasedby using one of the many Applesoft compilers that are commercially available.This will produce a compiled object code that may execute up to 50% faster thanthe interpreted Applesoft version.

SAI.SCORER.DIRECTIONSPROGRAM

IN APPLESOFT BASIC

1 HOME10 PRINT "DIRECTIONS FOR USING

THE SAI SCORER"20 PRINT30 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM IS FOR

USE WITH APPLE"40 PRINT "He COMPUTERS WITH

TWO DISK DRIVES."50 PRINT "DATA IS FILED ON A

SECOND DISKETTE"60 PRINT "BY USING APPLE WRIT-

ER II. AN"70 PRINT "80-COLUMN CARD IS

NOT REQUIRED FOR"80 PRINT "RUNNING THIS PRO-

GRAM."90 PRINT100 PRINT "THIS DOCUMENTA-

TION CAN BE PRINTED"110 PRINT "OUT FOR HARD COPY

READING IF"120 PRINT "DESIRED. TO DO SO, BE

SURE APPLE"130 PRINT "WRITER II IS IN DRIVE

^lANDTHE"140 PRINT "SAI SCORER PROGRAM

IS IN DRIVEN."150 PRINT "PRESS [CONTROL] [L],

THEN TYPE"

160 PRINT " ’SAI SCORER DIREC-TIONS,’THEN"

170 PRINT "PRESS RETURN. AFTERTHE"

180 PRINT "DIRECTIONS ARELOADED INTO MEMORY,"

190 PRINT "PRESS [CONTROL] [P],THEN TYPE"

200 PRINT " *NP’ AND THEN PRESSRETURN."

205 GOSUB 5000207 HOME210 PRINT220 PRINT230 PRINT "FORMATING DATA FOR

INPUT"240 PRINT250 PRINT "THE FOLLOWING IN-

PUT FORMAT FOR"260 PRINT "DATA SHOULD BE

USED WITH THIS"270 PRINT "PROGRAM:"280 PRINT "COLUMNS 1-3 == BLANK

SPACES"290 PRINT "COLUMNS 4-12 = SUB-

JECT I.D./5/"

300 PRINT "COLUMN 13 = BLANKSPACE"


184Scoring (he SAI

310 PRINT "COLUMNS 14-72 = SAIRESPONSES"

320 PRINT "COLUMNS 73-79 =

BLANK SPACES"330 PRINT340 PRINT "THE SUBJECT I.D. U

PROVIDES FOR"350 PRINT "NINE (9) DIGITS TO BE

USED. IF"360 PRINT "FEWER NUMBERS ARE

REQUIRED, USE"370 PRINT "ZEROS RATHER THAN

LEAVING SPACES"380 PRINT "BLANK. BE SURE TO

LEAVE\ONE\(1)"390 PRINT "BLANK SPACE BE-

TWEEN LD.^ANDSAI"400 PRINT "RESPONSES."410 PRINT415 GOSUB5000417 HOME420 PRINT "SINCE SUBJECTS WILL

RESPOND WITH"430 PRINT "A, B, C, D, OR E (BASED

ONA"440 PRINT "L1KERT-TYPE SCALE

W^ITHA ="450 PRINT "STRONGLY AGREE, B =

AGREE, C ="460 PRINT "NEUTRAL/UNDECID-

ED, D = DISAGREE,"470 PRINT "AND E = STRONGLY

DISAGREE), DATA"480 PRINT "MUST BE ENTERED IN

LETTER FORM."490 PRINT "USE NO SPACES OR

PUNCTUATION"500 PRINT "BETWEEN RESPONSES.

EXAMPLE:"510 PRINT "(- = BLANK SPACE)"520 PRINT "CORRECT: �213345187-

ABCDE. .. ."530 PRINT "INCORRECT: �

213345187-A,B,. ."533 PRINT "IF RESPONDENTS HAVE

MADE ERRORS OR"

534 PRINT "SIMPLY LEFT ITEMS ONTHE ANSWER"

535 PRINT "SHEETS BLANK, ENTER’C’ASTHE"

536 PRINT "RESPONSE."537 GOSUB5000538 HOME540 PRINT550 PRINT "AFTER ENTERING THE

LAST RESPONSE"560 PRINT "FOR ANY ONE SUB-

JECT. PRESS RETURN."570 PRINT "DO NOT USE THE

SPACE BAR TO MOVE"580 PRINT "THE CURSOR TO THE

RIGHTMARG1N."590 PRINT "ENTER THE NEXT SUB-

JECT’S I.D. AND"600 PRINT "SET OF RESPONSES IN

THE SAME"610 PRINT "MANNER AS FOR SUB-

JECT ^1. CONTINUE"620 PRINT "UNTIL ALL DATA FOR

ALL SUBJECTS"630 PRINT "HAVE BEEN EN-

TERED."631 PRINT "WHEN YOU HAVE COM-

PLETED ENTERING"632 PRINT "ALL YOUR DATA, TYPE

’END’ON THE"633 PRINT "LINE BELOW THE LAST

LINE OF DATA."640 PRINT650 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM WILL

ALLOW FOR 150"660 PRINT "SUBJECTS PER GROUP.

LARGER GROUPS"670 PRINT "SHOULD BE SPLIT INTO

SMALLER"680 PRINT "GROUPS."690 GOSUB5000695 HOME700 PRINT "AT VARIOUS POINTS

THROUGHOUT DATA"710 PRINT "ENTRY (AS WELL AS AT

THE END) BE"


Scoring (he SAI 185

720 PRINT "SURE TO SAVE THEDATA. WITH APPLE"

730 PRINT "WRITER II. PRESS (CON-TROL] [S]."

740 PRINT "THEN TYPE THE NAMEYOU WISH THE"

750 PRINT "DATA TO BE FILED UN-DER, THEN TYPE"

760 PRINT "A COMMA (,), THENTYPE’D2’AND"

770 PRINT "PRESS RETURN. THISWILL SAVE"

780 PRINT "YOUR DATA ON DISK-ETTE ^2 (DISKETTE"

790 PRINT "j^l IS APPLE WRITERII.)."

795 PRINT: PRINT800 PRINT810 PRINT "IMPORTANT: USE AN

INITIALIZED,"820 PRINT "BLANK DISKETTE TO

SAVE DATA ONTO."830 PRINT "DO NOT USE THE SAI

SCORER PROGRAM"840 PRINT "DISKETTE."850 GOSUB 5000: HOME860 PRINT "NOTE: TO SAVE TIME,

AFTER FIRST"870 PRINT "SAVING SOME DATA TO

A FILE,"880 PRINT "ADDITIONAL DATA

CAN BE SAVED TO"890 PRINT "THAT SAME FILE BY

[CONTROL] IS],"900 PRINT "THEN TYPE "=", THEN

RETURN."910 PRINT920 GOSUB 5000: HOME930 PRINT "DIRECTIONS FOR US-

ING SAI SCORER"940 PRINT950 PRINT "INSERT SCORER PRO-

GRAM DISKETTE"960 PRINT "INTO DISK DRIVE tf\. IN-

SERT THE"970 PRINT "DISKETTE WITH YOUR

DATA INTO"

980 PRINT "DISK DRIVE ^2. BOOTUP THE"

990 PRINT "DISKETTE IN DRIVEN.WHEN"

1000 PRINT "THE MENU APPEARS,TYPE IN"

1010 PRINT " ’LOAD SALSCORER’AND HIT"

1020 PRINT "RETURN. WHEN THEPROGRAM"

1030 PRINT "HAS BEEN LOADED,TYPE*RUN’ "

1040 PRINT "AND FOLLOW THE DI-RECTIONS"

1050 PRINT "GIVEN IN THE PRO-GRAM."

1070 PRINT "NOTE: AT THE POINTIN THE"

1080 PRINT "PROGRAM WHEN ITASKS YOU"

1090 PRINT "FOR THE NAME OFTHE FILE"

1100 PRINT "YOUR DATA IS ON,SIMPLY"

1110 PRINT "TYPE IN THE NAMEYOU SAVED"

1120 PRINT "THE DATA UNDER ONDISKETTE"

1130 PRINT "^2."1133 GOSUB 5000: HOME1135 PRINT "WHEN THE PROGRAM

ASKS"1140 PRINT "WHAT NAME YOU

WANT THE"1150 PRINT "DATA FILED UNDER

(THE SECOND"1160 PRINT "QUESTION ASKED BY

THE"1170 PRINT "PROGRAM), YOU MAY

USE THE"1180 PRINT "SAME NAME AS IN

QUESTION"1190 PRINT "i^l, OR YOU MAY USE A

NEW"1200 PRINT "NAME. IT IS IMPOR-

TANT THAT"


Scoring the SAf

PRINT "YOU REALIZE THIS 1350NEW NAME" 1360PRINT "FOR YOUR DATA ISWHAT THE" 1370PRINT "PROGRAM WILL NEEDWHEN" 1380PRINT "YOU USE THE 1390’READ.SAL" 1400PRINT "OUTPUT’ PROGRAM.IFYOU" 1410PRINT "DO NOT CHANGE THEDATA" 1420PRINT "FILE’S NAME, YOU DONOT" 1430PRINT "NEED TO WORRYABOUTTH1S" 1450PRINT "PROBLEM." 1460GOSUB 5000: HOME 1470PRINT "HOWEVER, ONCE THE 5000SCORING" 5010PRINT "PROGRAM RUNS ANDSAVES" 5020PRINT "THE SCORED DATA,THE" 5100PRINT "ORIGINAL RAW DATA 5110WTLLBE" 5120PRINT "GONE, AND THESCORED DATA" 5130PRINT "WILL BE IN ITS PLACE. 5200TO" 6000PRINT "AVOID THIS, YOU 6010MUST TELL"PRINT "THE SCORING PRO- 6020GRAM TO" 6030PRINT "SAVE THE SCOREDDATA UNDER" 6040PRINT "A DIFFERENT FILENAME." 6050GOSUB 5000: HOMEPRINT "WHEN USING THE 6060’READ.SAI"PRINT "OUTPUT’ PROGRAM, 6070YOU MUST"PRINT "REMEMBER TO LOAD 6080ITAND"PRINT "TELL THE COMPUTER 6090IT IS"

PRINT "IN DISK DRIVE ff\."

PRINT "OTHERWISE, THECOMPUTER"PRINT "WILL LOOK FOR THEPROGRAM"PRINT "ON DISKETTE ^2."PRINTPRINT "IF YOU WOULD LIKE AHARD COPY AT THISPRINT "TIME MAKE SUREPAPER IS IN YOURPRINT "PRINTER AND THAT IT1STURNEDON."PRINT "HIT THE T1 KEY TOPRINT.GET ASIF AS = "P" THEN GOTO 6000HOME:ENDVTAB22PRINT "HIT THE SPACE BARTO CONTINUE THE."PRINT "TYPE ’R’ TO RERUNTHE INSTRUCTIONS."GET ASIF AS = " " THEN RETURNIF AS = CHRS (82) THEN CLEAR:GOTO 1GOTO 5000RETURNHOME:PR^1PRINT "DIRECTIONS FORUSING THE SAI SCORER"PRINTPRINT "THIS PROGRAM IS FORUSE WITH APPLE"PRINT "He COMPUTERS W4THTWO DISK DRIVES."PRINT "DATA IS FILED ON ASECOND DISKETTE"PRINT "BY USING APPLEWRITER II. AN"PRINT "80-COLUMN CARD ISNOT REQUIRED FOR"PRINT "RUNNING THIS PRO-GRAM."PRINT


Scoring the SA1 187

PRINT "THIS DOCUMENTA- 6360T10N CAN BE PRINTED"PRINT "OUT FOR HARD COPY 6370READING IF"PRINT "DESIRED. TO DO SO, 6380BE SURE APPLE"PRINT "WRITER II IS IN DRIVE 6390/yiANDTHE"

PRINT "SAI SCORER PRO- 6400GRAM IS IN DRIVE ^2." 6410PRINT "PRESS [CONTROL] (L], 6420THEN TYPE"PRINT " *SAI SCORER DIREC- 6430TIONS,’THEN"PRINT "PRESS RETURN. AF- 6440TERTHE"PRINT "DIRECTIONS ARE 6450LOADED INTO MEMORY,"PRINT "PRESS [CONTROL] [P], 6460THEN TYPE"PRINT " *NP’ AND THEN PRESS 6470RETURN."PRINT 6480PRINTPRINT "FORMATING DATA 6490FOR INPUT"PRINT 6500PRINT "THE FOLLOWING IN-PUT FORMAT FOR" 6510PRINT "DATA SHOULD BE 6520USED WITH THIS"PRINT "PROGRAM:" 6530PRINT "COLUMNS 1-3 ==

BLANK SPACES" 6533PRINT "COLUMNS 4-12 = SUB-JECT I.D.^" 6534PRINT "COLUMN 13 = BLANKSPACE" 6535PRINT "COLUMNS 14-72 = SA1RESPONSES" 6536PRINT "COLUMNS 73-79 == 6540BLANK SPACES" 6550PRINTPRINT "THE SUBJECT LD. ff 6560PROVIDES FOR"PRINT "NINE (9) DIGITS TO BE 6570USED. IF"

PRINT "FEWER NUMBERS AREREQUIRED, USE"PRINT "ZEROS RATHER THANLEAVING SPACES"PRINT "BLANK. BE SURE TOLEAVE\ONE\(1)"PRINT "BLANK SPACE BE-TWEEN l.D. ^AND SAI"PRINT "RESPONSES."PRINTPRINT "SINCE SUBJECTS WILLRESPOND W^ITH"PRINT "A, B, C, D, OR E (BASEDONA"PRINT "LIKERT-TYPE SCALEWITH A ="PRINT "STRONGLY AGREE, B= AGREE, C ="PRINT *’NEUTRAL/UNDE-

CIDED, D = DISAGREE,"PRINT "AND E = STRONGLYDISAGREE), DATA"PRINT "MUST BE ENTERED INLETTER FORM."PRINT "USE NO SPACES ORPUNCTUATION"PRINT "BETWEEN RESPONSES.EXAMPLE:"PRINT "(- = BLANK SPACE)"PRINT "CORRECT: �213345187-ABCDE. .. ."PRINT "INCORRECT: �

213345187-A.B, . ."PRINT "IF RESPONDENTSHAVE MADE ERRORS OR"PRINT "SIMPLY LEFT ITEMSON THE ANSWER"PRINT "SHEETS BLANK, EN-TER’C’ASTHE"PRINT "RESPONSE."PRINTPRINT "AFTER ENTERING THELAST RESPONSE"PRINT "FOR ANY ONE SUB-JECT, PRESS RETURN."PRINT "DO NOT USE THESPACE BAR TO MOVE"


Scoring (he SAI

PRINT "THE CURSOR TO THE 6800RIGHTMARG1N." 6810PRINT "ENTER THE NEXT SUB-JECT’S I.D. AND" 6820PRINT "SET OF RESPONSES INTHE SAME" 6830PRINT "MANNER AS FOR SUB-JECT U\. CONTINUE" 6840PRINT "UNTIL ALL DATA FOR 6850ALL SUBJECTS" 6860PRINT "HAVE BEEN EN-TERED." 6870PRINT "WHEN YOU HAVECOMPLETED ENTERING" 6880PRINT "ALL YOUR DATA,TYPE ’END’ ON THE" 6890PRINT "LINE BELOW THELAST LINE OF DATA." 6900PRINTPRINT "THIS PROGRAM WILL 6910ALLOW FOR 150" 6920PRINT "SUBJECTS PER 6930GROUP. LARGER GROUPS"PRINT "SHOULD BE SPLIT IN- 6940TO SMALLER" 6950PRINT "GROUPS."PRINT 6960PRINT "AT VARIOUS POINTSTHROUGHOUT DATA" 6970PRINT "ENTRY (AS WELL ASAT THE END) BE" 6980PRINT "SURE TO SAVE THEDATA. WITH APPLE" 6990PRINT "WRITER II, PRESS[CONTROL] [S]," 7000PRINT "THEN TYPE THENAME YOU WISH THE" 7010PRINT "DATA TO BE FILEDUNDER, THEN TYPE" 7020PRINT "A COMMA (,), THENTYPE’D2’AND" 7030PRINT "PRESS RETURN. THISWTLLSAVE" 7040PRINT "YOUR DATA ON DISK-ETTE n(DISKETTE" 7050PRINT "//I IS APPLE WAITERII.)." 7060

PRINTPRINT "IMPORTANT: USE ANINITIALIZED,"PRINT "BLANK DISKETTE TOSAVE DATA ONTO."PRINT "DO NOT USE THE SAISCORER PROGRAM"PRINT "DISKETTE."PRINTPRINT "NOTE: TO SAVE TIME,AFTER FIRST"PRINT "SAVING SOME DATATOAF1LE,"PRINT "ADDITIONAL DATACAN BE SAVED TO"PRINT "THAT SAME FILE BY[CONTROL] [S]."PRINT "THEN TYPE "=", THEN RETURN."PRINTPRINTPRINT "DIRECTIONS FORUSING SAI SCORER"PRINTPRINT "INSERT SCORER PRO-GRAM DISKETTE"PRINT "INTO DISK DRIVE ff\.

INSERTTHE"PRINT "DISKETTE WITH YOURDATA INTO"PRINT "DISK DRIVE U. BOOTUPTHE"PRINT "DISKETTE IN DRIVE ffi.W^HEN"PRINT "THE MENU APPEARS,TYPE IN"PRINT " ’LOAD SAI.SCORER’AND HIT"PRINT "RETURN. WHEN THEPROGRAM"PRINT "HAS BEEN LOADED,TYPE’RUN’ "

PRINT "AND FOLLOW THE DI-RECTIONS"PRINT "GIVEN IN THE PRO-GRAM."PRINT


Scoring the SAI 189

PRINT "NOTE: AT THE POINTIN THE"PRINT "PROGRAM WHEN ITASKS YOU"PRINT "FOR THE NAME OFTHE FILE"PRINT "YOUR DATA IS ON,SIMPLY"PRINT "TYPE IN THE NAMEYOU SAVED"PRINT "THE DATA UNDER ONDISKETTE"PRINT "^2, WHEN THE PRO-GRAM ASKS"PRINT "WHAT NAME YOUWANT THE"PRINT "DATA FILED UNDER(THE SECOND"PRINT "QUESTION ASKED BYTHE"PRINT "PROGRAM). YOU MAYUSE THE"PRINT "SAME NAME AS INQUESTION"PRINT "/?!, OR YOU MAY USE ANEW"PRINT "NAME. IT IS IMPOR-TANT THAT"PRINT "YOU REALIZE THISNEW^ NAME"PRINT "FOR YOUR DATA ISWHAT THE"PRINT "PROGRAM WILL NEEDWHEN"PRINT "YOU USE THE’READ.SAL"PRINT "OUTPUT* PROGRAM.1FYOU"PRINT "DO NOT CHANGE THEDATA"

7270 PRINT "FILE’S NAME, YOU DONOT"

7280 PRINT "NEED TO WORRYABOUT THIS"

7290 PRINT "PROBLEM. HOWEVER,ONCE THE"

7291 PRINT "SCORING PROGRAMRUNS AND"

7292 PRINT "SAVES THE SCOREDDATA, THE"

7293 PRINT "ORIGINAL RMV DATAWILL BE"

7294 PRINT "GONE, AND THESCORED DATA"

7295 PRINT "WILL BE IN ITS PLACETO"

7296 PRINT "AVOID THIS, YOUMUST TELL"

7297 PRINT "THE SCORING PRO-GRAM TO"

7298 PRINT "SAVE THE SCOREDDATA UNDER"

7299 PRINT "A DIFFERENT FILENAME."

7300 PRINT7310 PRINT "WHEN USING THE

’READ.SAI"7320 PRINT "OUTPUT’ PROGRAM,

YOU MUST"7330 PRINT "REMEMBER TO LOAD

IT AND"7340 PRINT "TELL THE COMPUTER

IT IS"7350 PRINT "IN DISK DRIVE ff\."

7360 PRINT "OTHERWISE, THECOMPUTER"

7370 PRINT "WILL LOOK FOR THEPROGRAM"

7380 PRINT "ON DISKETTE ^2."7390 PR//0: END


190Scoring (he SAI

SAI.SCORERPROGRAM

IN APPLESOFT BASIC

10 REM **** 1$=A ONE DIMENSION-AL ARRAY OF ALL LETTER AN-SWERS READ IN FROM APPLEWRITER FILE.

20 REM **** 1(X)=A ONE DIMEN-SIONAL ARRAY (60 PIECESLONG) OF THE CONVERTEDCHARACTER TO NUMERICVALUES.

30 REM****************40 REM A$(15) IS THE ARRAY TO

HOLD UP TO 150 ELEMENTS OFTHE READ FILE. THIS VARI-ABLE MUST BE INCREASED TOHOLD A FILE OF GREATERTHAN150ELEMENTS.

50 REM****************60 DIM I$(60): DIM I(60): DIM 1

A$(150)70 GOSUB 1200: REM INITIALIZA-

TION ROUTINE80 HOME90 GOSUB 1310: REM OPEN READ

FILE ROUTINE100 REM *** BEGINNING OF THE

DATA OUTPUT FILE CREA-TION

110 REM *** Z IS THE VALUE OB-TAINED IN THE READ ROU-TINE. IT IS THE NUMBER OFELEMENTS IN THE READ FILE

120 PRINT CHRS (4);t(OPEN";WFS;"W

130 PRINT CHRS (4);t(DELETE>’;WFS140 PRINT CHRS (4);(tOPEN";WFS150 PRINT CHRS (4);((WRITE";WFS160 REM *** ZX IS COUNTING VARI-

ABLE FOR PROCESSING LOOP170 FORZX = 1TOZ180 REM *********************190 REM ** ROUTINE FOR SEPAR-200 REM **AT1NG AS INTO PARTS

210 REM *********************220 IDS = LEFTS (AS(ZX),10)230 FORX = 1T060240 IS(X) = MIDS(AS(ZX),10 + X, 1)250 NEXTX260 FORX = 1T060270 GOSUB 4K): REM CHARACTER

TO NUMERIC VALUE CONVER-SION ROUTINE

280 NEXTX290 X = 0300 GOSUB 800: REM CALCULATION

ROUTINE310 REM ***********************320 REM *****WRITE ROUTINE330 REM ***********************340 PRINT IDS350 IF IDS = "END" THEN TS = 0:S

T = 0:PO = 0:NE = 0:1N = 0:EM= 0

360 PRINT TS370 PRINT ST380 PRINT PO390 PRINT NE400 PRINT IN410 PRINT EM420 NEXT ZX430 PRINT CHRS (4);((CLOSE";WFS440 HOME450 PRINT "THE PROCESSING

OPERATION IS FINISHED. IFYOU WISH TO VIEW THE OUT-PUT DATA RUN THE PRO-GRAM NAMED ’READ.SALOUTPUT LOCATED ON THISDISK. (DISK 1)": PRINT

460 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ^IF YOUWISH TO PROCESS MOREDATA, RERUN THIS PRO-GRAM.": END

470 REM******************


Scoring the SAI 191

480 REM ** SUBROUTINE FOR THE490 REM ** CONVERSION OF LET-500 REM ** TER SCORES TO NUM-510 REM ** ERIC SCORES.520 REM *********************530 IPX = 70RX = 100RX = 23 OR

. X = 53 OR X = 56 THEN GOSUB600: RETURN

540 IF X = 15 OR X = 19 OR X = 27OR X = 29 OR X = 52 THENGOSUB 600: RETURN

550 IF X = 18 OR X = 25 OR X = 26OR X = 37 OR X = 42 THENGOSUB 600: RETURN

560 IF X = 6 OR X = 32 OR X = 33 ORX = 34 OR X = 47 THEN GOSUB600: RETURN

570 1F,X = 17 OR.X = 28 OR X = 30OR X = 40 OR X = 48 THENGOSUB 600: RETURN

580 IF X .= 1 OR X = 45 OR X = 49 ORX = 55 OR X = 60 THEN GOSUB600: RETURN

590 GOTO 700: REM NEGATIVE CON-VERSION ROUTINE

600 REM *********************610 REM ** POSITIVE CONVER-620 REM ** SION ROUTINE.630 REM *********************640 IF I$(X) = "A" THEN I(X) = 3650 IF 1$(X) = "B" THEN I(X) = 2660 IF 1$(X) = "C" THEN I(X) = 1.5670 IF I$(X) = "D" THEN 1(X) = 1680 IF I$(X) = "E" THEN 1(X) = 0690 RETURN700 REM *********************710 REM ** NEGATIVE CONVER-720 REM ** SION ROUTINE.730 REM *********************740 IF IS(X) = "A" THEN I(X) = 0750 IF I$(X) = "B" THEN I(X) = 1760 IF I$(X) = "C" THEN I(X) = 1.5770 IF IS(X) = "D" THEN 1(X) = 2780 IF I$(X) = "E" THEN I(X) = 3790 RETURN800 REM ********************810 REM ^ASSIGNMENT OF

820 REM ** SUBSCALE VALUES830 REM ** Al THRU B6840 REM ********************850 REM ** POSITIVE SUBSCALE860 Al = 1(7) + 1(10) + 1(23) + 1(53) +

1(56)870 A2 = 1(15) + 1(19) + 1(27) + 1(29)

+ 1(52)880 A3 = 1(18) + 1(25) + 1(26) + 1(37)

+ 1(42)890 A4 = 1(6) + 1(32) + 1(33) + 1(34) +

1(47)900 A5 = 1(17) + 1(28) + 1(30) + 1(40)

+ 1(48)910 A6 = 1(1) + 1(45) + 1(49) + 1(55) +

1(60)920 REM *** NEGATIVE SUBSCALE930 B1 = 1(12) + 1(16) + 1(22) + 1(46)

+ 1(54)940 B2 = 1(2) + 1(3) + 1(11) + 1(39) +

1(43)950 B3 = 1(4) + 1(5) + 1(8) + 1(38) +

1(51)960 B4 = 1(14) + 1(24) + 1(41) + 1(44)

+ 1(50)970 B5 = 1(9) + 1(13) + 1(31) + 1(36) +

1(58)980 B6 = 1(20) + 1(21) + 1(35) + 1(57)

+ 1(59)990 REM ********************1000 REM ** CALCULATION ROU-1010 REM ** TINE FOR SUB-1020 REM ** SCALE COMBINATION1030 REM** TOTALS.1040 REM ********************1050 REM TS = TOTAL SCALE1060 REM ST=STS-ATT1TUDES1070 REM PO = POSITIVE SCALE1080 REM NE= NEGATIVE SCALE1090 REM IN == INTELLECT SCALE1100 REM EM = EMOTIONAL SCALE1110 REM********************1120 TS = Al + B1 + A2 + B2 + A3

+ B3 + A4 + B4 + A5 + B5 +A6 + B6

1130 ST = A4 + B4 + A5 + B5


Scoring the SAI

PO = Al + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5+ A6NE = Bl + B2 + B3 + B4 + B5 +B6IN = Al + Bl + A2 4- B2 + A3+ B3EM = A4 + B4 + A5 + B5 + A6+ B6RETURNSTOPREM********************REM ** INITIALIZATION OFREM **!$& I ARRAYS.^J^ ********************FORX = 1T060I$(X) = "":I(X) = 0NEXTXFORX = 1 TO 150A$(X) == ""NEXTXRETURNj^p^ ********************REM ** OPEN READ FILE^M********************INPUT "WHAT IS THE NAMEOF THE DATA FILE TO BEREAD?";RF$PRINT : PRINTINPUT "WHAT IS THE NAMEOF THE FILE THAT THE OUT-PUT FROM THIS PROGRAMWILL BE SAVED ON?";WF$PRINT : PRINTINPUT "WHAT IS THE NUM-BER OF THE DISK DRIVE THATTHE DATA DISK IS IN";DZ =0PRINT CHR$ (4);"OPEN";RF$;",D";DPRINT CHR$ (4); "READ" RF$

Z = Z + 1: REM READ COUN-TERINPUT A$(Z)PRINT A$(Z)IFA$(Z) = "END" THEN PRINTCHR$ (4);"CLOSE" RF$: GOSUB5000: RETURN

1460 GOTO 14205000 PRINT5010 PRINT "THE DATA READING

OPERATION IS FINISHED.PROCESSING IS NOW TAKINGPLACE."

5020 PRINT ^THE COMPUTERLOOKS AS IF IT IS NOT WORK-ING...BUT IT IS!!!"

5030 PRINT "JUST RELAX! EVERYNOW AND AGAIN THE REDLIGHT ON DRIVE 2 WILL COMEON."

5040 PRINT "THAT’S HOW YOUWILL KNOW THE PROGRAM ISOPERATING."

5050 RETURN

READ.SAI.OUTPUTPROGRAM

IN APPLESOFT BASIC

10 HOME20 REM *** VARIABLE NAMES =

THE VALUES SAVED ON THEDATA DISK BY THE MAINPROCESSING PROGRAM.

30 DIM ID$(200): DIM TS(200): DIMST(200): DIM P0(200): DIMNE(200): DIM IN(200): DIMEM(200)

40 REM *** ARRAY INITIALIZATIONROUTINE

50 PRINT: PRINT : PRINT "INITIAL-IZING ARRAYS..."

60 PRINT "(THIS WILL TAKE JUST AMOMENT.)"

70 FOR X = 1 TO 20080 ID$(X) = ""90 TS(X) = 0100 ST(X) = 0110 PO(X) = 0120 NE(X) = 0130 IN(X) = 0


Scoring (he SAI 193

140 EM(X) = 0150 NEXTX160 HOME170 REM ** OPEN READ FILE180 REM********************190 INPUT "WHAT IS THE NAME OF

THE DATA FILE TO BE READ?";RF$

200 PRINT: PRINT210 INPUT "WHAT IS THE NUMBER

OF THE DISK DRIVE THAT THEDATA DISK IS IN";D

220 HOME230 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

"READING DATA..."240 PRINT : PRINT" JUST A MO-

MENT."250 Z = 0260 PRINT CHR$ (4);"OPEN";RF$;

",D";D270 PRINT CHR$ (4);t(READ";RF$280 Z = Z + 1: REM READ COUNTER290 INPUT ID$(Z)300 IF ID$(Z) == "END" THEN PRINT

CHR$ (4);"CLOSE";RF$: GOTO380

310 INPUT TS(Z)320 INPUT ST(Z)330 INPUT PO(Z)340 INPUT NE(Z)350 INPUT IN(Z)360 INPUT EM(Z)370 GOTO 280380 HOME390 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

"WOULD YOU LIKE:"400 PRINT : PRINT "1) A PRINTED

COPY.410 PRINT : PRINT "2) DISPLAY TO

SCREEN OR420 PRINT : PRINT "3) QUIT";430 INPUT CH440 IF CH = 1 THEN HOME : GOSUB

480450 IF CH = 2 THEN HOME : GOSUB

620460 IF CH = 3 THEN HOME : END

470 IF CH < > 1 OR CH < > 2 OR CH< > 3 THEN GOTO 380

480 PR^l490 FORX == 1TOZ500 PRINT "IDENTIFICATION ff ";ID

$(X)510 PRINT "TOTAL SCALE ........

";TS(X)520 PRINT "STS ATTITUDE ........

";ST(X)530 PRINT "POSITIVE SCALE ......

";PO(X)540 PRINT "NEGATIVE SCALE .....

";NE(X)550 PRINT "INTELLECT SCALE ....

";IN(X)560 PRINT "EMOTIONAL SCALE . . .

";EM(X)570 PRINT580 NEXTX590 PRffO600 CH = 0610 RETURN620 FOR X = 1 TO Z630 COUNT = COUNT + 1650 IF ID$(X) = "END" THEN X =

0:CH = 0:COUNT = 0: GOSUB1000: RETURN

660 PRINT "IDENTIFICATION ff ";ID$(X)

670 PRINT "TOTAL SCALE ........";TS(X)

680 PRINT "STS ATTITUDE ........";ST(X)

690 PRINT "POSITIVE SCALE ......";PO(X)

700 PRINT "NEGATIVE SCALE .....";NE(X)

710 PRINT "INTELLECT SCALE ....";IN(X)

720 PRINT "EMOTIONAL SCALE . . .";EM(X)

724 IF COUNT < 3 THEN NEXT X:GOSUB 1000

725 GOSUB 1000726 IF B$ = "H" THEN B$ =

"":COUNT = 0:CH = 0:X = 0:RETURN


194 Scoring the SAI

730 IF B$ = "C" THEN B$ =’"^COUNT = 0:CH = 0: NEXTX

750 RETURN1000 PRINT "HIT ’C* TO CONTINUE1010 PRINT "HIT W TO HALT THE

DISPLAY";1020 INPUT B$: RETURN

The printout obtained with this program package basically follows that of theFORTRAN program originally designed for use with the SAI. The subject’sidentification number is listed, followed by the total SAI score (termed TOT, fortotal�the combination of all twelve subscales). After the overall SAI score, vari-ous subscale scores, and/or combinations of them, are listed in a vertical format.The Finson study was particularly concerned with attitudes centered aroundscience-technology-society (STS) interrelationships. The first subscale scoreprinted following the overall SAI score is the STS score. (The STS score was notoriginally in the SAI FORTRAN program, but was composed by the authors bycombining the values of subscales 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B.) The remaining subscalescores are identical to those produced in other studies.There are four additional subscale scores obtainable with the program pack-

age. The first of these is the POS scale, which gives the scored results of all thepositive SAI items (subscales 1A, 2A, 3A . . . 6A). The NEG scale is next, andgives the scored results of all the negative SAI items (subscales 1B, 2B, 3B . . .

6B). The score derived from subscales 1AB, 2AB, and SAB is termed the intellec-tual scale. Subscales 1A and 1B are combined, as are 2A and 2B (and 3A and3B), and the products are summed and scored for INT. These subscales all have abasis in knowledge about the nature of science. The fourth subscale score printedout is EMO, the emotional score. This is obtained from combining subscales 4A+ B, 5A 4- B, and 6A + B in a manner similar to that for INT. These subscalesall have a basis in emotional reaction to science. The particular numeric valuesobtained from these subscales will vary in range as \ve\\ as size.The program package does not provide output for the combinations of paired

subscales (such as 1A and 1B, or 2A and 2B, etc.)�the opposing attitudes�which are closely related but opposite in direction. The reader may wish to add tothe programming to obtain these values, or may quickly hand-calculate themfrom values scored within the SCORER program.The original SAI and its FORTRAN scoring program (in hardcopy) may be

obtained from the Paley Library collection at Temple University, from Univer-sity Microfilms in Ann Arbor, Michigan, or from Dr. Richard W. Moore,Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. A related article appears in the Journal of Re-search in Science Teaching, 7, 85-94, 1970.


Scoring the SAI 195

Copies of the three programs can be obtained from the authors by sending ablank 5.25 inch diskette with your request (with appropriate postage and ship-ping container), or by typing the printed copy at the end of this article.

References

Finson, K. D. (1985). A study of student attitudes toward science-technology-society re-sulting from visitation to a science-technology museum. Unpublished doctoral disserta-tion, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.

Moore, R. W., and F. X. Sutman (1970). The development, field test and validation of aninventory of scientific attitudes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 7, 85-94.

KevinD.FinsonTomRahIfsValley City StateCollegeKansas State UniversityValley City, North Dakota 58072Manhattan, Kansas 66506

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Whatever the size and whether suborbital or traveling to another planet, everyspacecraft must be carried into space to do its job. Because a number of differentlaunch vehicles were required for missions ranging from simple to complex,NASA developed a family of launch vehicles�a graduated series of multistagerockets.

Until the Space Shuttle, launch vehicles were expendable, and the most effi-cient method of launching was to use a vehicle adapted to the payload, itsweight, and its trajectory. The vehicles are combinations of two or more stages,which burn one after the other, each being discarded when it is no longer needed,so only a small part of the whole vehicle is necessary to propel the spacecraft intothe final orbit or space trajectory.When NASA was formed, its launch capability depended upon what was

available and most of the vehicles were derived from the military missile pro-gram. In time, additional vehicles were developed, using both solid and liquidpropellants, to acquire a variety of combinations suited to the expanding spaceprogram.From the small Scout, which is still used, to the mighty Saturn V that took

men to the Moon and was last used to put the Skylab space station into Earth or-bit, NASA’s launch vehicles evolved and improved both as a group and as indi-vidual vehicles. Each one is constantly uprated and finally removed from servicewhen no longer needed.NASA not only launches its own spacecraft, but conducts many launches for

commercial organizations, other Federal agencies, other nations, and multi-na-tional groups. For such missions NASA is reimbursed for the cost of the vehicleand launch services.NASA owns launch sites at the Eastern and Western Space and Missile Centers

in Florida and California and the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, and has ac-cess to the San Marco launch complex off the east coast of Africa owned byItaly.


scoring the scientific attitude inventory by microcomputer

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