scientific working group on bloodstain pattern … · this bibliography is a list of bloodstain...

SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP ON BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS

Bibliography Project Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee

April 30, 2009

2

Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Aging Blood ................................................................................................................................................... 4

Biomechanics ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Case Studies .................................................................................................................................................. 5

Clothing and Fabric ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Environmental............................................................................................................................................... 8

Equipment..................................................................................................................................................... 8

Expiratory Blood............................................................................................................................................ 9

Firearms ........................................................................................................................................................ 9

Fluid Dynamics – Blood...............................................................................................................................11

Fluid Dynamics – Other...............................................................................................................................14

Health and Safety........................................................................................................................................19

High Speed Video........................................................................................................................................20

Human Blood Substitutes ...........................................................................................................................21

Impact Patterns...........................................................................................................................................21

Legal ............................................................................................................................................................22

Non English .................................................................................................................................................24

Other Patterns ............................................................................................................................................24

Overview Articles ........................................................................................................................................25

Pathology ....................................................................................................................................................28

Photography and Documentation ..............................................................................................................30

Math and Physics ........................................................................................................................................31

Reconstruction............................................................................................................................................33

3

Scientific Theory..........................................................................................................................................36

Searching and Enhancement ......................................................................................................................36

Sequencing..................................................................................................................................................38

Software......................................................................................................................................................39

Target Surface .............................................................................................................................................40

Training .......................................................................................................................................................40

Transfer Patterns ........................................................................................................................................41

4

Preface This bibliography is a list of bloodstain pattern analysis literature that has been collected by the

Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) Research Subcommittee. The

literature was located within scientific journals, newsletters, technical reports, books, web pages,

theses, conference papers, law reports and magazines. The five hundred and thirty eight titles

have been placed into twenty‐nine groups and are list alphabetically within each group. There are

duplicate references within the various groups. This list will be updated periodically on the SWGSTAIN

web site.

The research subcommittee would like to acknowledge the contributions from the SWGSTAIN

membership, the Midwest Forensics Resource Center, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Institute

of Environmental Science and Research, Trent University and the Ontario Provincial Police for their

support with this project.

SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee

Aging Blood 1. Aikman, R.L. and D.R. Foran, Nucleic Acid Based Methods for Assessing the Age of

Bloodstains, in 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 2008: Washington, D.C.

2. Anderson, S., et al., A Method for Determining the Age of a Bloodstain. Forensic Science International, 2005. 148: p. 37‐45.

3. Hesselink, W.F., Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice. Ztschr. angew. Chem., 1931. 44(31): p. 653‐655.

4. Hortola, P., SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cells in aged Human Bloodstains. Forensic Science International, 1992. 55: p. 139‐159.

5. Kish, P.E. and G. Hall, A 12‐Day Study Evaluating the Durability of Bloodspatters on Shoes, in American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 1999: Orlando, Florida.

6. Laber, T.L. and B.P. Epstein, Substrate Effects on the Drying Time of Human Blood. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 209‐214.

Biomechanics 1. Chadwick, E.K.J., et al., Biomechanics of Knife Stab Attacks. Forensic Science

International, 1999. 105: p. 35‐44.

5

2. Hamill, J. and K. Knutzen, Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement. 2nd ed. 2003, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

3. Miller, S.A., Jones, M.S., Kinematics of Four Methods of Stabbing: a Preliminary Study. Forensic Science International, 1996. 82: p. 183‐190.

4. O'Callaghan, P.T., et al., A Novel Approach to Forensic Investigation: Three‐Dimensional Kinematic and Kinetic Motion Analysis. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2001. 8: p. 49‐53.

Case Studies 1. Australia, N.I.o.F.S. Forensic Fact Files: Case Studies. 2001 [cited 2005 18 September];

Available from: http://www.nifs.com.au/FactFiles/serology/case.asp?page=case. 2. Barnes, D., Intermittant Projected Bloodstains. International Association of Bloodstain

Pattern Analysts News, 1998. 14(2): p. 6‐8. 3. Bettilyon, A.D., Homicide vs. Suicide: A Bloodstain Study, in International Association of

Identification Meeting. 1996: Greensboro, North Carolina. 4. Bettilyon, A.D., Case Presentation: "Reconstruction of a Domestic Homicide", in

International Association of Identification Meeting. 1997. 5. Bettilyon, A.D., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Homicide Cold Case Investigations, in Cold

Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques, R.H. Walton, Editor. 2006, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, Florida. p. 463‐476.

6. Black, J.P., Contradiction of Suspect's Statements Using Bloodstain Analysis, in International Association for Identification. 2002: Las Vegas, Nevada.

7. Block, M. and M. Gaynor, Case Presentation: "Bloodstains Tell a Different Tale", in International Association of Identification Meeting. 1997.

8. Burnett, B.R., J.M. Orentes, and M.L. Pierson, An Unusual Bloodstain Case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997. 42(3): p. 519‐523.

9. Cortner, G.V., Crime Scene Reconstruction: A Case of Blood Stain Interpretation Five Years After the Crime Occurred. Tieline, 1986. 11(1): p. 50‐55.

10. Englert, R., Pulverised Bright Green Threads and High Velocity Blood Spatter unravel the Mystery of a Crime: a Homicide case study with no Body. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 15.

11. Fraser, G.N., A Murder in Moncton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 205‐208.

12. Hesselink, W.F., Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice. Ztschr. angew. Chem., 1931. 44(31): p. 653‐655.

13. Kish, P.E. and H.L. MacDonell, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in Serial Murder Cases. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1995. 28(4): p. 244.

14. Kohne, J.S., The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter. ?, ? 15. Maberry, J.M., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence is Critical in Obtaining

Relevant Reconstruction of a Crime Scene, Drug Enforcement Administration, South

6

Central Laboratory: Dallas, Texas. 16. MacDonell, H.L., Reconstruction of a Homicide. Law & Order, 1977. 25: p. 26‐31. 17. MacDonell, H.L., Beverley Isn't Here, We See Her Face No More, Neville Knew it Wasn't

H2O, He Used..... Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1990. 23(4): p. 133.

18. MacDonell, H.L., Report on the beating of Mrs. Pamela McLeod‐Lindsay. 1991: Corning, New York.

19. MacDonell, H.L., Another Confusing Bloodstain Pattern. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2004. 20(3): p. 11‐15.

20. MacLean, B., K. Powley, and D. Dahlstrom, A Case Study Illustrating another Logical Explanation for High Velocity Impact Spatter. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 191‐195.

21. Murphy, G.K., "Beaten to Death" An Autospy Series of Homicidal Blunt Force Injuries. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 1991. 12(2): p. 98‐101.

22. Noedel, M., Non‐replenishing Blood Drip Trails, in IABPA Annual Conference. 2004: Tucson, Arizona.

23. Petricevic, S. and D. Elliot, Bloodstain Pattern Reconstruction ‐ a Hammer Attack. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(1).

24. Rinehart, D.J., Computers vs Strings‐ 2 Cases in Point. Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction, 2000.

25. Ristenbatt, R.R., III and R.C. Schaler, A Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in a Homicide Case Involving an Apparent 'Stomping'. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995. 40(1): p. 139‐145.

26. Ristenbatt, R.R. and R.C. Shaler, Author's Response to MacDonell, H.L. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995. 40(6): p. 929‐930.

27. Smith, I. New Technology Helps Reopen Murder Case. 2004 [cited 2005 17 September]; Available from: http://www.wtol.com/Global/Story.asp?S=1816797.

28. Wolson, T.L., DNA Analysis and the Interpretation of Bloodstain Patterns. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 151‐157.

Clothing and Fabric 1. Adair, T.W., Casting Two‐Dimensional Bloody Shoe Prints from Concrete, Fabric, and

Human Skin: A Review of Several Methods with Recommendations. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(1): p. 4‐8.

2. Adolf, F., The Structure of Textiles, in Forensic Examination of Fibres, J. Robertson and M. Grieve, Editors. 1999, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

3. Bradley, D., Spectrometry Aids "New and Improved", in Today's Chemist. 2001. p. 23‐24,26.

7

4. Haag, L.C., A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR Patterns on Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 1991. 13(1): p. 13‐18.

5. Ishihama, K., et al., High Incidence of Blood Exposure due to Imperceptible Contaminated Splatters during Oral Surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillfacial Surgery, 2008. 66(4): p. 704‐710.

6. Karger, B., S.P. Rand, and B. Brinkmann, Experimental Bloodstains on Fabric from Contact and from Droplets. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1998. 111(1): p. 17‐21.

7. Leonas, K.K., Using LSCM to Study the Barrier Effectiveness of Textiles used in Medical Protective Apparel. Microscopy Microanalysis, 2004. 10(2).

8. Leonas, K.K. and R.S. Jinkins, The Relationship of Selected Fabric Characteristics and the Barrier Effectiveness of Surgical Gown Fabrics. American Journal of Infection Control, 1997(25): p. 16‐23.

9. Messler, H., Untersuchungen über den Einfluß textiler Spurenträger auf die Blutspur, in Faculty of Forensic Medicine. 1980, Köln University.

10. Messler, H., G. Berghaus, and G. Dotzauer, Der Einfluß textiltechnischer Größen eines Spurenträgers auf das Erscheinungsbild einer Blutspur Kriminalistik und forensische Wissenschaften, 1981. 44: p. 125‐137.

11. Perkins, M., The Application of Infrared Photography in Bloodstain Pattern Documentation of Clothing. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2005. 55(1): p. 1‐9.

12. Reed, C.M. and N. Wilson, The Fundamentals of Absorbency of Fibres, Textile Structures and Polymers. I: The Rate of Rise of a Liquid in Glass CapiIlaries. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1993. 26: p. 1378‐1381.

13. Saleh, M.A., et al., Penetration of Household Insecticides through different types of Textile Fabrics. Chemosphere, 1998. 36(7): p. 1543‐1552.

14. Simoncic, B., Rozman, V., Wettability of Cotton Fabric by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants with Different Structures. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007. 292(2‐3): p. 236‐245.

15. Slemko, J.A., Bloodstains on Fabric: The Effects of Droplet Velocity and Fabric Composition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2003. 19(4): p. 3‐11.

16. Smit, B., Photomicrography and Fluid Dynamics relating to Bloodstains on Fabric. 2008, The University of Auckland: Auckland.

17. van Stratton, M.J. and T.J. Griffin, Examination of Bloodstained Clothing, in Rocky Mountain Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 2002.

18. Warrick, P., Identification of Blood Prints on Fabric using Amido Black and Digital Enhancement. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2000. 50(1): p. 20‐31.

19. White, B., Bloodstain Patterns on Fabrics: The Effect of Drop Volume, Dropping Height and Impact Angle. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1986. 19(1): p. 3‐36.

8

Environmental 1. Adair, T.W., et al., The Use of Luminol to Detect Blood in Soil One Year After Deposition.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(3): p. 4‐7. 2. Adair, T.W., et al., Detecting Blood Patterns in Soil with Luminol Two years after

Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2007. 23(1): p. 14‐19.

3. Beard, K.V. and H.T. Ochs, Wake‐excited Raindrop Oscillations. Annalen der Meterologie, 1988. 25: p. 7‐8.

4. Brady, T. and J. Tigmo, Extreme Temperature Effects on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2002. 18(2): p. 3‐20.

5. Clark, B.S. and G.D.G. Sr, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis After a Fire: Effects of Heat and Flame on Reconstruction and Interpretation, in A Paper Presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 53rd Annual Meeting. 2001: Seattle, Washington.

6. Gifford, W.D.L., Bloodstain Survival in Water. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1999. 15(2): p. 1‐6.

7. Tomash, M.C., A Preliminary Study: How Fire may affect Crime Scene Bloodstains. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(3): p. 23‐34.

Equipment 1. Leica Microsystems. [cited 2007; Available from: http://www.leica‐microsystems.com. 2. Scanning Electron Microscope. 1996 [cited 2007; Available from:

http://www.mos.org/sln/SEM/tour10.html. 3. Confocal Microscopy Protocols and Resources. 2006 11 April 2007; Available from:

http://www.confocal‐microscopy.org/. 4. CCD vs. CMOS. 2008 [cited 2007; Available from:

http://www.dalsa.com/markets/ccd_vs_cmos.asp. 5. Bradley, D., Spectrometry Aids "New and Improved", in Today's Chemist. 2001. p. 23‐

24,26. 6. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Video Camera and a PC Computer.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(2): p. 15‐16. 7. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Forensic

Evidence in Canada G. Chakyo and E.D. Gulliver, Editors. 1999, Canada Law Book: Aurora, Ont. p. 443‐453.

9

Expiratory Blood 1. Adair, T.W., et al., The Use of Luminol to Detect Blood in Soil One Year After Deposition.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(3): p. 4‐7. 2. Adair, T.W., et al., Detecting Blood Patterns in Soil with Luminol Two years after

Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2007. 23(1): p. 14‐19.

3. Christman, D.V., "Expirated Bloodstain Patterns". 1991. p. 1‐5. 4. Emes, A., Expirated Blood ‐ A Review. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic

Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 197‐203. 5. Haberda, A Special Type of Bloodstain 1914: Vienna. 6. James, S.H., P.E. Kish, and P. Sutton, Bloodstain Patterns Produced by Arterial and

Expiratory Mechanisms. 2003. 7. Schroter, R.C., R v. Sion Jenkins 2004: London.

Firearms 1. Betz, P., et al., Frequency of Blood Spatters on the Shooting Hand and of Conjunctival

Petechiae following Suicidal Gunshots Wounds to the Head. Forensic Science International, 1995. 76: p. 47‐53.

2. Burnett, B.R., Detection of Bone and Bone‐Plus‐Bullet Particles in Backspatter from Close‐Range Shots to Heads. Journal of Forensic Science, 1991. 36(6): p. 1745‐1752.

3. Haag, L.C., A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR Patterns on Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 1991. 13(1): p. 13‐18.

4. Karger, B., R. Nusse, and T. Bajanowski, Backspatter on the Firearm and Hand in Experimental Close‐Range Gunshots to the Head. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 2002. 23(3): p. 211‐213.

5. Karger, B., et al., Backspatter from Experimental Close‐Range Shots to the Head I‐Macrobackspatter. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1996. 109: p. 66‐74.

6. Karger, B., et al., Backspatter from Experimental Close‐Range Shots to the Head II‐ Microbackspatter and the Morphology of Bloodstains. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1997. 110: p. 27‐30.

7. Kneubuehl, B.P. and M.J. Thali, The Evaluation of a Synthetic Long Bone Structure as a substitute for Human Tissue in Gunshot Experiments. Forensic Science International, 2003. 138: p. 44‐49.

8. Kohne, J.S., The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter. ?, ? 9. MacDonell, H.L. and B.A. Brooks, Detection and Significance of Blood in Firearms. Legal

Medicine Annual, 1977: p. 185‐199.

10

10. Perdekamp, M.G.V., B., et al., Tissue defect at the Gunshot Entrance Wound: What happens to the Skin? Int J. Legal Med., 2005. 119: p. 217‐222.

11. Pex, J.O. and C.H. Vaughan, Observations of High Velocity Bloodspatter on Adjacent Objects. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1987. 32(6): p. 1587‐1594.

12. Plattner, T., et al., Gunshot Residue Patterns on Skin in Angled Contact and Near Contact Gunshot Wounds. Forensic Science International, 2003. 138(3): p. 68‐74.

13. Settles, G.S., et al., Full‐Scale High‐Speed Schlieren Imaging of Explosions and Gunshots, Gas Dynamics Lab, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Penn State University, PA Transportation Security Lab, US Transportation Security Administration, W.J. Hughes Technical Centre, Atlantic City, NJ: PA.

14. Settles, G.S., et al., Full‐Scale High‐Speed "Edgerton" Retroflective Shadowgraphy of Explosions and Gunshots, in Proceedings of PSFVIP‐5: 5th Pacific Symposium on Flow Visualisation and Image Processing. 2005: Australia.

15. Stephens, B.G. and T.B. Allen, Back Spatter of Blood from Gunshot Wounds ‐ Observations and Experimental Simulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1983. 28(2): p. 437‐439.

16. Stone, I.C., Characteristics of Firearms and Gunshot Wounds as Markers of Suicide. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 1992. 13: p. 275‐280.

17. Thali, M.J., Body Models in Forensic Ballistics: Reconstruction of a Gunshot Injury to the Chest by Bullet Fragmentation after Shooting through a Finger. Forensic Science International, 2001. 123(1): p. 54‐57.

18. Thali, M.J., et al., The Dynamic Development of the Muzzle Imprint by Contact Gunshot: High‐Speed Documentation Utilizing the‘‘Skin–Skull–Brain Model’’. Forensic Science International, 2002. 127: p. 168‐173.

19. Thali, M.J., et al., A Study of the Morphology of Gunshot Entrance Wounds, in connection with their Dynamic Creation, utilizing the ‘‘Skin–skull–brain model’’. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 190‐194.

20. Thali, M.J., et al., The ‘‘Skin–skull–brain model’’: a New Instrument for the Study of Gunshot Effects. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 178‐189.

21. Thali, M.J., et al., A High‐Speed Study of the Dynamic Bullet‐Body Interactions produced by Grazing Gunshots with full Metal Jacked and Lead Projetciles. Forensic Science International, 2003. 132(2): p. 93‐98.

22. Yen, K., et al., Blood‐Spatter Patterns: Hands Hold Clues for the Forensic Reconstruction of the Sequence of Events. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 2003. 24(2): p. 132‐140.

23. Zhang, J., et al., Experimental Model for Civilian Ballistic Brain Injury Biomechanics Quantification. Journal of Biomechanics, 2007. 40(10): p. 2341‐2346.

11

Fluid Dynamics – Blood 1. Adair, T.W., False Wave Cast‐off: Considering the Mechanisms of Stain Formation.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1998. 14(3): p. 1‐8. 2. Akin, L.L., A Blood Spatter Primer. Blue Line, 2005. 17(9): p. 14‐15. 3. Anadere, I., et al., Clinical Blood Rheology. Biorheology, 1979. 16: p. 171‐178. 4. Anderson, J.W., Capillarity Distortion Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain

Pattern Analysts News, 1993. 9(4): p. 11‐13. 5. Anonymous, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification Canada, 1987. 10(4): p. 7‐

10. 6. Anonymous, A Battle of Blood Spatter Experts and the Shenanigans of a Texas

Prosecutor. Scientific Sleuthing Reviews, 1997. 7. Balthazard, V., et al., Etude des gouttes de sang projete (Study of projected drops of

blood), in Annual Medecine Legale Criminol Police Science Toxicology. 1939, 22nd Congress of Forensic Medicine: Paris, France. p. 265‐323.

8. Bartz, H.F., Estimating Original Bloodstain Volume: The Development of a New Technique relating Volume and Surface Area. 2003, Laurentian University: Sudbury, Ontario. p. 1‐42.

9. Basso, W., Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice by S.James, P. Kish, and P. Sutton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(3): p. 179‐180.

10. Berne, R.M. and M.N. Levy, The Cardiovascular System, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year Book: St Louis.

11. Bevel, T. and L. Conn, Stop Motion Photography of Bloodstains. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1987. 3: p. 1‐13.

12. Bily, C. and H. Maldonado, The Application of Luminol to Bloodstains Concealed by Multiple Layers of Paint. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(6): p. 896‐905.

13. Brinkmann, B., B. Madea, and S.P. Rand, Factors Influencing the Morphology of Bloodstain BEITR GERICHTL MED, 1986. 44: p. 67‐73.

14. Brown, R.E., et al., Entomological Alteration of Bloodstain Evidence, in Entomological Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. 2001, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.

15. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

16. Carter, A.L., Carter's Compendium. 2001. 17. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Forensic

Evidence in Canada G. Chakyo and E.D. Gulliver, Editors. 1999, Canada Law Book: Aurora, Ont. p. 443‐453.

18. Cartwright, A.J., Degrees of Violence and Blood Spattering Associated with Manuala and Ligature Strangulation. Medicine, Science and Law, 1995. 35(4): p. 294‐302.

12

19. Casson, S. and G. Kurland, Viscometry of Human Blood for Shear Rates of 0 – 100,000s‐1. Nature, 1965. 206(617‐618).

20. Charm, S.E. and G.S. Kurland Discrepancy in Measuring Blood in Couette, Cone and Plate, and Capillary Tube Viscometers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1968. 25(6): p. 786‐789.

21. Cheeseman, R. and R. Tomboc, Fluorescein Technique Performance Study on Bloody Foot Trails. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2001. 51(1): p. 16‐27.

22. Chien, S., Determinants of Blood Viscosity and Red Cell Deformability. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigations, 1981. 156: p. 7‐12.

23. Creamer, J.I., et al., Attempted Cleaning of Bloodstains and Its Effect on the Forensic Luminol Test. Journal of Luminescence, 2005. 20: p. 411‐413.

24. Dees, T.M., Simplifying Blood Spatter Analysis at the Crime Scene. Law Enforcement Technology, 1995. 22(8): p. 42‐44.

25. Deleo, M., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Law and Order, 2002. 50(11): p. 43‐47. 26. Emes, A., The Interpretation of Bloodstain Patterns. Contact, 1999. 27: p. 13‐15. 27. Englert, R., Pulverised Bright Green Threads and High Velocity Blood Spatter unravel the

Mystery of a Crime: a Homicide case study with no Body. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 15.

28. Finsterer, J., et al., Factors Influencing the Length of a Blood Trail. Haemostasis, 1999. 29(6): p. 353‐354.

29. Fischer, W.C., Defining the "Address" of Bloodstains and other Evidence at the Crime Scene, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

30. Fischer, W.C., Utilizing Bloodstains in Accident Reconstruction, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton. p. 35.

31. Gardner, R.M., The Role of Logic in Bloodstain Analysis and Crime Scene Reconstruction. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1992. 8(3): p. 15‐19.

32. Gardner, R.M., Defining the Diameter of the Smallest Parent‐Stain Produced by a Drip. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(2): p. 210‐221.

33. Goldsmith, H.L. and R. Skalak, Hemodynamics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mechanics, 1975. 7: p. 213‐247.

34. Henderson, C., Legal and Ethical Aspects of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla. p. 91 ‐ 120.

35. Hortola, P., SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cells in aged Human Bloodstains. Forensic Science International, 1992. 55: p. 139‐159.

36. Hulse‐Smith, L. and M. Illes, A Blind Trial Evaluation of a Crime Scene Methodology for Deducting Impact Velocity and Droplet Size from Circular Bloodstains. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2007. 52(1): p. 65‐69.

37. Hulse‐Smith, L., N.Z. Mehdizadeh, and S. Chandra, Deducing Drop Size and Impact Velocity from Circular Bloodstains. Journal of Forensic Science, 2005. 50(1): p. 1‐10.

13

38. Illes, M.B., et al., Use of the BackTrackTM Computer Program for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis of Stains from Downward‐Moving Drops. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(4): p. 213‐218.

39. Kish, P.E. and H.L. MacDonell, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in Serial Murder Cases. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1995. 28(4): p. 244.

40. Laber, T.L., Diameter of a Bloodstain as a Function of Origin, Distance Fallen, and Volume of a Drop. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1985. 2(1): p. 12‐16.

41. MacDonell, H.L., Reconstruction of a Homicide. Law & Order, 1977. 25: p. 26‐31. 42. MacDonell, H.L., Commentry on Pizzola et al. Journal of Forensic Science, 1995. 40(6): p.

928‐929. 43. MacDonell, H.L. and B.A. Brooks, Detection and Significance of Blood in Firearms. Legal

Medicine Annual, 1977: p. 185‐199. 44. MacDonell, H.L. and K. DeLije, On Measuring the Volume of very small Drops of Blood

and Correlation of this relationship to Bloodstain Diameter, in International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News. 1989: Dallas, Texas. p. 5th Meeting

45. MacDonell, H.L. and C.G. Panchou, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification News, 1979. 29(2): p. 3‐5.

46. MacDonell, H.L. and C.G. Panchou, Bloodstain Patterns on Human Skin. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1979. 12(3): p. 134‐141.

47. McGuire, J.A. and W.F. Rowe, Uncertainty in the Estimated Angles of Impact of Freely Falling Blood Drops, The George Washington University: Washington. p. 44‐45.

48. Petricevic, S. and D. Elliot, Bloodstain Pattern Reconstruction ‐ a Hammer Attack. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(1).

49. Pizzola, P.A. and P.R. De Forest, Author's Response to MacDonell, H.L. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995. 40(6): p. 930‐931.

50. Pizzola, P.A., et al., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation ‐ Secondary Spatter (Abstract). Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1987. 20(3): p. 77.

51. Pizzola, P.A., S. Roth, and P.R. De Forest, Blood Droplet Dynamics‐I. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1986. 31(1): p. 36‐49.

52. Pizzola, P.A., S. Roth, and P.R. De Forest, Blood Droplet Dynamics‐ II. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1986. 31(1): p. 50‐64.

53. Ratnoff, O.D., Blood, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year Book: St Louis.

54. Raymond, M., E. Smith, and J. Liesegang, Oscillating Blood Droplets ‐ Implications for Crime Scene Reconstruction. Science & Justice, 1996. 36(3): p. 161‐171.

55. Raymond, M.A., L. J., and S. E.R., High Speed Cinematography of Blood Droplet Deformation in Flight ‐ Implications for Crime Scene Reconstruction, in International Association of Forensic Science. 1995, International Association of Forensic Science: Dusseldorf. p. 200‐207.

56. Rizer, C., Blood Drop Patterns. Police, 1960. 4(3): p. 18‐19. 57. Smit, B., Photomicrography and Fluid Dynamics relating to Bloodstains on Fabric. 2008,

The University of Auckland: Auckland.

14


59. Templeman, H., Author's Reply to Letter by H. MacDonell on Errors in Blood Droplet Impact Angle Reconstruction Using a Protractor. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1990. 40(4): p. 193‐194.

60. Wickham, J., et al., Red Cell Aggregation and Viscoelasticity of Blood from Seal, Swine and Man. Biorheology, 1990. 27: p. 191‐204.

61. Wonder, A.Y., Bloodstain Interpretation: An Introduction to the Five Stain Classifications. NPRU‐REV, 1987. 3(1): p. 80‐86.

62. Wonder, A.Y., Food for Thought Regarding the Estimation of the Volume of an Average Drop of Blood Relative to Usage (Abstract). Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1987(3): p. 77.

63. Wonder, A.Y., Arterial Damage Bloodstain Patterns: Recognition and Differentiation (Abstract). Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1987. 20(3): p. 77.

Fluid Dynamics – Other 1. Surface Energy (Surface Wetting Capability). 2001 [cited 2007; Available from:

http://www.ndt‐ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/PenetrantTest/PTMaterials/surfaceenergy.htm.

2. Abraham, F.F., Functional Dependence of Drag Co‐efficient of a Sphere on Reynolds Number. Physics of Fluids, 1970. 13(8): p. 2194‐2199.

3. Adam, J.R., N.R. Lendblad, and C.D. Hendricks, The Collision, Coalescence, and Disruption of Water Droplets. Journal of Applied Physics, 1968. 39(11): p. 5173‐5180.

4. Adler, P.M., A. Nadim, and H. Brenner, Rheological Models of Suspensions. Advances in Chemical Engineering, 1990. 15: p. 1‐72.

5. Adler, W.F., Liquid Drop Collisons on Deformable Media. Journal of Materials Science, 1977. 12: p. 1253‐1271.

6. Allen, R.F., The Role of Surface Tension in Splashing. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1975. 51(2): p. 350‐351.

7. Attane, P., F. Girard, and V. Morin, An Energy Balance Approach for the Dynamics of Drop Impact on a Solid Surface. Physics of Fluids, 2007. 19: p. 102‐119.

8. Ayirala, S.C., C.S. Vijapurapu, and D.N. Rao, Beneficial Effects of Wettability Altering Surfactants in Oil‐Wet Fractured Reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2006. 52: p. 261‐274.

9. Basaran, O.A., Nonlinear Oscillations of Viscous Liquid Drops. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1992. 241: p. 169‐198.

10. Basaran, O.A. and D.W. Depaoli, Nonlinear Oscillations of Pendent Drops. Physical Fluids, 1994. 6(9): p. 2923‐2943.

15

11. Beard, K.V., Raindrop Oscillations: Evaluation of a potential Flow Model with Gravity. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1984. 41(10): p. 1765‐1774.

12. Beard, K.V. and C. Chuang, A New Model for the Equilibrium Shape of Raindrops. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1987. 44(11): p. 1509‐1524.

13. Beard, K.V., J.Q. Feng, and C. Chuang, A Simple Perturbation Model for the Electrostatic Shape of Falling Drops. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1989. 46(15): p. 2404‐2418.

14. Beard, K.V. and D.B. Johnson, Raindrop Axial and Backspatter Ratios using Collisional Probabilty Model. Geophysical Research Letters, 1984. 11(1): p. 65‐68.

15. Beard, K.V., R.J. Kubesh, and H.T. Ochs, Laboratory Measurements of Small Raindrop Distortion. Part I: Axial Ratios and Fall Behaviour. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1991. 48(5): p. 698‐710.

16. Beard, K.V., Och, and R.J. Kabesh, Natural Oscillations of Small Raindrops. Nature, 1989. 342: p. 408‐410.

17. Beard, K.V. and H.T. Ochs, Wake‐excited Raindrop Oscillations. Annalen der Meterologie, 1988. 25: p. 7‐8.

18. Beard, K.V. and H. Pruppacher, A Determination of the Terminal Velocity and Drag of Small Water Drops by Means of a Wind Tunnel. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1969. 26: p. 1066‐1072.

19. Blanchard, D.C., The Behaviour of Water Drops at Termina Velocity in Air. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 1950. 31(6): p. 836‐842.

20. Bogy, D.B., Drop Formation in a Circular Liquid Jet. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1979. 11: p. 207‐228.

21. Bussmann, M., J. Mostaghimi, and S. Chandra, On a Three‐Dimensional Volume Tracking Model of Droplet Impact. Physics of Fluids, 1999. 11(6): p. 1406‐1417.

22. Cai, Y.K., Phenomena of a Liquid Drop Falling to a Liquid Surface. Experiments in Fluids, 1989. 7: p. 388‐394.

23. Carroll, K. and R. Mesler, Splashing Liquid Drops from Vortex Rings and not Jets at Low Froude Numbers. Journal of Applied Physics, 1981. 52(1): p. 507.

24. Chandra, S. and C.T. Avedisian, On the Collision of a Droplet with a Solid Surface. Proceedings from the Royal Society of London, 1991. 432: p. 13‐41.

25. Chandrasekar, V., W.A. Cooper, and V.N. Bringi, Axis Ratios and Oscillations of Raindrops. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1988. 45(8): p. 1323‐1332.

26. Cheng, L., Dynamic Spreading of Drops Impacting onto a Solid Surface. Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev, 1977. 16(2): p. 192‐197.

27. Ching, B., M.W. Golay, and T.J. Johnson, Droplet Impacts upon Liquid Surfaces. Science, 1984. 226(4674): p. 535‐537.

28. Chuang, C. and K.V. Beard, A Numerical Model for the Equilibrium Shape of Electrified Raindrops. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1990. 47(11): p. 1374‐1388.

29. Chuang, C.C. and K.V. Beard, A Model of the Electrostatic‐Aerodynamic Shape of Raindrops. Annalen der Meteologie, 1988. 25: p. 31‐32.

30. Czys, R.R. and H.T. Ochs, The Influence of Charge on the Coalescence of Water Drops in Free Fall. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1988. 45(21): p. 3161‐3168.

16

31. De Gennes, P.G., F. Brochard‐Wyart, and D. Quéré, Capillary and Wetting Phenomena ‐ Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves. 2002, United States of America: Springer Science and Business Media Inc. 291.

32. Derrida, B., C. Godreche, and I. Yekutieli, Scale‐invariant Regimes in One‐Dimensional Models of Growing and Coalescing Droplets. Physical Review A, 1991. 44(10): p. 6241‐6251.

33. Dong, H., W.W. Carr, and J.F. Morris, An Experimental Study of Drop‐on‐Demand Drop Formation. Physics of Fluids, 2006. 18: p. 1‐16.

34. Eggers, J., Theory of Drop Formation. Physics of Fluids, 1995. 7(5): p. 941‐953. 35. Eggers, J., Drop Formation ‐ an Overview, in Annual GAMM Conference. 2005, University

Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom: Dresden/Germany. p. 400‐410. 36. Eggers, J., A Brief History of Drop Formation, in Nonsmooth Mechanics and Analysis, P.

Alart, O. Maisonneuve, and R.T. Rockafellar, Editors. 2006, Springer: Bristol, United Kingdom. p. 163.

37. Fawehinmi, O.B., et al., A Combined Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Dynamics of Drop Formation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2005. 219: p. 933‐947.

38. Fukanuma, H. and A. Ohmori, Behavior of Molten Droplets Impinging on Flat Surfaces, in 7th National Thermal Spray Conference. 1994: Boston, Massachusetts.

39. Furmidge, C.G.L., Studies at Phase Interfaces I‐The Sliding of Liquid Drops on Solid Surfaces And a Theory for Spray Retention. Journal of Colloid Science, 1962. 17: p. 309‐324.

40. Goodridge, C.L., et al., Viscous Effects in Droplet‐ejecting Capillary Waves. The American Physical Society, 1997. 56(1): p. 472‐475.

41. Goodridge, C.L., W. Tao Shi, and D.P. Lathrop, Threshold Dynamics of Singular Gravity‐Capillary Waves. The American Physical Society, 1996. 76(11): p. 1824‐1827.

42. Grotberg, J.B., Pulmonary Flow and Transport Phenomena. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1994. 26(529‐571).

43. Hauser, E.A., et al., The Application of High‐Speed Motion Picture Camera to Research the Surface Tension of Liquids. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1936. 40: p. 973‐988.

44. Hournier D'able, E.M. and M.S. Hidayetulla, The Break‐Up of Large Water Drops Falling at Terminal Velocity in Free Air. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meterological Society, 1955. 81: p. 610‐613.

45. Jiang, L., M. Perlin, and W.W. Schultz, Period Tripling and Energy Dissipation of Breaking Standing Waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1998. 369: p. 273‐299.

46. Josserand, C., et al., Droplet Impact on a Dry Surface: Triggering the Splash with a Small Obstacle. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2005. 524: p. 47‐56.

47. Karl, A., K. Anders, and A. Frohn, Experimental Investigation of Droplet Deformation during Wall Collisions by Image Analysis. Experimental and Numerical Flow Visualization, 1993. 172: p. 135‐141.

48. Keller, J.B., Spatial Instability of a Jet. The Physics of Fluids, 1973. 16(12): p. 2052‐2055. 49. Klett, J.D., On the Break‐up on Water Drops in Air. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,

1971. 28: p. 646‐647.

17

50. Korobkin, A.A. and V.V. Pukhnachov, Initial Stage of Water Impact. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1988. 20: p. 159‐185.

51. Kristensen, D., et al., Rheology and Surface Tension of Selected Processed Dairy Fluids: Influence of Temperature Journal of Dairy Science, 1997. 80(10): p. 2282‐2290

52. Kumar, R. and Y.P. Sarahdy, Drop Formation in Non‐Newtonian Fluids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 1972. 11(3): p. 307‐311.

53. Levich, V.G. and V.S. Krylov, Surface‐tension‐driven Phenomena. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1969. 1: p. 293‐316.

54. Lin, S.P. and R.D. Reitz, Drop and Spray Formation from a Liquid Jet. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mechanics, 1998. 30: p. 85‐105.

55. List, R. and M.J. Hand, Wakes of Freely Falling Water Droplets. The Physics of Fluids, 1971. 14(8): p. 1648‐1656.

56. Madejski, J., Solidification of Droplets on a Cold Surface. Int. J Heat Mass Transfer, 1976. 19: p. 1009‐1013.

57. Mao, T., D.C.S. Kuhn, and H. Tran, Spread and Rebound of Liquid Droplets upon Impact on Flat Surfaces. AIChE Journal, 1997. 43(9): p. 2169‐2179.

58. Marmanis, H. and S.T. Thoroddsen, Scaling of the Fingering Pattern of an Impacting Drop. The Physics of Fluids, 1996. 8(6): p. 1344‐1346.

59. McDonald, A., et al., Impact of Plasma‐Sprayed Metal Particles on Hot and Cold Glass Surfaces. Thin Solid Films, 2006. 514: p. 212‐222.

60. Mehdizadeh, N.Z., S. Chandra, and J. Mostaghimi, Formation of Fingers around the Edges of a Drop Hitting a Metal Plate with High Velocity. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2004. 510: p. 353‐373.

61. Michel, T., et al., The Hydrodynamics of Drop Impact onto Chemically Structured Surfaces. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2005. 17.

62. Mostaghimi, J. and S. Chandra, Splat Formation in Plasma‐spray Coating Process. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2002. 74(3): p. 441‐445.

63. Neitzel, G.P. and P. Dell'Aversana, Noncoalescence and Nonwetting Behaviour of Liquids. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 2002. 34: p. 267‐289.

64. O'Brien, V., Why Raindrops Break Up ‐ Vortex Instability. Journal of Meteorology, 1961. 18: p. 549‐552.

65. Pasandideh‐Fard, M., S. Chandra, and J. Mostaghimi, Modeling Sequential Impact of Two Molten Droplets on a Solid Surface. 1999, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto: Toronto, ON.

66. Pasandideh‐Fard, M., et al., Capillary Effects during Droplet Impact on a Solid Surface. Physics of Fluids, 1996. 8(3): p. 650‐659.

67. Peregrine, D.H., G. Shoker, and A. Symon, The Bifurcation of Liquid Bridges. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1990. 212: p. 25‐39.

68. Perlin, M. and W.W. Schultz, Capillary Effects on Surface Waves. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mechanics, 2000. 32: p. 241‐274.

69. Qiao, Y.M. and S. Chandra, Experiments on Adding a Surfactant to Water Drops Boiling on a Hot Surface. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 1997. 453: p. 673‐689.

18

70. Rallison, J.M., The Deformation of Small Viscous Drops and Bubbles in Shear Flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1984. 16: p. 45‐66.

71. Rein, M., Phenomena of Liquid Drop Impact on Solid and Liquid Surfaces. Fluid Dynamics Research, 1993. 12: p. 61‐93.

72. Reitz, R.D. and F.V. Bracco, Mechanism of Atomization of a Liquid Jet. Physics of Fluids, 1982. 25(10): p. 1730‐1742.

73. Rioboo, R., et al., Experimental Investigation of Splash and Crown Formation during Single Drop Impact on Wetted Surfaces. Experiments in Fluids, 2003. 35: p. 648‐652.

74. Rioboo, R., M. Marengo, and C. Tropea, Time Evolution of Liquid Drop Impact onto Solid, Dry Surfaces. Experiments in Fluids, 2002. 33: p. 112‐124.

75. Rodriguez, F. and R. Mesler, The Penetration of Drop‐formed Vortex Rings into Pools of Liquid. The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1988. 121(1): p. 121‐129.

76. Roura, P. and J. Fort, Comment on "Effects of the Surface Roughness on Sliding Angles of Water Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces". Langmuir, 2001. 18: p. 566‐569.

77. Ryan, R.T., The Behaviour of Large, Low‐Surface Tension Water Drops Falling at Terminal Velocity in Air. Journal of Applied Meterology, 1976. 15(2): p. 157‐165

78. Sarpkaya, T., Voricity, Free Surface, and Surfactants. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1996. 28(83‐128).

79. Shi, X.D., M.P. Brenner, and S.R. Nagel, A Cascade of Structure in a Drop Falling from a Faucet. Science, 1994. 265(5169): p. 219.

80. Sikalo, S. and E.N. Ganic, Phenomena of Droplet–surface Interactions. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2006. 31: p. 97‐110.

81. Sikalo, S., S. Tropea, and E.N. Ganic, Impact of Droplets onto Inclined Surfaces. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2005. 285: p. 661‐670.

82. Skalak, R., N. Ozkaya, and T.C. Skalak, Biofluid Mechanics. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1989. 21: p. 167‐204.

83. Sommerfeld, M.M. and C. Tropea, Drop‐Wall Collisions: Experimental Studies of Deformation and Breakup Process. Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1995. 21(2): p. 151‐173.

84. Spengler, J.D. and N.R. Gokhale, Drop Impactions. Journal of Applied Meterology, 1972. 12: p. 316‐321.

85. Stone, H.A., Dynamics of Drop Deformation and Break Up in Viscous Fluids. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 1994. 26: p. 65‐102.

86. Stone, H.A., B.J. Bentley, and L.G. Leal, An Experimental Study of the Transient Effects in the Breakup of Viscous Drops. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1986. 173: p. 131‐158.

87. Stow, C.D. and M.G. Hadfield, An Experimental Investigation of Fluid Flow Resulting from the Impact of a Water Drop with a Unyielding Dry Surface. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1981. 373(1755): p. 419‐441.

88. Taylor, C.A. and M.T. Draney, Experimental and Computational Methods in Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 2004. 36: p. 197‐231.

89. Taylor, G., The Dynamics of Thin Sheets of Fluid II‐ Waves on Fluid Sheets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1959. 253(1274): p. 296‐312.

90. Taylor, G., The Dynamics of Thin Sheets of Fluid III‐ Disintegration of Fluid Sheets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1959. 253(1274): p. 313‐321.

19

91. Taylor, G., Formation of Thin Flat Sheets of Water. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1960. 259(1296): p. 1‐17.

92. Thomson, J.J. and H.F. Newall, On the Formation of Vortex Rings by Drops Falling into Liquids, and Some Allied Phenomena. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1885. 39: p. 417‐436.

93. Thoroddsen, S.T., The Ejecta Sheet Generated by the Impact of a Drop. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2002. 451: p. 373‐381.

94. Thoroddsen, S.T., T.G. Etoh, and K. Takehara, Experiments on Bubble Pinch ‐Off. Physics of Fluids, 2007. 19: p. 1‐29.

95. Thoroddsen, S.T. and J. Sakakibara, Evolution of the Fingering Pattern of an Impacting Drop. Physics of Fluids, 1998. 10(6): p. 1359‐1374.

96. Villermaux, E., Fragmentation. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mechanics, 2007. 39: p. 419‐446. 97. Worthington, A.M., On the Forms Assumed by Drops of Liquids Falling Vertically on a

Horizontal Plate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1876. 25: p. 261‐271. 98. Worthington, A.M., A Second Paper on the Forms Assumed by Drops of Liquid Falling

Vertically on a Horizontal Plate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1876‐1877. 25: p. 498‐503.

99. Xu, L., W.W. Zhang, and S.R. Nagel, Drop Splashing on a Dry Smooth Surface, The University of Chicago.

100. Yarin, A.L., Drop Impact Dynamics: Splashing, Spreading, Receding, Bouncing... Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 2006. 38: p. 159‐192.

101. Zhang, X. and O.A. Basaran, An Experimental Study of Dynamics of Drop Formation. Physics of Fluids, 1995. 7(6): p. 1184‐1203.

102. Zhi‐yong, L., P. Xiao‐feng, and W. Xiao‐dong, Oscillation Characteristics of Droplets on Solid Surfaces with Air Flow. Heat Transfer—Asian Research, 2006. 35(1).

Health and Safety 1. Co‐ordinating the Fight against Leptospirosis will be Vital. 2007 8 August 2007;

Available from: http://www.dol.govt.nz/News/Media/2007/leptospirosis.asp. 2. Zoonotic Disease Prevention. IACUC Learning Module ‐ Swine Handling Techniques

[Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee] 2008 1 April; Available from: http://www.iacuc.arizona.edu/training/swine/hand.html.

3. Castello, A., M. Alvarez, and F. Verdú, Accuracy, Reliability, and Safety of Luminol in Bloodstain Investigation. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2002. 35(3): p. 113‐121.

4. Granzow, J.W., et al., Evaluation of the Protective Value of Hospital Gowns against Blood Strike‐Through and Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Penetration. American Journal of Infection Control, 1998. 26(2): p. 85‐93.

5. Ishihama, K., et al., High Incidence of Blood Exposure due to Imperceptible Contaminated Splatters during Oral Surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillfacial Surgery, 2008. 66(4): p. 704‐710.

20

6. Leonas, K.K., Using LSCM to Study the Barrier Effectiveness of Textiles used in Medical Protective Apparel. Microscopy Microanalysis, 2004. 10(2).

7. Leonas, K.K. and R.S. Jinkins, The Relationship of Selected Fabric Characteristics and the Barrier Effectiveness of Surgical Gown Fabrics. American Journal of Infection Control, 1997(25): p. 16‐23.

8. O'Callaghan, P.T., et al., A Novel Approach to Forensic Investigation: Three‐Dimensional Kinematic and Kinetic Motion Analysis. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2001. 8: p. 49‐53.

9. White, M., Pig Ailments: Recognition and Treatment. 2005, Wiltshire: Crowood Press Ltd. 168.

High Speed Video

1. 105 Technical Definitions of High‐Speed Imaging. [cited 2007; Available from: http://www.highspeedimaging.com/university_105‐technical_definitions_of_high‐speed_imaging.cfm#framerate.

2. About High Speed Digital Video Cameras. 2006; Available from: http://www.fastecimaging.com/about_hs.html.

3. Adermann, D., High Speed Video 101. 2004, Measurement & Analysis Camera Systems Pty Ltd: Australia.

4. Bevel, T. and L. Conn, Stop Motion Photography of Bloodstains. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1987. 3: p. 1‐13.

5. Hauser, E.A., et al., The Application of High‐Speed Motion Picture Camera to Research the Surface Tension of Liquids. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1936. 40: p. 973‐988.

6. Ray, S.F., High Speed Photography and Photonics. 2002, Washington: SPIE Press. 106‐108.

7. Raymond, M.A., L. J., and S. E.R., High Speed Cinematography of Blood Droplet Deformation in Flight ‐ Implications for Crime Scene Reconstruction, in International Association of Forensic Science. 1995, International Association of Forensic Science: Dusseldorf. p. 200‐207.

8. Settles, G.S., et al., Full‐Scale High‐Speed Schlieren Imaging of Explosions and Gunshots, Gas Dynamics Lab, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Penn State University, PA Transportation Security Lab, US Transportation Security Administration, W.J. Hughes Technical Centre, Atlantic City, NJ: PA.

9. Settles, G.S., et al., Full‐Scale High‐Speed "Edgerton" Retroflective Shadowgraphy of Explosions and Gunshots, in Proceedings of PSFVIP‐5: 5th Pacific Symposium on Flow Visualisation and Image Processing. 2005: Australia.

10. Smit, B., Photomicrography and Fluid Dynamics relating to Bloodstains on Fabric. 2008, The University of Auckland: Auckland.

21

11. Sweet, M.J., Velocity Measurements of Projected Bloodstains from a Medium Velocity Impact Source. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1993. 26(3): p. 103‐110.

12. van Netten, A.A. and J.M. Dewey, Blood Spatter 2. 1997, Royal Canadian Mounted Police: Edmonton, Alberta.

Human Blood Substitutes 1. Christman, D.V., A Study to Compare and Contrast Animal Blood to Human Blood

Product. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(2): p. 10‐25.

2. Laurent, A., et al., Effect of Contrast Media on Blood Rheology: Comparison in Human, Pigs and Sheep. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, 1999. 22: p. 62‐66.

3. Millington, J., Development of a Synthetic Blood Substitute for use in Forensic Science Teaching. 2002, London Metropolitan University. p. 1‐20.

4. Raymond, M., E. Smith, and J. Liesegang, The Physical Properties of Blood ‐ Forensic Considerations. Science & Justice, 1996. 36(3): p. 153‐160.

5. Seliger, L., Forensic Considerations of the Physical Properties of Human Blood. 1978, Elmira College: New York.

6. White, M., Pig Ailments: Recognition and Treatment. 2005, Wiltshire: Crowood Press Ltd. 168.

7. Wickham, J., et al., Red Cell Aggregation and Viscoelasticity of Blood from Seal, Swine and Man. Biorheology, 1990. 27: p. 191‐204.

Impact Patterns 1. Brinkmann, B., Madea, B., Rand, S., Charakterisierung von Mikroblutspuren

(Charactistics of micro‐bloodstains). Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin, 1985. 94(3): p. 237‐244.

2. Carter, A.L., The Directional Analysis of Bloodstain Patterns: Theory and Experimental Validation. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 173‐189.

3. Carter, A.L. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 2004 19 June 2004 [cited 2005; Available from: http://www.physics.carleton.ca/~carter/index.html.

4. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, A Study of the use of a Fotoman Digital Camera for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(2): p. 17‐27.

5. Carter, A.L. and E.J. Podworny, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Scientific Calculator. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1991. 24(1): p. 37‐42.

22

6. Collins, R. and B. Yamashita, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis on Angled Surfaces, in A Presentation before the 88th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the International Association for Identification. 2003: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.


8. Knock, C. and M. Davison, Predicting the Position of the Source of Blood Stains for Angled Impacts. Journal of Forensic Science, 2007. 52(5): p. 1044‐1049.

9. Kohne, J.S., Creating a Bloodstain Pattern Generator. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2001. 17(3): p. 9‐13.

10. Laber, T., Bloodspatter Classification. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1985. 2(4): p. 44‐55.

11. MacDonell, H.L. and K. DeLije, On Measuring the Volume of very small Drops of Blood and Correlation of this relationship to Bloodstain Diameter, in International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News. 1989: Dallas, Texas. p. 5th Meeting

12. Rowe, W.F., Errors in the Determination of the Point of Origin of Bloodstains. Forensic Science International, 2006. 161(1): p. 47‐51.

13. Sweet, M.J., Velocity Measurements of Projected Bloodstains from a Medium Velocity Impact Source. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1993. 26(3): p. 103‐110.

14. van Netten, A.A. and J.M. Dewey, Blood Spatter 2. 1997, Royal Canadian Mounted Police: Edmonton, Alberta.

15. Wells, J.K., Investigation of Factors Affecting the Region of Origin Estimate in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, in Physics. 2006, University of Canterbury: Christchurch.

Legal 1. State of Ohio vs. Samuel H. Shepard, in Kirk, P.L. 1955, Court of Common Pleas, Criminal

Branch, No. 64571. p. 1. 2. Chamberlain v R, in Gibbs C.J., Mason, Murphy, Brennan, Deane, JJ. 1984, High Court of

Australia. 3. Stratford v MoT [1992] 1 NZLR 486. 1992. 4. Daubert et al. v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. 1993, United States Supreme Court. 5. Franco v The State of Texas [2000] TCA 8th Dist 08‐98‐0008‐CR. 2000, Texas Court of

Appeals. 6. Mealey's Daubert Reports. 2000. 7. Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles. 2001, NEW SOUTH WALES COURT OF APPEAL. 8. R v Velevski, in Gleeson, C.J., Gaudron, Gummow, Hayne, Callinan, J.J. 2002, High Court

of Australia. 9. Mallard v The Queen [2003] WASCA 296 (3 December 2003), in AustLII. 2003, Supreme

Court of Western Australia Court of Appeal. 10. David Cullen Bain v R [2003] NZCA 294, in Tipping J. 2003, New Zealand Court of Appeal.

23

11. Francis v. R [2004] NZCA 137, in McGrath J. 2004, NZ Court of Appeal. 12. Colorado v Self [2004] 03CR1450 Division 10. 2004, El Paso County District Court. 13. Regina v Anthony John Hore; Regina v Stanley James Fyffe [2005] NSWCCA 3, in AustLII.

2005, New South Wales Criminal Court of Appeal. 14. Years of work precede Evidence Bill Law Talk 2005 10 August 2005 [cited 2005 24

September]; Available from: http://www.nzls.org.nz/lawtalk/646Evidence%20Bill.htm. 15. Evidence Bill. 2005 4 May 2005 1258]; Available from: http://www.knowledge‐

basket.co.nz.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/dig/text/1258Evidence.htm 16. Hillstead v The Queen. 2005, Supreme Court of Western Australia. 17. Akin, L.L., Interpretation of Blood Spatter for Defense Attorneys and Investigators: Part I.

The Champion, 2005. 26(may). 18. Anonymous, A Battle of Blood Spatter Experts and the Shenanigans of a Texas

Prosecutor. Scientific Sleuthing Reviews, 1997. 19. Daubert et al., v.M.D.P.I., 113 S Ct 2786. 1993. 20. Evett, I.W., Expert Evidence and Forensic Misconceptions of the Nature of Exact Science.

Science & Justice, 1996. 36(2): p. 118‐122. 21. Fischer, W.C., Defining the "Address" of Bloodstains and other Evidence at the Crime

Scene, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

22. Gillies, D.A., Police Science Legal Abstracts and Notes. Legal Abstracts and Notes, 1956. 47: p. 136‐142.

23. Henderson, C., Legal and Ethical Aspects of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla. p. 91 ‐ 120.

24. Kirk, P.L., Affidavit Regarding State of Ohio V. Samuel Sheppard, in Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Branch, No. 64571. 1955.

25. Mealey, Texas Court finds Blood Spatter Pattern Analysis not helpful, Inadmissible. Mealey's Daubert Reports, 2000. 4(2): p. 1.

26. Merchant, N.A., The McLeod‐Lindsay Case. The Australian Police Journal, 1967. 21(3). 27. Messer, J., Abstract Art or Hardcore Evidence: Modern Interpretation of Blood Spatter

Evidence and its Admissibility in Court. Iowa State Medical Examiner's Newsletter, 1997. Sept ‐ Oct.

28. Orofino, S., Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc: The Battle over Admissibility Standards for Scientific Evidence in Court. Journal of Undergraduate Science, 1996. 3: p. 109‐111.

29. Schroter, R.C., R v. Sion Jenkins 2004: London. 30. Veilleux, D.R., Admissibility, in Criminal Prosecution, of Expert Opinion Evidence as to

"Blood Spatter" Interpretation, in American Law Reports. 1992. p. 369 ‐ 450.

24

Non English

1. Brinkmann, B., Expertisen an biologischen. Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin, 1988. 100: p. 39‐54.

2. Casper, J.L., Vierteljahrsschrift fur gerichtliche und offentliche Medicin. 1856: Berlin. 3. Gross, Uber Blutspuren, in???? 1901: German. p. 102‐139. 4. Lochte, T., Gerichtsarztliche und polizeiarztliche Technik. 1914: Wiesbaden. 5. Loehr, K.F., Etalement et éclatement de gouttes. 1990, L'Université Pierre et Marie Curie

Paris. 6. Madea, B., et al., Morphologische Blutspurenanalyse Am Histologischen Schnitt. Beitrage

zur Gerichtlichen Medizin, 1986. 44: p. 81‐85. 7. Walcher, K., Gerichtliche Medizinscheund Kriminalistics Blutuntersuchung. 1939, Berlin:

Julis Springer. 24. 8. Wilhelm, J.G., Einfuhrung in die praktische Kriminalistik. 1947

Other Patterns

1. Adair, T.W., Experimental Detection of Blood under Painted Surfaces. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(1): p. 12‐19.

2. Akin, L.L., Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2005. 74(2): p. 21‐24.

3. Akin, L.L., Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime Scenes. The Forensic Examiner, 2005: p. 6‐10.

4. Benecke, M.B., L, Distinction of Bloodstain Patterns from Fly Artifacts. Forensic Science International, 2003. 137: p. 152‐159.

5. Bettilyon, A.D., Fly Spots, in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With and Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction. 1997, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. p. 166‐167.

6. Brodbeck, S.M.C., Reflections Upon Arteries and Veins ‐ A Plea for "Spurt Patterns". International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2007. 23(2): p. 4‐14.

7. Brown, R.E., et al., Entomological Alteration of Bloodstain Evidence, in Entomological Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. 2001, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.


9. Casper, J.L., Vierteljahrsschrift fur gerichtliche und offentliche Medicin. 1856: Berlin. 10. Chisum, J.W., Pitfalls in Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. The CAC News, 1998(4th

Quarter): p. 14‐17.

25

11. Howell, R.E., Some Aspects of Bloodsplash Patterns in Third Australian National Symposium on the Forensic Sciences. 1973: Sydney. p. 1‐10.

12. Laber, T., Bloodspatter Classification. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1985. 2(4): p. 44‐55.

13. Mavin, T.J., A Laser Angle Gauge for use in Stringing Blood Patterns. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2002. 18(3): p. 9‐11.

14. Pizzola, P.A., et al., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation ‐ Secondary Spatter (Abstract). Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1987. 20(3): p. 77.

15. Rand, S., B. Madea, and B. Brinkmann, On the Classification of Bloodstain Patterns in Case of Splashes Caused by Impact Beitr Gerichtl Med, 1986. 44: p. 75‐80.

16. Ristenbatt, R.R., et al., Commentary on: Mark Benecke and Larry Barksdale, Distinction of Bloodstain Patterns from Fly Artifacts. Forensic Science International. 137(2003) 152–159. Forensic Science International, 2005. 149: p. 293‐294.

17. Ross, E.S., The Study of Bloodstain Patterns resulting from the release of Blood Drops from a Weapon, in Chemistry. 2006, The University of Auckland: Auckland. p. 64, 66‐67.


19. Wonder, A.Y., Arterial Damage Bloodstain Patterns: Recognition and Differentiation (Abstract). Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1987. 20(3): p. 77.

Overview Articles

1. Akin, L.L. Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes: A Step by Step Guide for Medicolegal Investigators. 2004; Available from: http://www.onsceneforensics.com.

2. Akin, L.L., Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2005. 74(2): p. 21‐24.

3. Akin, L.L., Interpretation of Blood Spatter for Defense Attorneys and Investigators: Part I. The Champion, 2005. 26(may).

4. Basso, W., Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice by S.James, P. Kish, and P. Sutton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(3): p. 179‐180.

5. Bischoff, M., LA Police Scientifique. 1938: Payot, Paris. 6. Brady, M., J.P.M.a.D. Hogge, and S.H.a.E.C.F. James, Gruesome science on the case

Radiographic Identification of Unknown Human Remains and Interpreter Experience Level Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation", Introduction to Forensic Sciences Second Edition, in The Financial Post Magazine, March 1997. 1997. p. 8‐10.

7. Deleo, M., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Law and Order, 2002. 50(11): p. 43‐47. 8. Graham, G., Probing Clues revealed by Stains and Stain Patterns. The Magnolia Print:

Mississippi Division International Association for Identification, 2004. 13(3): p. 1,3‐5.

26

9. Gross, H., Traces of Blood, in Criminal Investigation: A Practical textbook for Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers, H.G.J.C. Adam, Editor. 1924, Sweet & Maxwell Ltd: London.

10. James, S.H., Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. 1998, Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.

11. James, S.H. and W.G. Eckert., Interpretation of Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes. 2nd ed ed. CRC series in practical aspects of criminal and forensic investigations. 1999, Boca Raton: CRC Press. xiv, 324.

12. James, S.H. and C.F. Edel, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, in Introduction to Forensic Sciences, W.G. Eckert, Editor. 1997, CRC Press: Boca Raton.

13. James, S.H., P.E. Kish, and T.P. Sutton, Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice 2005, Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.

14. James, S.H. and J.J. Nordby, Forensic Science : An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques. 2nd ed. 2005, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. xxxi, 778.

15. Janes, W.L., Developments in the Practical Reconstruction of Blood Spatter Events, in Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemistry. 2001, The University of Auckland: Auckland. p. 159.

16. Kiely, T.F., Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law. 2001, Boca Raton: CRC Press.

17. Kirk, P.L. and H.L. MacDonell, Blood ‐ A Neglected Criminalistics Research Area. Law Enforcement Science and Technology, 1995. 22(1): p. 267‐279.

18. MacDonell, H.L., Institute on the Physical Significance of Bloodstain Evidence. Identification News, 1973. 21(7): p. 159‐185.

19. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Evidence. Identification News, 1974. 24(3): p. 11‐12. 20. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Corning, New York, Laboratory of

Forensic Science 1982. 21. MacDonell, H.L., Beverley Isn't Here, We See Her Face No More, Neville Knew it Wasn't

H2O, He Used..... Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1990. 23(4): p. 133.

22. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History: The Literature of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation‐Segment 00: Literature through the 1800s. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1992. 8(1): p. 3‐12.

23. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History in the Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation‐Segment 01:1901‐1910. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1992. 8(4): p. 5‐22.

24. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Patterns. 1993, Corning, New York: Laboratory of Forensic Science. xvi, 182.

25. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History: The Literature of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation‐Segment 02: Literature from 1911 ‐1920. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1993. 9(2): p. 4‐10.

26. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History: The Literature of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretaion‐Segment 03: Literature from 1921‐1930. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(1): p. 6‐14.

27

27. MacDonell, H.L., A Scientist's comments on the Police Officer as a Bloodstain Analyst. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(2): p. 6‐9.

28. MacDonell, H.L., Balthazard was Great, but He didn't String us Along. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(1): p. 10‐13.

29. MacDonell, H.L., Crime Scene Evidence‐Blood Spatters and Smears and other Physical Evidence. Quinnipiac Health Law Journal, 1996: p. 1‐9.

30. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Patterns. 1997, New York: Laboratory of Forensic Science. 182.

31. MacDonell, H.L., Dr. John H. Gohringer Bloodstain Pattern Pioneer. 1999. 32. MacDonell, H.L. and L.F. Bialousz, Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human

Blood. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1971.

33. MacDonell, H.L. and P.E. Kish, Absence of Evidence is Not Evidence of Absence. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1996. 46(2): p. 160‐164.

34. MacDonell, H.L. and C.G. Panchou, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification News, 1979. 29(2): p. 3‐5.

35. Messer, J., Abstract Art or Hardcore Evidence: Modern Interpretation of Blood Spatter Evidence and its Admissibility in Court. Iowa State Medical Examiner's Newsletter, 1997. Sept ‐ Oct.

36. Murray, D.C., An Advocate's Approach to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Evidence: Part I. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2000. 16(2): p. 1‐10.

37. Murray, D.C., An Advocate's Approach to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Evidence: Part II. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2000. 16(3): p. 1‐15.

38. Ontario, O.C.o.F.S., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification Canada, 1987. 10(1): p. 7‐10.

39. Ostermeyer, D., Bloodstain Pattern Identification Subcommittee Annual Report. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1994. 44(2): p. 209‐214.

40. Parker, N.L., et al., Summary Report of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Research Group. 1982. p. 1‐91.

41. Piotrowski, E., Ueber Entstehung, Form, Richtung und Ausbreitung der Blutspuren nach Hiebwunden des Kopfes. 1895, Elmira, NY (1992): Golos Printing.

42. Radzicki, J., Bloodstain Prints in Practice of Technology. 1960, Warsaw, Poland: Bibliotecka Kryminalistyczna.

43. Ratnoff, O.D., Blood, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year Book: St Louis.

44. Raymond, M.A., Trajectory Reconstruction from Bloodstains at a Crime Scene. . 1997 La Trobe University: Australia.

45. Raymond, T., Crime Scene Reconstruction from Bloodstains. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997. 29(2): p. 69‐78.

46. Reeves, N.H., The Police Officer as a Bloodstain Pattern Analyst. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(2): p. 3‐9.

47. Reiss, R.A., Scientific Techniques of Criminal Investigations, in Ministry of Justice 1912. p. 30,40.

28

48. Robbins, K.S., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terminology. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(4): p. 15‐17.

49. Saferstein, R., Criminalistics: An introduction to Forensic Science. 9th Edition ed. 2004, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

50. Saviano, J., Articulating a Concise Scientific Methodology for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2005. 55(4): p. 461‐470.

51. Slemko, J. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Tutorial 2 May [cited 2006 5 May 2006]; Available from: http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm

52. Spitz, W.U. and D.J. Spitz, Crime Scene, in Medicological Investigation of Death. 2006, Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd: Illinois. p. 22‐44.

53. Sutton, T.P., Blood Spatter Analysis, in National College of District Attorneys. 1996. 54. Taylor, A.S., The Value of Evidence through Circumstances, in Medical Jurisprudence, E.

Hartshorne Editor. 1856, Blanchard & Lea: Philadelphia. p. 209‐218. 55. Thornton, J.I., Criminalistics ‐ Past, Present and Future. The International Journal of Law

and Science, 1975. 11(10): p. 1‐44. 56. Wolson, T.L., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence. Journal of Forensic

Identification, 1995. 45(4): p. 396‐408. 57. Wolson, T.L., SEROLOGY‐Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, in Encyclopedia of Forensic

Sciences, J.A. Siegel, G. Knupfer, and P. Saukko, Editors. 2000, Elsevier Science Ltd: Oxford. p. 1338‐1349.

58. Wonder, A.Y., Bloodstain Interpretation: An Introduction to the Five Stain Classifications. NPRU‐REV, 1987. 3(1): p. 80‐86.

59. Wonder, A.Y., Of Forests and Trees ‐ Bloodstain Dynamics (Abstract). J. Forensic Sci. Soc, 1989. 29(5): p. 345.

60. Wonder, A.Y., Blood Dynamics. 2001, London: Academic Press. viii, 168. 61. Wonder, A.Y., Fact or Fiction in Bloodstain Pattern Evidence. Science and Justice ‐

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2003. 43(3): p. 166‐168.

Pathology 1. Berne, R.M. and M.N. Levy, The Cardiovascular System, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and

M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year Book: St Louis. 2. Betz, P., et al., Frequency of Blood Spatters on the Shooting Hand and of Conjunctival

Petechiae following Suicidal Gunshots Wounds to the Head. Forensic Science International, 1995. 76: p. 47‐53.

3. Cartwright, A.J., Degrees of Violence and Blood Spattering Associated with Manuala and Ligature Strangulation. Medicine, Science and Law, 1995. 35(4): p. 294‐302.

4. Fenton, T.W., J.L. deJong, and R.C. Haut, Punched with a Fist: The Etiology of a Fatal Depressed Cranial Fracture. Journal of Forensic Science, 2003. 48(2): p. 1‐4.

5. Kaldun, G.L., Bloodstain Patterns and Nontraumatic Bleeding as seen in Natural Deaths, Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension: Minnesota. p. 1‐16.

29

6. Kneubuehl, B.P. and M.J. Thali, The Evaluation of a Synthetic Long Bone Structure as a substitute for Human Tissue in Gunshot Experiments. Forensic Science International, 2003. 138: p. 44‐49.

7. Kumar, V., T. Collins, and R.S. Cotran, Red Cells and Bleeding Disorders, in Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, V. Kumar, T. Collins, and R.S. Cotran, Editors. 1999, W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia. p. 638‐639.

8. Murphy, G.K., "Beaten to Death" An Autospy Series of Homicidal Blunt Force Injuries. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 1991. 12(2): p. 98‐101.

9. Perdekamp, M.G.V., B., et al., Tissue defect at the Gunshot Entrance Wound: What happens to the Skin? Int J. Legal Med., 2005. 119: p. 217‐222.

10. Raul, J., et al., Finite Element Modelling of Human Head Injuries caused by a Fall. Int J. Legal Med., 2006. 120: p. 212‐218.

11. Strauch, H., et al., Kicking to Death ‐ Forensic and Criminological Aspects. Forensic Science International, 2001. 123: p. 165‐171.

12. Sweet, W.J., Correlating Injuries and Bloodstains at a Scene. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(2): p. 8‐11.

13. Taylor, A.S., The Value of Evidence through Circumstances, in Medical Jurisprudence, E. Hartshorne Editor. 1856, Blanchard & Lea: Philadelphia. p. 209‐218.

14. Thali, M.J., Body Models in Forensic Ballistics: Reconstruction of a Gunshot Injury to the Chest by Bullet Fragmentation after Shooting through a Finger. Forensic Science International, 2001. 123(1): p. 54‐57.

15. Thali, M.J., B.P. Kneubuehl, and R. Dirnhofer, A "Skin‐skull‐brain" Model for the Biomechanical Reconstruction of Blunt Forces to the Human Head. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 195‐200.

16. Thali, M.J., et al., The Dynamic Development of the Muzzle Imprint by Contact Gunshot: High‐Speed Documentation Utilizing the‘‘Skin–Skull–Brain Model’’. Forensic Science International, 2002. 127: p. 168‐173.

17. Thali, M.J., et al., A Study of the Morphology of Gunshot Entrance Wounds, in connection with their Dynamic Creation, utilizing the ‘‘Skin–skull–brain model’’. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 190‐194.

18. Thali, M.J., et al., The ‘‘Skin–skull–brain model’’: a New Instrument for the Study of Gunshot Effects. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 178‐189.

19. Thali, M.J., et al., A High‐Speed Study of the Dynamic Bullet‐Body Interactions produced by Grazing Gunshots with full Metal Jacked and Lead Projetciles. Forensic Science International, 2003. 132(2): p. 93‐98.

20. Varnon, J., M. Courtney, and T.R. Ekis, Self‐wounding of Assailants during Stabbing and Cutting Events. 1995.

21. West, B.J., V. Bhargava, and A.L. Goldberger, Beyond the Principle of Similitude: Renormalization in the Bronchial Tree. American Physiological Society, 1986. 60(3): p. 1089‐1097.

22. Whittle, K., et al., The Biomechanical Modelling of Non‐Ballistic Skin Wounding: Blunt‐Force Injury. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol., 2008. 4: p. 33‐39.

30

23. Zhang, J., et al., Experimental Model for Civilian Ballistic Brain Injury Biomechanics Quantification. Journal of Biomechanics, 2007. 40(10): p. 2341‐2346.

Photography and Documentation 1. Photomicrography ‐ Fundamentals of Film Exposure. [cited 2007; Available from:

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/photomicrography/filmexposure.html. 2. Digital Photography Glossary. 2002 [cited 2007; Available from:

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/digitalphotography/glossary/default.mspx.

3. Bailey, J.A., Enhancing Bloody Footwear Impressions: Infrared Photography Compared to Amido Black Treatment, in A Presentation before the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 2007: San Antonio, Texas.

4. Barker, D.A., Contrast from the Past. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1999. 49(6): p. 589‐593.

5. Bucht, R.E., F. Kammerman, and P.R. De Forest, Blood on Black Using Polarised Light to Enhance Bloodstains on Dark, Dielectric Surfaces, in A presentation before the 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 2008: Washington, D.C.

6. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, A Study of the use of a Fotoman Digital Camera for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(2): p. 17‐27.

7. Duncan, C., Bloodstain Photography. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2007. 23(1): p. 4‐13.

8. Engels, R. and S.L. Mosher, Luminol Photography. n.d. 9. Findley, J.F. and J.C. Findley, Ultraviolet Light and Bloodstain Analysis. International

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 4‐9. 10. Gimeno, F.E. and J.A. Rini, Fill Flash Photo Luminescence to Photograph Luminol Blood

Stain Patterns. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1989. 39(3): p. 149‐155. 11. Hetzel, R.L., Detecting Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes: the Use and Photography of

Luminol. 1991. 12. Hill, T.S., Using a Photographic Grid for the Documentation of Bloodstain Patterns at a

Crime Scene. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2007. 57(3): p. 348‐357. 13. Lefebvre, G., Creating Luminol Photographs with Digital Imaging. International

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(2): p. 4‐7. 14. Maberry, J.M., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence is Critical in Obtaining

Relevant Reconstruction of a Crime Scene, Drug Enforcement Administration, South Central Laboratory: Dallas, Texas.

15. Mosher, S.L. and R. Engels, Luminol Photography. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(4): p. 7‐16.

31

16. Perkins, M., The Application of Infrared Photography in Bloodstain Pattern Documentation of Clothing. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2005. 55(1): p. 1‐9.

17. Raymond, M.A. and R.L. Hall, An Interesting Application of Infra‐red Reflection Photography to Blood Splash Pattern Interpretation. Forensic Science International, 1986. 31: p. 189‐194.

18. Thornton, J.I., Photography of Luminol Reaction in Crime Scenes. Criminologist, 1977. 10(37): p. 15‐19.

19. Wagner, J.H. and G.M. Miskelly, Background Correction in Forensic Photography I: Photography of Blood Under Conditions of Non‐Uniform Illumination or Variable Substrate Color ‐ Theoretical Aspects and Proof of Concept. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2003. 48(3): p. 593‐602.

20. Wagner, J.H. and G.M. Miskelly, Background Correction in Forensic Photography II. Photography of Blood Under Conditions of Non‐Uniform Illumination or Variable Substrate Color ‐ Practical Aspects and Limitations Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2003. 48(3): p. 604‐613.


22. Weinstein, L.M., Large‐Field High‐Brightness Focusing Schlieren System. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 1993. 31(7): p. 1250‐1255.

23. Wolson, T.L., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1995. 45(4): p. 396‐408.

Math and Physics 1. Terminal Velocity Table. 2. Attane, P., F. Girard, and V. Morin, An Energy Balance Approach for the Dynamics of

Drop Impact on a Solid Surface. Physics of Fluids, 2007. 19: p. 102‐119. 3. Basaran, O.A., Nonlinear Oscillations of Viscous Liquid Drops. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,

1992. 241: p. 169‐198. 4. Carter, A.L., Ballistic Trajectories of Blood: Computer Applications and Workshop, in

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Annual Conference. 1990: Reno, Navada.

5. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Video Camera and a PC Computer. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(2): p. 15‐16.

6. Carter, A.L., Justification of the Sine Formula. 1997. 7. Carter, A.L., Carter's Compendium. 2001. 8. Carter, A.L., The Physics of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 2005, Carleton University,

Ottawa. 9. Carter, A.L., The Directional Analysis of Bloodstain Patterns. Part 1 0f 2: Theory. n.d. 10. Chafe, F., Determination of Impact Angle Using Mathmatical Properties of the Ellipse.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2003. 19(1): p. 5‐9.

32

11. Cheng, L., Dynamic Spreading of Drops Impacting onto a Solid Surface. Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev, 1977. 16(2): p. 192‐197.

12. Eroglu, H., N. Chigier, and Z. Farago, Coaxial Atomizer Liquid Intact Lengths. Physics of Fluids, 1991. 3(2): p. 303‐308.

13. Fischer, W.C., Defining the "Address" of Bloodstains and other Evidence at the Crime Scene, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

14. Flower, W.D., The Terminal Velocity of Drops. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 1928. 40: p. 167‐176.

15. Ford, R.E. and C.G.L. Furmidge, Impact and Spreading of Spray Drops on Foliar Surfaces, in Colloid and Surface Chemistry Group of the Society of Chemical Industry. 1967: Bristol.

16. Fujimoto, H., et al., Three‐dimensional Numerical Analysis of the Deformation Behavior of Droplets Impinging onto a Solid Substrate. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2007. 33: p. 317‐332.

17. Fukai, J., et al., Modelling of the Deformation of a Liquid Droplet Impinging upon a Flat Surface. Physics of Fluids, 1993. 5(11): p. 2588‐2599.

18. Gardner, R.M., How Small is Large? Defining the Diameter of the Smallest Parent‐Stain produced by a Drip, Gardner Forensic Consulting: Lake City, GA. p. 1‐8.

19. Gardner, R.M., Blood Dynamics. 1991, International Association of Forensic Identification.

20. Gardner, R.M., Deformation Levels in Blood Droplets Created by Impact Events. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1998. 13(1): p. 3‐20.

21. Gardner, R.M., Defining the Diameter of the Smallest Parent‐Stain Produced by a Drip. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(2): p. 210‐221.

22. Gervais, P., et al., Comparative Analysis between Police Batons. Forensic Science International, 1998. 91: p. 7‐17.

23. Girodet, P., et al., Two‐dimensional Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of a Karate Straight Punch. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2005. Supplement 1: p. 117‐118.

24. Gonor, A.L. and V.Y. Yakovlev, Impact of a Drop on Solid Surface. 1977, Plenum Publishing Corporation. p. 767‐771.

25. Gonor, A.L. and V.Y. Yakovlev, Dynamics of the Impact of a Drop on a Solid Surface. Fluid Dynamics, 1978. 13(1): p. 25‐31.

26. Hentschel, P.R., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis without a Scientific Calculator. 1993, Presented at the International Association of Forensic Scientists, Dusseldorf. p. 208‐211.

27. Laturnus, P., Measurement Survey. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(3): p. 14‐32.

28. MacDonell, H.L., No More Strings, No More Computers, just simple Mathematics, that's all it takes. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 10‐14.

29. McGuire, J.A. and W.F. Rowe, Uncertainty in the Estimated Angles of Impact of Freely Falling Blood Drops, The George Washington University: Washington. p. 44‐45.

33

30. McGuire, J.A. and W.F. Rowe, A Study on Blood Stain Pattern Analysis dropped from a known Height onto an Angled Medium. 2004, The George Washington University: Washington, DC. p. 1‐15.

31. Mostaghimi, J. and S. Chandra, Splat Formation in Plasma‐spray Coating Process. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2002. 74(3): p. 441‐445.

32. Pace, A., The Relationship between Errors in Ellipse Fitting and the Increasing Degree of Error in Angle of Impact Calculations. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(3): p. 12‐14.

33. Roura, P. and J. Fort, Comment on "Effects of the Surface Roughness on Sliding Angles of Water Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces". Langmuir, 2001. 18: p. 566‐569.

34. Rowe, W.F., Errors in the Determination of the Point of Origin of Bloodstains. Forensic Science International, 2006. 161(1): p. 47‐51.

35. Sundarrsan, M.K., Elements of Physics involved in the Flight characteristics of Blood Droplets Lecture Notes. 1989, Carleton University: Ottawa.

36. Templeman, H., Errors in Blood Droplet Impact Angle Reconstruction Using a Protractor. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1990. 40(1): p. 15‐22.

37. Templeman, H., Author's Reply to Letter by H. MacDonell on Errors in Blood Droplet Impact Angle Reconstruction Using a Protractor. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1990. 40(4): p. 193‐194.

38. Willis, C., et al., Errors in the Estimation of the Distance of Fall and Angles of Impact Blood Drops. Forensic Science International, 2001. 123(1): p. 1‐4.

Reconstruction

1. Resconstructing Crime, Blood and other Bodily Fluids, in FM 19‐20 War Department Field Manual: Criminal Investigation. 1945. p. 92‐93, 202‐213.

2. Adair, T.W., Recognition of Bloodstain Evidence in Historical Denver, Colorado. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1999. 15(3): p. 1‐3.

3. Akin, L.L., Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime Scenes. The Forensic Examiner, 2005: p. 6‐10.

4. Akin, L.L. Blood Pattern Analysis at Crime Scenes. 2005; Available from: http://akininc.com/PDFs/BSA%20Wikipedia.pdf.

5. Anderson, J.W., Sherlockian Theories, in Canadian Society of Forensic Science and International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 1991, International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts: Montreal, Canada. p. 3‐19.

6. Anderson, J.W., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation – The State of the Art. The Colorado Policeman, 1991(November/December).

7. Anonymous, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification Canada, 1987. 10(4): p. 7‐10.

8. Anonymous, Bloodspatter Evidence, in Indianapolis Marion County Crime Laboratory Bulletin. 1991.

34

9. Anonymous, Reading Blood Patterns: The Forensics Revealed Mini‐Series Continues with Tina Orr‐Munro Looking at How the Interpretation of Blood Spatters at a Violent Crime Scene is Vital to a Successful Investigation. Police Review, 2001. 24: p. 26‐28.

10. Bevel, T., Geometric Bloodstain Interpretation, in FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 1983. 11. Bevel, T. and R.M. Gardner, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis : With an Introduction to Crime

Scene Reconstruction. CRC series in practical aspects of criminal and forensic investigations. 1997, Boca Raton: CRC Press.

12. Bevel, T. and R.M. Gardner, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis : With an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction. 2nd ed. CRC series in practical aspects of criminal and forensic investigations. 2001, Boca Raton: CRC Press. xxvi, 391.

13. Bevel, T. and R.M. Gardner, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction Third ed. 2008, Boca Raton: CRC Press. 440.

14. Bunker, J.L., Bloodstain Evidence Manual. 1985, Doje's Press. p. 1‐35. 15. Bunker, J.L., Documenting and Reconstructing Blood Scenes. A Presentation before the

Rocky Mountain Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 1991, Advanced Bloodstain Pattern Course: Jefferson County, Colorado.


17. Chisum, J.W., Pitfalls in Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. The CAC News, 1998(4th Quarter): p. 14‐17.

18. Christman, D.V., The Collection and Preservation of Bloodstain Evidence found on Sheetrock Surfaces. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1993. 9(1): p. 6‐10.

19. De Forest, P.R. and D. Crim, A Review of Interpretation of Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1990. 35(6): p. 1491‐1495.

20. De Forest, R., R.E. Gaensslen, and H.C. Lee, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics. McGraw‐Hill Series in Criminology & Criminal Justice. 1983, USA: McGraw‐Hill Companies. 512.

21. Dees, T.M., Simplifying Blood Spatter Analysis at the Crime Scene. Law Enforcement Technology, 1995. 22(8): p. 42‐44.

22. Emes, A., The Interpretation of Bloodstain Patterns. Contact, 1999. 27: p. 13‐15. 23. Epstein, B., Examination of Bloody Clothing, in IABPA Conference. 1992: Colorado

Springs, Colorado. 24. FBI, F.L.D., Procedure for the Analysis of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence. 2004, FBI. p. 1‐27. 25. Finsterer, J., et al., Factors Influencing the Length of a Blood Trail. Haemostasis, 1999.

29(6): p. 353‐354. 26. Fischer, W.C., Addressing Bloodstain in a Three Dimensional Coordinate Axis System.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(3): p. 3‐13. 27. Fischer, W.C., Utilizing Bloodstains in Accident Reconstruction, in Scientific and Legal

Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton. p. 35.

28. Gardner, R.M., The Role of Logic in Bloodstain Analysis and Crime Scene Reconstruction. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1992. 8(3): p. 15‐19.

35

29. Gardner, R.M., Modelling Impact Spatter as a Method of Differentiation, in International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News. 1992: Colorado Springs, Colorado. p. 1‐15.

30. Gardner, R.M., Considerations in Crime Scene Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1994. 10(2): p. 10‐18.

31. Gardner, R.M., Computer Aided Analysis: Capabilities and Limitations‐ Part 1. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(3): p. 15‐22.

32. Gardner, R.M., Defining a Methodology for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(4): p. 549‐557.

33. Garrison, D., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis‐The Discipline Everyone Should Understand, in Evidence Technology Magazine. 2005. p. 12‐15.

34. Glaister, J., Bloodstains and Examination of Blood, in A Text‐Book of Medical Jurisprudence Toxicology and Public Health. 1902, E & S Livingstone: Edinburgh. p. 234‐241.

35. Griffin, T.J. and J.W. Anderson, Out on a Tangent with Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1993. 9(1): p. 3‐5.

36. Hanson, D., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis ‐ Recreating the Scene of the Crime, in Law Enforcement Technology. 2004. p. 84‐90.

37. IACP, Physcial Evidence Bloodstains, in International Association of Chiefs of Police. 1967: Washington D.C.

38. Lee, H.C., Estimation of Original Volume Bloodstains. Identification News, 1986. 36(4): p. 1‐3.

39. Lee, H.C., R.E. Gaensslen, and E.M. Pagliaro, Bloodstain Volume Estimation. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1986. 3(2): p. 47‐55.

40. MacDonell, H.L., Reconstruction of a Homicide. Law & Order, 1977. 25: p. 26‐31. 41. Mavin, T.J., A Laser Angle Gauge for use in Stringing Blood Patterns. International

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2002. 18(3): p. 9‐11. 42. Raymond, M., E. Smith, and J. Liesegang, Oscillating Blood Droplets ‐ Implications for

Crime Scene Reconstruction. Science & Justice, 1996. 36(3): p. 161‐171. 43. Raymond, T., Crime Scene Reconstruction from Bloodstains. Australian Journal of

Forensic Sciences, 1997. 29(2): p. 69‐78. 44. Ruslander, H.W., Convergence, in Evidence Technology Magazine. 2008. 45. Sweet, W.J., Correlating Injuries and Bloodstains at a Scene. International Association of

Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(2): p. 8‐11. 46. Wonder, A.Y., Arterial Damage Bloodstain Patterns: Recognition and Differentiation

(Abstract). Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1987. 20(3): p. 77.

36

Scientific Theory

1. Anderson, J.W., Sherlockian Theories, in Canadian Society of Forensic Science and International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 1991, International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts: Montreal, Canada. p. 3‐19.

2. Anderson, J.W., Sherlockian Theories, Lessons from the Greatest Detective Who Ever Lived. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1992. 8(3): p. 3‐14.

3. Bernstein, E., Science in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(4): p. 16‐19.

4. Liesegang, J., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis ‐ Blood Source Location. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2004. 37(4): p. 215‐222.

Searching and Enhancement

1. Adair, T.W., Experimental Detection of Blood under Painted Surfaces. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(1): p. 12‐19.

2. Adair, T.W. and R.L. Shaw, Enhancement of Bloodstains on Washed Clothing Using Luminol and LCV Reagents. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(4): p. 4‐10.

3. Adair, T.W., et al., The Use of Luminol to Detect Blood in Soil One Year After Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(3): p. 4‐7.

4. Adair, T.W., et al., Detecting Blood Patterns in Soil with Luminol Two years after Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2007. 23(1): p. 14‐19.

5. Allman, D.S. and C.A. Pounds, Diaminobenzidine: A Simple Safe and Sensitive Method for the Enhancement of Blood Marks at the Scene of Crime and in the Laboratory. 1991, Central Research and Support Establishment: UK.

6. Allman, D.S. and C.A. Pounds, The Specificity of Diaminobenzidine for the Detection of Blood. 1992, Central Research and Support Establishment, Home Office Forensic Science Service: Aldermaston, UK.

7. Anon, Luminol ‐ Footprints in the Dark. PSDB FINGERPRINT DEVELOPMENT AND IMAGING PROGRAMME UPDATE, 2003. 6: p. 3.

8. Bailey, J.A., Enhancing Bloody Footwear Impressions: Infrared Photography Compared to Amido Black Treatment, in A Presentation before the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 2007: San Antonio, Texas.

9. Barber, D.L., Starlight Bloodhound: Spray and See Evidence, in Police. 2001. p. 12‐14.

37

10. Bell, J.T. and E.L. Gilkerson. The Enhancement of Bloody Impressions: Adobe Photoshop vs. Chemical vs. Photographic Methodologies. in A Presentation before the 90th International Association of Identification International Educational Conference. 2005. Dallas, Texas.

11. Bergeron, J., Development of Bloody Prints on Dark Surfaces with Titanium Dioxide and Methanol. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2003. 53(2): p. 149‐161.

12. Bily, C. and H. Maldonado, The Application of Luminol to Bloodstains Concealed by Multiple Layers of Paint. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(6): p. 896‐905.

13. Blum, L.J., P. Esperanca, and S. Rocquefelte, A New High‐Performance Reagent and procedure for Latent Bloodstain Detection Based on Luminol Chemiluminescence. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2006. 39(3): p. 81‐100.

14. Bray, T., N. Stenlake, and S. Armitage. Fluorescein vs. Luminol and Leuco Crystal Violet (LCV) as an Alternative for Bloodstain Detection. in Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences. 2004. Wellington, NZ.: Academy of the New Zealand Forensic Science Society.

15. Castello, A., M. Alvarez, and F. Verdú, Accuracy, Reliability, and Safety of Luminol in Bloodstain Investigation. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2002. 35(3): p. 113‐121.

16. Cheeseman, R., Fluorescein as a Suitable Replacement for Luminol as a Latent Blood Detection System. The Print, 1995. 11(2): p. 1‐2.

17. Cheeseman, R., Direct Sensitivity Comparison of the Fluorescein and Luminol Bloodstain Enhancement Techniques. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1999. 49(3): p. 261‐268.

18. Cheeseman, R. and L.A. DiMeo, Fluorescein as a Field‐Worthy Latent Bloodstain Detection System. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1995. 45(6): p. 631‐645.

19. Cheeseman, R. and R. Tomboc, Fluorescein Technique Performance Study on Bloody Foot Trails. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2001. 51(1): p. 16‐27.

20. Courtney, M., et al., Luminol: The Next Generation. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 1996. 18(1): p. 25.

21. Creamer, J.I., et al., Attempted Cleaning of Bloodstains and Its Effect on the Forensic Luminol Test. Journal of Luminescence, 2005. 20: p. 411‐413.

22. Davis, T. and S. Mays, Household Products as possible Contaminants at Crime Scenes: An Evaluation using Two Light Sources and Luminol, in Northwest Association of Forensic Scientists. 1996: Salt Lake City, Utah.

23. Doherty, P.E., Mooney, D.J., Deciphering Bloody Imprints through Chemical Enhancement. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1990. 35(2): p. 457‐465.

24. Findley, J.F. and J.C. Findley, Ultraviolet Light and Bloodstain Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 4‐9.

25. Fischer, J.F., The Enhancement of Bloodprints by Chemical Methods and Laser‐Induced Fluorescence. Identification News, 1984. 34(4): p. 2‐5.

26. Forsythe‐Erman, J., A Comparison of Blood Enhancement Techniques. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 347(4): p. 159‐166.

27. Fregeau, C.J., et al., The Effects of Blood Enhancement Chemicals on Subsequent DNA Analysis. Identification Canada, 2001. 24(3).

38

28. Gorman, V.A., Enhancement of Bloodstained Impressions, Royal Canadian Mounted Police: Halifax, Canada. p. 1‐6.

29. Grispino, R.R.J., The Effect of Luminol on the Serological Analysis of Dried Human Bloodstains. Crime Laboratory Digest, 1990. 17(1): p. 13‐23.

30. Hetzel, R.L., Detecting Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes: the Use and Photography of Luminol. 1991.

31. Laux, D.L., Effects of Luminol on the Subsequent Analysis of Bloodstains. Journal of Forensic Science, 1991. 36(5): p. 1512‐1520.

32. Lytle, L.T. and D.G. Hegecock, Chemiluminescence in the Visualisation of Forensic Bloodstain. Journal of Forensic Science, 1978. 23(3): p. 550‐562.

33. Perkins, J.D., Luminol ‐ What's Glowing On? Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 1991. 13(2): p. 19‐22.

34. Pex, J.O., The Use and Limitations of Luminol in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(4): p. 11‐16.

35. Rossi, D.V., Fluorescein Techniques for Enhancing Bloody Fingerprints. 2001, Harris County Sheriff's Department: Housten, Texas.

36. Thornton, J.I., Photography of Luminol Reaction in Crime Scenes. Criminologist, 1977. 10(37): p. 15‐19.

37. Tobe, S.S., N. Watson, and N.N. Dae´id, Evaluation of Six Presumptive Tests for Blood, Their Specificity, Sensitivity, and Effect on High Molecular‐Weight DNA. Journal of Forensic Science, 2007. 52(1): p. 102‐109.


Sequencing

1. Hurley, N.M. and J.O. Pex, Sequencing of Bloody Shoe Impressions by Blood Spatter and Blood Droplet Drying Times. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1990. 6(4): p. 1‐8.

2. Huss, K., J.D. Clark, and W.J. Chisum, Which was First ‐ Fingerprint or Blood? Journal of Forensic Identification, 2000. 50(4): p. 344‐350.

3. Pex, J.O. and N.M. Hurley, Sequencing of Bloody Shoe Impressions by Blood Spatter and Blood Droplet Drying Times, Oregon State Police Crime Laboratory.

4. Yen, K., et al., Blood‐Spatter Patterns: Hands Hold Clues for the Forensic Reconstruction of the Sequence of Events. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 2003. 24(2): p. 132‐140.

39

Software

1. HemoSpat. [cited 2006 1 May]; Available from: http://hemospat.com/. 2. 3rdTech, I. SceneVision‐3D to work with 'BackTrack' 2004 [cited 2005 3/9/05]; Available

from: http://www.3rdtech.com/SceneVision_Backtrack_news_release.htm 3. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Scientific and Legal

Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

4. Carter, A.L., Further Validation of the BackTrack TM Computer Program for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis ‐ Precision and Accuracy. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(3): p. 15‐22.

5. Carter, A.L., et al., Validation of the BackTrackTM Suite of Programs for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(2): p. 242‐254.

6. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Forensic Evidence in Canada G. Chakyo and E.D. Gulliver, Editors. 1999, Canada Law Book: Aurora, Ont. p. 443‐453.

7. Carter, A.L. and E.J. Podworny, Computer Modeling of the Trajectories of Blood Droplets and Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a PC Computer, in International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Annual Conference. 1989: Dallas, Texas.


9. Kanable, R., BackTrack Going Forward, in Law Enforcement Technology. 2006. p. 40‐45. 10. Laturnus, P., Computerised Analysis of Bloodstain Patterns. Identification Canada, 1998.

21(1): p. 13. 11. Pace, A., et al., Another Treatment of Three‐Dimensional Bloodstain Pattern Analysis.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(1): p. 4‐11. 12. Wilson, F.E., Schuessler, D.R., Geometric Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation using a

Computer Program, in Crime Laboratory Digest. 1987. p. 95‐97. 13. Wilson, F.E. and D.R. Schuessler, Automated Geometric Interpretation of Human

Bloodstain Evidence. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1985. 2(4): p. 36‐43.

40

Target Surface

1. Adair, T.W. and A.C. Gallardo, Considering the Target Surface in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: An Unusual Case of Blood Pooling. Journal of Forensic Identification, 1999. 49(5): p. 485‐493.

2. Adolf, F., The Structure of Textiles, in Forensic Examination of Fibres, J. Robertson and M. Grieve, Editors. 1999, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

3. Aker, E., A Simulation Model for Two‐Phase Flow in Porous Media in Department of Physics. 1996, University of Oslo: Oslo.

4. Benecke, M., et al., Paradoxical Effects of Surface Structure and Drop Height on Blood Stain Pattern Formation, in A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 2005: New Orleans, Louisiana.

5. Chandra, S. and C.T. Avedisian, On the Collision of a Droplet with a Solid Surface. Proceedings from the Royal Society of London, 1991. 432: p. 13‐41.

6. Engel, O.G., Waterdrop Collisions with Solid Surfaces. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 1955. 54(5): p. 281‐298.

7. Josserand, C., et al., Droplet Impact on a Dry Surface: Triggering the Splash with a Small Obstacle. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2005. 524: p. 47‐56.

8. Laber, T.L. and B.P. Epstein, Substrate Effects on the Drying Time of Human Blood. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 209‐214.

9. MacDonell, H.L., Preserving Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes, in Law & Order. 1977. p. 66‐69.

10. MacDonell, H.L. and C.G. Panchou, Bloodstain Patterns on Human Skin. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1979. 12(3): p. 134‐141.

11. Madejski, J., Solidification of Droplets on a Cold Surface. Int. J Heat Mass Transfer, 1976. 19: p. 1009‐1013.

12. Mao, T., D.C.S. Kuhn, and H. Tran, Spread and Rebound of Liquid Droplets upon Impact on Flat Surfaces. AIChE Journal, 1997. 43(9): p. 2169‐2179.

13. Roura, P. and J. Fort, Comment on "Effects of the Surface Roughness on Sliding Angles of

Water Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces". Langmuir, 2001. 18: p. 566‐569.

Training

1. FBI, F.L.D., Examiner Training Program for Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 2004. 2. IABPA, International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Bloodstain Pattern

Analysis Basic Course Course Requirements. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News: p. 1‐6.

41

3. Illes, M., Canadian Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in the Netherlands. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 167‐171.

4. Kohne, J.S., Creating a Bloodstain Pattern Generator. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2001. 17(3): p. 9‐13.

5. MacDonell, H.L., Preserving Bloodstain Evidence. Identification News, 1977. 27(8): p. 10‐12.

6. Moore, C.C., Demonstrative Aid for Bloodstain Pattern Examiners. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2003. 53(6): p. 639‐646.

7. Slemko, J. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Tutorial 2 May [cited 2006 5 May 2006]; Available from: http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm

8. Stokes, M.E., A; Price, C, The Arterial Pump a Device for Simulating Arterial Bleeding, in MPFSL‐REPORT. 1994. p. 1‐15.

9. Sutton, T.P., Blood Spatter Analysis, in National College of District Attorneys. 1996. 10. Wolson, T.L., Bloodstain Pattern Documentation Workshop. 1992, Metro‐Dade Police

Department: Miami, Florida.

Transfer Patterns

1. Adair, T.W., Casting Two‐Dimensional Bloody Shoe Prints from Concrete, Fabric, and Human Skin: A Review of Several Methods with Recommendations. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(1): p. 4‐8.

2. Barksdale, L., E. Sims, and C. Vo, Knife Impression Bloodstain Patterns. 2005. 3. Christman, D.V., Handwriting on the Wall, in Police. 1994. p. 55‐57, 90‐91. 4. Cresap, T.R., Bloody Bare Footprints ‐ What Size Will They Make? International

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1998. 14(2): p. 1‐5. 5. Nutt, J., Latent Prints in Blood. Identification News, 1983. 33(10): p. 10‐11.

scientific working group on bloodstain pattern … · this bibliography is a list of bloodstain...

Documents