Scientific Revolution

Chapter 22

Setting the Stage:

Renaissance: rebirth of learning and the arts inspired curiosity in other fields.

Reformation: people began to challenge the accepted beliefs about God and salvation.

Reformation & Scientific Revolution were taking place at the same time in Europe.

Geocentric Theory

Aristotle: Earth was at the center of the universe and all

other planets revolved around the earth.

Christianity backed up the claim, teaching that God placed the Earth at the center.

Medieval way of thinking about the universe.

A New Way of Thinking

Scientific Revolution: Scholars challenge the old beliefs.

Based their thoughts on: OBSERVATION WILLINGNESS TO QUESTION ACCEPTED BELIEFS.

The Road to Discovery

Explorers discovering new lands in Africa, Asian and the Americas. New truths were to be found!

Astronomy & Mathematics.

Navigation tools---ASTROLABE

Classical Knowledge had reached its limit…needed new answers.

Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus: Rediscovered an old Greek idea that the sun

was at the center of the earth.

25 year study: the Earth and other planets do, in fact, revolve around the Sun.

CIRCULAR ORBIT

Moon revolved around the Earth Movement of the sun was Earth’s movement on

its axis

Kepler

Kepler: Used mathematical laws to prove for a fact that

the sun was the center of the universe. Orbits of the planets was elliptical rather then circular. The sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at the

center.

Kepler

Galileo Galilei

Built his own telescope to further study astronomy.

Discovered what the planets were made of. Planets composed of material like that of Earth.

Starry Messenger: Jupiter had four moons The Sun had dark spots Moon’s surface was rough and uneven

Conflict with the Church

Galileo’s findings were against all church teachings and authority.

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

Copernicus & Ptolemy’s ideas presented. Galileo supported Copernicus’s ideas. Galileo was summoned to the Inquisition.

Standing Trial

1633: Galileo under the threat of torture read aloud a statement confessing that Copernicus was wrong.

House arrest for the rest of his life.

Scientific Method

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.

Who are the fathers of the method?

FRANCIS BACON & RENE DESCARTES

Francis Bacon

Believed scientists relied to heavily on Aristotle.

Experimental Method: Experiment and then draw conclusions.

Rene Descartes

Relied on mathematics and logic rather than experiments.

Everything is in question until proved reason.

Isaac Newton

The Law of Gravity Every object in the universe attracts every other

object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of

the objects and the distance between them.

Medicine & the Human Body

Studies in anatomy from corpses completed for the first time in Europe.

Small Pox vaccine in the late 1700s. Inoculation with germs taken from Asia for

centuries. Used cowpox to create very first vaccination.

Revolution Spreads

Instruments: Microscope Barometer

(predict weather & atmospheric pressure)

Thermometer

Chemistry

Robert Boyle: Matter made up of smaller primary particles that

joined in many different ways.

Boyle’s Law: Explains how volume, temperature and pressure of a

gas affect each other.

ENLIGHTENMENT

Definition of Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that stressed:

REASON

THOUGHT

POWER OF THE INDIVIDUAL

TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT

HOBBES LEVIATHAN

Man is naturally selfish & wicked.

People hand over their rights to a powerful leader.

Control the citizens!! ABSOLUTE MONARCH

LOCKE All people are born free

and equal. THREE NATURAL

RIGHTS: Life, Liberty & Property

Governments power comes from Consent of the people Govt. fails; people can

overthrow the govt.

HOBBES & LOCKE

The agreement(s) is called the: SOCIAL CONTRACT

People hand over rights to government in return for:

Law & order

Philosophes Advocate Reason

Groups of social critics Have 5 core beliefs:

Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

18th Century Philosophes

VOLTAIRE

MONTESQUIEU

ROSSEAU

BECCARIA

WOLLSTONECRAFT

VOLTAIRE

Satirist Made fun of the

monarchy, clergy and aristocracy of France.

Defended: Freedom of speech Tolerance Freedom of Religion

Was exiled for two years.

MONTESQUIEU

On the Spirit of Laws Division of power

3 Branches of Government

“Should be a check to the power of Government.”

ROSSEAU

Agreement among free individuals to create a free society & govt. DIRECT DEMOCRACY

Individual Freedom

Man is born free

No noble titles

BECCARIA

Improve Justice system Speedy trial No Cruel & Unusual

Punishment

Punishment based on degree of crime.

WOLLSTONECRAFT

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Women’s education

should be just as important then men’s education

Encouraged women in medicine & politics.

Salon used to discuss topics.

ENLIGHTENMENT & MONARCHY

ENLIGTENEND DESPOTS

Monarchs that used the ideas of the Enlightenment to rule justly

FREDERICK the GREAT

Prussian

Supported Education for all.

Banned torture

End to censorship

Tolerant of religions

JOSEPH II

Austria

Freedom of the press

Freedom of worship

Abolished serfdom Peasants paid for work.

CATHERINE the GREAT

Russia Expanded Empire

Abolishing torture & capital punishment

Religious toleration

Peasants revolt led to end of reforms.

Russia Expanded empire

Separation of Powers Abolished torture &

capital punishment Religious toleration

Peasant revolt ended reforms.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Section 4

Americas road to Independence

Colonies of Great Britain High Taxes

Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts

Boston Tea Party Colonist revolt, throw tea overboard in Boston

Harbor. Lexington & Concord—”Shot heard around

the world”

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Wrote by Thomas Jefferson. Official break from Great

Britain

G.B. broke Social Contract

Colonist could rebel to overthrow monarchy.

“All men are created equal…”

Influence of the Enlightenment

Locke: Govt’s power comes from consent of people.

Montesquieu: Separation of Powers Rousseau: Direct Democracy

Public election of officials.

Voltarie: Free speech; religious toleration Beccaria: Accused have rights & no torture.

NEW CONSTITUTION

Checks and Balances Each branch checking the power of the other.

Executive-Legislative-Judicial

Federal System: power divided b/t Federal & State governments.

Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

BILL OF RIGHTS

Amendments protect basic rights such as:

freedom of press, speech, assembly, religion.

Effects of Enlightenment

Progress: Education, Toleration, Free Speech, etc…

Secular Outlook Question religions beliefs

Importance of the Individual Judge right & Wrong Government changes Economic changes