scientific facilities and equipment - australian nuclear science and technology ... · 2020. 9....

Scientific facilitiesand equipment

2 Scientific facilities and equipment

The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation(ANSTO) is the home of Australia’s nuclear science expertise.This unique expertise is applied to radiopharmaceuticalproduction and research into areas such as climate change,water resource management, materials engineering,applications of radiopharmaceuticals and use of neutrons inunderstanding atomic and molecular processes, as well as arange of other scientific research disciplines.ANSTO is a Federal Government agency and operates arange of nuclear and non-nuclear facilities and equipment forresearch and commercial purposes including Australia’s onlyoperating nuclear reactor, OPAL. ANSTO applies nuclear science in a wide range of areas forthe benefit of all Australians.

IndexPage

OPAL 3

Neutron beam instruments 8

National Deuteration Facility 12

Radiopharmaceutical production facilities 14

Accelerators 18

Twin mini-cyclotrons 21

Irradiation facility 22

Scientific facilities and equipment

3Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation

OPAL OPAL (the Open Pool Australian Light waterreactor) is ANSTO’s world-class nuclearresearch reactor, customised to Australia’sneeds, which was opened in 2007.

OPAL is a multi-purpose facility that generatesneutrons which are used to produceradiopharmaceuticals, world-class scientificresearch and irradiations for researchers and industry.

The high quality radiopharmaceuticals producedin the reactor are used in nuclear medicinefacilities to diagnose and treat cancer andother serious diseases.

At OPAL a range of irradiation services areprovided, including the irradiation of siliconingots, which after processing and electronicsmanufacturing may be used in manyhousehold products like digital cameras,computers and mp3 players. OPAL is used to produce life-saving

nuclear medicine for treating anddiagnosing disease.

Nuclear medicine imaging is different toX-rays, as the actual chemical functioningof the body is seen.

Neutron guide hall

Neutron guidesNeutron scatteringinstruments

Reactor beam hall

OPAL reactor

Silicon irradiated in OPAL is used in

digital cameras.



OPAL is also designed to provide neutronbeams for neutron scattering research thatinvestigates atomic and molecular structuresfor both research and commercial purposes.

The reactor core is located in a 13 metre deepopen pool filled with demineralised light water(ordinary water).

The core is about the size of a two-drawerfiling cabinet. It consists of 16fuel assemblies, whichcontain low-enricheduranium and fivecontrol rods madefrom hafnium, amaterial that stronglyabsorbs neutrons.

The control rods maintain the reactor in a safestate while the reactor is operating and also actas the first shutdown system when required.

The water in the open pool is used as a coolantfor the reactor core. There is a vesselsurrounding the reactor core which is filledwith heavy water (deuterium oxide), whichboth sustains the chain reaction by reflecting

neutrons back into thereactor core(hence the name‘reflector vessel’)and contains theirradiation facilitiesand neutron beamportals that give thereactor its multi-purpose nature.

Reflector vessel

Radiation shielding

Storage racks

Service pool

Transfer canal

The open pool design makes it easy to see and manipulate items insidethe reactor.

The reactor core consists of 16 fuel assemblies,which contain low-enriched uranium.

Reactor pool

OPAL


The open pool design makes it easy to see and manipulate items inside the reactor andthe reflector vessel. The depth of the waterensures staff working in the area above areshielded from radiation. The pool itself isconstructed from stainless steel and issurrounded by a concrete block which alsoabsorbs radiation.

Items to be irradiated in the reactor facilitiesare inserted into the reflector vessel, eithermanually using special tools located on the end of long poles made from carbon-fibre, or with pneumatic equipment usingcompressed nitrogen.

Following irradiation, the items are extractedfrom the irradiation facilities. A variety ofmethods are used to transport theradioactive items safely to nearby buildingsfor further processing or packaging.

The reactor operates on a monthly cycle,with a shutdown for a few days each monthfor a fuel change. Typically three of thesixteen fuel assemblies are changed andothers moved within the core.

Research reactors like OPAL are not used forproducing electricity. Unlike nuclear powerreactors which may operate at an energyoutput of around 3,000 megawatts (thermal)and use around 100,000 kilograms (kg) ofuranium per year, OPAL produces just 20megawatts of energy using around 30kg ofuranium per year. This output is only enough towarm the water within the reactor pool toabout 40 degrees Celsius.

Cold neutronbeam port

Additional neutronbeam port

Heavy water

Cold neutron source

Siliconirradiationfacilities

Thermal neutronbeam port

Radioisotope and scientificresearch irradiation facilities(pneumatically loaded)

Reactor core - in which nuclear fission occurs

Fuel elements (in core)

Provision forpossible hotneutron source

Radioisotope and scientificresearch facilities(manually loaded)

The high energy beta particles from spent nuclear fuel immersed inwater gives rise to a blue glow known at Cerenkov radiation.

Reflector vessel



The reactor building is made from reinforcedconcrete and has a steel mesh cover whichtogether protect the reactor from externalevents (including earthquakes and aircraftcollisions) and also provides the physicalboundary to contain radiation emissions thatmay result in the very unlikely event of releaseof radioactivity inside.

The reactor's security design was developed inaccordance with current international bestpractice and is integrated into the overallANSTO site system, which includes 24 hourprotection by the Australian Federal Police.

The reactor safety and protection systemsallow for the reactor to be manually orautomatically shut down, cooled andcontainment systems enabled.

Reactor shutdown – OPAL’s first shutdownsystem quickly inserts (by gravity and assistedwith compressed air) the five control rods intothe reactor core. The second shutdown systempartially drains the reflector vessel of its heavywater. Both shutdown systems can function ina general power failure and in the unlikely eventOPAL’s backup generators also fail.

Core cooling – during operation, the core iscooled by two pumps of the primary coolingsystem. When the reactor is shut down,residual heat from the reactor core isdissipated by water that circulates naturallyupwards through the core.

Containment – if necessary, the reactor buildingcan be isolated from the external environment.

Radioactive material is handled inside ‘hot cells’. Operators are protectedby the hot cell’s lead casing and reinforced glass.

The OPAL control room is where operators monitor the reactor system.

OPAL


The reactor building is made from reinforcedconcrete and has a steel mesh cover whichtogether protect the reactor from external eventsincluding earthquakes and aircraft collisions



ANSTO’s OPAL research reactor is adjacent to research facilities containing neutron beaminstruments used for solving complex researchand industrial problems in many important fields.

Neutron scattering allows scientists to see what X-rays cannot. They look at materials from the inside out, understanding their atomicstructure and how materials respond to variousstimuli, such as high magnetic fields andextreme temperatures.

As our bodies and surroundings are made up ofatoms, understanding how atoms and moleculesmove and change during various processes iscrucial to understanding how things work andultimately how to improve energy systems,drug design or manufacturing processes.

Atoms are mostly made up of empty space.When a beam of neutrons is directed at asample object, most of the neutrons thereforepass straight through. The neutrons that hit the nucleus of atoms in the sample object arescattered, creating a diffraction pattern that can be studied.

There are two types of neutron scattering:elastic and inelastic scattering. When aneutron scatters elastically it changes directionbut does not change speed. When a neutronscatters inelastically it changes speed as wellas direction. Elastic neutron scattering is usedto study atomic and molecular structures, andinelastic scattering is used to study the motionof atoms inside materials.

Echidna Koala

Neutron beam instruments



The neutrons produced in the OPAL researchreactor flow into neutron guides attached tothe portals in the reflector vessel and traveldown the guides, forming beams which aredirected to the neutron beam instruments. The samples on the instruments scatter theneutrons onto a detector, and the resultingpatterns are then interpreted by researchers.

ANSTO’s neutron beam instruments are:

• Echidna – a high-resolution powderdiffractometer that can accurately resolvecomplex atomic and magnetic structures ofpowders and is used, amongst other things,for research into batteries and creating betterbuilding products

• Koala – a laüe diffractometer that can look atcrystal structures. Koala’s capability to

precisely locate individual hydrogen atomsplays an important role in the understandingand development of catalysts,pharmaceuticals and energy materials

• Kowari – a residual-stress diffractometer thatlooks at stresses in materials such as jetengines or gas pipes or investigating failuresof wheels and rails

• Platypus – a reflectometer that can studysurfaces and interfaces of thin films,membranes and surfaces that interact withair or liquid. It is not only useful for studyingbiological materials such as membranes orpolymers, but also for studies of thin-filmmagnetic devices such as data-storage filmsin hard drives.

Platypus

Detector tank –vacuum-sealed toreduce neutron losses

Collimation tank –supermirror guides deflectthe neutrons towards thesamples

‘Chopper’ system –chops the neutron beamsinto pulses so that theirspeed can be measured

Detector –detects scatteredneutrons for analysis

Sample station –where samples are hitby neutrons, causingthem to scatter

Split system –directs the neutronbeam onto the sampleat a precise angle

Neutron guide

Neutron beam


10 Glossary of nuclear terms

• Quokka – a small-angle neutron scatteringinstrument that investigates the structure ofmaterials on the nanoscale. Quokka is usedfor studying materials such as polymers,superconductors, porous materials, geologicalsamples, alloys, ceramics and biologicalmolecules such as proteins and membranes.

• Taipan - a thermal triple-axis spectrometerused to measure neutron inelastic scattering,which is a key technique for themeasurement of excitations in materials.These measurements provide information onthe forces between atoms, or interactionsbetween magnetic moments.

• Wombat – one of the most powerful powderdiffractometers in the world. It can detectmillions of neutrons to produce data on thestructure of material in a matter ofmilliseconds: we can watch chemicalreactions as they happen. Its focus includesstudying novel energy-storage materials andmolecules for drug-delivery.

• Sika (under construction) - a cold-neutronthree-axis spectrometer suited to studyproblems in low-temperature physics, likeunderstanding novel materials such assuperconductors, magnets and strangemetallic states.

120˚ areadetector for

high speed dataacquisition

Neutron Guide

Collimator

Sample stage

Granite dance floor

Monochromator

Wombat

OPAL REACTOR

Main Shutter

Shielding wedges

VirtualSource

Saddle shield

Axis one

Axis two

Axis three

Sample table &goniometers

Sample rotation

angle

Sample

Beam stop

Predetector collimator

Analyser

Analysershielding wedges

Taipan



Neutron guide

Quokka

• Pelican (under construction) - a time-of-flightspectrometer and part of the inelasticneutron-scattering suite for the study ofmolecular dynamics and diffusions inhydrogen-bonding and storage systems,catalytic materials, cement, soils and rocks,looking at hydration process and ion diffusion.

There are plans to extend the instrumentmenagerie further over the next few years; for example an ultra-small-angle scatteringinstrument investigating structure on themicroscale level, and a beryllium-filterinstrument for the study of hydrogen’sbehaviour in hydrogen-storage material.

Velocity selector bunker

Collimation system

Gate valve

Sample position

Detector vessel



The National Deuteration Facility offers thecapability to produce molecules where all orpart of the molecular hydrogen is in the form ofthe stable (non-radioactive) isotope of hydrogencalled deuterium.

This important technique enables scientists tomore effectively investigate the relationshipbetween the structure and function of proteins,DNA, synthetic polymers and other materialsknown as 'soft matter'.

Molecular deuteration assists in making itpossible to observe the arrangement ofsubunits of an enzyme, or changes in shapewhen molecules interact or become active orinactive. This can be done with molecules insolution under relevant real life conditions.

Hydrogen and deuterium atoms scatterneutrons quite differently when placed in frontof a neutron beam. Molecular deuteration ofparts of a molecule creates contrast betweenthose parts containing deuterium and thosewith normal hydrogen, thus providing moreinformation about the molecular structure.

Deuteration may also be used to obtaininformation about the position of key hydrogenatoms within a molecule, for example in theregion responsible for catalysis by an enzyme.

It can also be used to obtain information aboutthe behaviour of lipid molecules when disruptedby toxins or attacked by enzymes, as well as theposition and shape of proteins in membranes.

National Deuteration Facility

ANSTO’s National Deuteration Facility is the first of its kind in Australia.

National Deuteration Facility


Scientists are using ANSTO’sNational Deuteration Facility tostudy the structure and behaviourof molecules by labelling criticalparts of a molecule or complex.



ANSTO supplies nuclear medicine to over 225nuclear medicine centres across Australia andexports to New Zealand and South East Asia.

An average of 3,000 medical isotope shipmentsare dispatched per month. On average, everyAustralian will use a nuclear medicine productsometime in their life.

ANSTO simultaneously produces largequantities of different isotopes,such as molybdenum-99 andiodine-131, used for thediagnosis and treatment ofserious illnesses such as cancer.

ANSTO’s molybdenum-99 manufacturing facilitywhich uses low enriched uranium irradiatedtargets is used to meet the huge demand forthis important radiopharmaceutical, which isthe basis of 80 per cent of nuclear medicineprocedures performed around the world.

The molybdenum-99 is placed in a containercalled a technetium-99m Generator and sent

to hospitals and nuclear medicinecentres. The molybdenum-99 decaysto technetium-99m and is extractedby washing a saline solution throughthe generator.

Radiopharmaceutical production facilities

On average, every Australian will use a nuclear medicine product sometime in their lifetime.

Molybdenum-99 is placed in a container calleda technetium-99m Generator which is sent tohospitals and nuclear medicine centres.



Technetium-99m can be chemically reactedwith a range of biochemicals. It is then injectedinto the patient as a tracer for imaging to showa wide range of diseases associated with thebrain, heart, liver, lungs, salivary glands, andbone. The images are projected and seenusing a device called a gamma camera,revealing the physiology and functions oforgans and thereby allowing physicians toaccurately diagnose the problem.

A computer-enhanced image can then begenerated which will provide information aboutthe patient's body and organs and in turndiagnose various heart, kidney, lung, liver andthyroid conditions and some bone cancers.

The other two main radiopharmaceuticalsproduced are iodine-131, which is used to treathyperthyroidism and in the diagnosis andtreatment of thyroid cancer, and thallium-201,which is used to detect the location ofdamaged heart muscle.

Radiopharmaceuticals can be used for both diagnosis and treatment. When useddiagnostically, the information obtained isusually different to that obtained from scans like X-rays, in that the actual chemicalfunctioning of the body is seen as theradiopharmaceutical is metabolised. Theradioactive component is often speciallychosen to minimise the radiation received by the patient.

Radioisotope tracers are injected into patients,gamma cameras are then used to take imagesof the radioisotopes inside the body.

A computer enhanced image is generated by agamma camera. The image provides informationabout the patient’s body and organs.

ANSTO radiopharmaceuticals are used in over225 nuclear medicine centres across Australiaand overseas.

ANSTO producesthe importantradiopharmaceuticalmolybdenum-99,which decays intotechnetium-99m.Technetium-99m isthe basis of 80 percent of all nuclearmedicineprocedures.



When used for treatment, the radioactivecomponent of the radiopharmaceutical ischosen for its ability to give a dose of radiationto the organ being treated.

ANSTO produces more than 80 per cent of theannual diagnostic nuclear medicine forprocedures in Australia. All products aremanufactured in 'clean rooms' and in ‘hotcells’ using remote handling techniques. Allthe processes in manufacturing theradiophamarmaceuticals comply with strictquality assurance programs.

Numerous measures are taken to protect staffworking in radioactive areas including safetyshielding and protective clothing. Staff also wearpersonal radiation monitoring devices.

Due to the short half-life of radiopharmaceuticals,they must be dispatched urgently to hospitalaround Australia and overseas.

An average of 3,000 medical isotope shipmentsare dispatched from ANSTO each month.

A trolley of urgentmedical supplies istaken to dispatch.



Accelerators are used to analyse materials -often using extremely small samples - todetermine their elemental composition and age.

ANSTO has two accelerators, ANTARES andSTAR, both of which are used in ion beamanalysis and accelerator mass spectrometry.

Tandem particle accelerators have three mainparts: an ‘ion source’, where particles are givena negative charge, the ‘accelerator’, where highvoltages are used to accelerate the chargedions and an experimental chamber, at the endof the ‘beam line’. The negatively chargedparticles produced in the ion source areaccelerated towards the central terminal in theaccelerator, which is at a very high positivevoltage. Here they are made to pass throughan ‘electron stripper’, where the charge ischanged from negative to positive: this is why itis called a ‘tandem accelerator’. The positiveions are then accelerated away from theterminal towards the end of the beam line.

ANTARES

ANTARES (The Australian National TandemAccelerator for Applied Research) is used byANSTO scientists in dating and identification ofelements such as radiocarbon dating.

ANTARES can be used in beam analysis wherethe objective is to determine what type ofelements the sample is made from and howatoms are distributed throughout the sample. Itis a very fast, sensitive and non destructivemethod. Ion beam analysis fires a fast movingbeam of positively charged ions at a sample tofind out what elements are present in a rangeof biological, geological and man-madematerials. When a high energy ion beam hitsthe sample, it interacts with the sample’satoms and provides the basis for analysis.

ANTARES is also used for accelerator massspectrometry, which is a technique used todetect minute quantities of radioisotopes in

Accelerators

ANTARES, was used to date Charlemagne’s crownto between 700 and 780 AD.

ANTARES is used for ion beam analysis and accelerator mass spectrometry.

Accelerators


samples. Most of these radioisotopes arenaturally produced in the atmosphere and thesurface of the Earth by cosmic radiation. Theirmeasurement gives insight into many naturalprocesses such as the carbon cycle, climateand geological processes. Some are producedthrough the use of nuclear technologies andmay be used to determine the safe operationof nuclear facilities or to reveal the clandestineproduction of nuclear weapons. ANSTOscientists also use ANTARES to radiocarbondate objects for climatologists, anthropologistsand archaeologists.

Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay rateof the naturally occurring unstable radioisotopecarbon-14, which is a natural radioactive formof carbon. Radiocarbon enters the food chainas radiocarbon dioxide when it is absorbed byliving plants during photosynthesis, just likenormal carbon dioxide. After plants die or they

are consumed by other organisms, the carbonexchange stops and the residual carbon-14concentration in the organic samples can becalculated to establish the likely age of thesample. ANTARES has carried out thousands ofradiocarbon dating projects on objects up to50,000 years old.

For example, ANTARES has been used toinvestigate the age of microscopic seacreatures found in sediment in Venice’s lagoon.The results suggested the reservoir age of thelagoon was 1300 years.

In another project, ANTARES was used toauthenticate and age the Crown of the HolyRoman Emperor, Charlemagne. The highprecision analysis performed at ANSTO datedthe Crown to between 700 and 780 AD, closeto the time Charlemagne lived.

ANTARES is an extremely valuable scientific tool.

ANTARES has carried out thousands of radiocarbon dating projects, on objects up to50,000 years old.

ANTARES dated the Venetian lagoon to1300 years old.


20 Glossary of nuclear terms

STAR

STAR (Small Tandem for Applied Research) is atandem particle accelerator used for theanalysis of a diverse range of materials.

A compact accelerator, STAR has beendesigned specifically for dual functionalityproviding both ion beam analysis andaccelerator mass spectrometry.

Ion beam analysis is used to find out about thenature of the sample – what type of atomicelements make it up and how those atoms aredistributed throughout it.

Accelerator mass spectrometry uses theaccelerator as a sensitive mass spectrometer,allowing the detection of as little as one atomamongst 10 trillion other less-interesting atoms.

When conducting ion beam analysis, STARdirects a fast moving beam of ions at thesample being studied. When the high energyion beam hits the sample, it interacts with theatom’s electrons and nucleus. This causes theatom to emit X-rays and gamma rays, whichreveals which elements are in the sample. Theions fired at the sample also bounce off thesample atom’s nucleus, providing information onthe location and mass of atoms in the sample.

STAR can analyse less than a picogram (atrillionth of a gram) of material in a few minutesfor up to 30 different elements. The techniquealso allows the surface layers of samples to bedepth profiled. This allows scientists to seewhat elements are present at different depthswithin the sample.

When conducting accelerator massspectrometry, STAR accelerates charged atomsfrom the sample which are separated by mass,energy and charge using electrostatic andmagnetic analysers. Finally, nuclear particledetection techniques allow individual atoms to be counted as they enter the ionisationdetector. This permits precise measurement of the amount of a radioisotope in a sample, at very low levels.

Each isotope has a specific mass, for examplecarbon-14 has a mass of 14 atomic mass unitsand therefore separating atoms from thesample by mass indicates what isotopes arepresent in it. Isotopes with the same massfrom different elements (‘isobars’) aredifferentiated by their atomic number. ANSTOscientists use this capability on STAR to carbondate objects, as well as analyse samples inclimatology research, nuclear safeguardsstudies and geological dating.

STAR is a compact accelerator designed for ion beam analysis and accelerator mass spectrometry.

Accelerators



ANSTO’s wholly owned subsidiary PETNETSolutions has two mini cyclotrons at LucasHeights which are specifically used to produce ashort-lived glucose radiopharmaceutical used inpositron emission tomography (PET) scanning.These state-of-the-art facilities produce anddistribute radiopharmaceuticals to hospitals,clinics, and research facilities for PET imaging.

PET is a nuclear medicine diagnostic techniquewhich has produced significant advances in thediagnosis of cancer and other major medicalconditions as it allows doctors to see disease atits earliest stage and precisely determine andmonitor treatment.

Rapid and reliable delivery of high quality PETimaging radioisotopes is essential for thesuccessful operation of a PET practice. The half-life of the radiopharmaceutical is 110 minutes,meaning that it loses half of its activity everytwo hours. The twin cyclotron facility ensuresthat supplies of this essential product can bereliably maintained.

Close proximity to the airport enables quick airtransport to hospitals and nuclear medicineclinics across NSW.

Twin mini-cyclotrons

Being located at Lucas Heights allows quick access to the airport fortransport to hospitals and nuclear medicine centres.

The two mini-cyclotrons will produce a short-lived glucoseradiopharmaceutical used in positron emission tomography (PET) scanning.


ANSTO has an irradiation facility which is usedto treat items for medical, health, industry,agriculture and research purposes.

The facility, known as GATRI (Gamma TechnologyResearch Irradiator), provides a comprehensiverange of irradiation services including:

• Treatment of frozen human bone and tendonsfor transplants and grafting in surgery - bonescan be processed to ensure they are completelysterile before the transplant takes place sothey do not transmit infections. Irradiation isthe best method for destroying any residualbacteria without damaging the bone

• Irradiation of the Queensland fruit fly - to helpcontrol infestations in commercial growingareas in NSW, Victoria and South Australia.Irradiation is an alternative to spraying toxicpesticides. Laboratory-reared fruit flies aresterilised in GATRI and when they arereleased in the target region and mate withflies of the pest population, they create nooffspring, thus reducing the population

• Irradiation of quarantine goods – GATRI is anAustralian Quarantine Approved Premisesfacility for irradiating research samples suchas soil and sediment samples from overseas,even ice core samples from Antarctica

• Plant mutation studies – GATRI has beenused to produce seedless mandarins, changethe colour of flowers and to make commercialcrops more resistant to climate extremes

• Irradiation of medical products – includingbandages, cotton tips, eye pads, cathetersand medical devices such as knee implantsare irradiated in GATRI to very precise dosesof radiation. ANSTO’s expertise includes theaccurate and reliable measurement of thesehigh doses of radiation. Manufacturers mustthen test those products to assure sterilitybefore use in hospitals

• Accelerating long term effects uponirradiation of products such as plastics and electronics.

Irradiation facility

Items are irradiated inside a room with thickconcrete walls and door.

GATRI’s operator controls the movement of theradioactive source from outside the facility’sconcrete walls.

Irradiation facility

The most common source of gamma rays forirradiation is cobalt-60, which is what GATRIuses. Gamma rays are a form ofelectromagnetic radiation, similar to X-rays but much more energetic.

Gamma irradiation works by creating chemicalchanges in materials. In living organisms, thiscan result in damage to cells and in breakdownof DNA. Gamma irradiation is also particularlysuited to materials which would normallydeteriorate under heat treatment.

Items to be irradiated are placed in a concreteroom in which the radioactive source is raisedout of a water storage pool normally used toshield gamma radiation. Items are irradiated forseveral minutes or hours depending on thedose required.

ANSTO is able to accurately control theradiation dose as well as temperature, allowingusers to perform irradiations under specificconditions, including temperature irradiationsdown to –78° Celsius.

The precision irradiation services, dosemeasurement and controlled temperaturecapabilities provided by GATRI are unique in Australia.


The cobalt-60 radioactive source is kept in a water storage pool. The source is raised out ofthe pool for irradiation to take place. The blue glow is Cerenkov radiation, generated from theinteraction of gamma radiation in water.

The radiation dose and temperature can beaccurately controlled.


The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation(ANSTO) is the home of Australia’s nuclear science expertise. This unique expertise is applied to radiopharmaceutical productionand research, climate change research, water resourcemanagement, materials engineering, neutron scattering and a range of other scientific research disciplines.

ANSTO is a Federal Government agency and operates Australia’sonly nuclear reactor OPAL - used for research and isotopeproduction. ANSTO applies nuclear science in a wide range of areas for the benefit of all Australians.

New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234

Postal Address: PMB 1, Menai NSW 2234

T +61 2 9717 3111

F +61 2 9543 5097

E [email protected]

www.ansto.gov.au

ANSTO produces regular updates on our science and technology,has available a range of publications and conducts free tours of our site for school groups, community groups and members of the public. For bookings or more information, please contact us.

Printed August 2009

scientific facilities and equipment - australian nuclear science and technology ... · 2020. 9....

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