WHO DONE WHAT? SAID WHAT? WHEN

Robert Hooke Describe cells for the first time. 1665

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1. Bacteria first observed.2. Microorganism discovered.

16831696

Gabriel Fahrenheit Constructed first mercury thermometer. 1714

Benjamin Franklin Distinguished between negative and positive charge.Proposed conservation of charge.

1751

Carolus Linnaeus Used binary nomenclature to classify of species.

1753

Antoine Lavoisier Experiments on burning. 1772

Abraham Werner Classification of minerals. 1774

William Herschel Discovered the planet Uranus. 1781

Henry Cavendish Combustion of oxygen produces water. 1783

Charles Coulomb Formulated Coulomb’s law of interactions between charges and between magnets.

1785

Henry Cavendish Measured mass of earth after determining the gravitational constant.

1798

Alessandro Volta Invented galvantic cell for storing and as a source of electricity.

1800

John Dalton Formulated atomic theory of matter. 1808

Mary Anning Found first fossils of Ichthyosaur. 1811

Georges Cuvier Founded the science of comparative anatomy. 1812

Hans Christian Oersted Discovered the electric current generates magnetism.

1820

Andre Marie Ampere Formulated Ampere’s law that tells how electric current generates magnetism.

1820

Paul Erman First measurement of earth’s magnetism. 1828

Michael Faraday Formulated the law of induction that tells how magnetism generated electricity.

1830

Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus in the cell. 1831

Crawford Long First use of ether in surgery. 1842

James Clerk MaxwellUnified mathematically electricity and magnetism into four equations. Predicted existence of electromagnetic waves such as light.

1864

Heinrich HertzDiscovered, produced and detected radio waves.

1887

Louis Pasteur Developed vaccine against rabies. 1885

Daniel Williams First open heart surgery. 1893

William Roentgen Discovered x-rays 1895

Henri Becquerel Discovered natural radioactivity 1896

Michael S. Pupin First diagnostic x-ray taken 1896

J.J Thomson Discovered electron 1897

Martinus W. Beijerinck First known virus found 1898

IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE

◦ Connection between science and technology were minimal in the 18th century. In 19th century these changed when science, technology and industry found a common ground and common cause. Science became a growing force with technology for a change in intellectual and material climate of the 19th century.

Development of Science

Physics

- Coulomb’s law on electrostatic interaction published in 1785 and frictional electrostatic instrumentation led to the new science of electricity.

- Volta invention of cell or battery led to the important discovery of Oersted in the 1820 that electricity generates magnetism.

- Faraday’s discovery in 1830 that magnetism generates electricity among others led Maxwell unification theory of electricity and magnetism in 1864 predicting the radiation of electromagnetic waves such as light of changing current.

- The work of Carnot, Claussius, Helmholtz resulted in the Development of thermodynamics with 4 laws, statistical-molecular explanation of thermodynamics together with the refinement of Newton’s by Laplace and Maxwell’s theory made physics and mathematical in character.

Chemistry

- Lavoisier made chemistry a science based upon analysis and measurements Dalton’s atomic theory in 1808 provided for interpreting analysis and expressing chemical composition.

- The work of Humprey Day, Berzeliu and others led to the discovery of new elements

- The middle of 19th century saw the birth of organic chemistry pioneered by Laurent and Gerhadt.

- Thermodynamics and thermo chemistry that led to physical chemistry.

Biology

- In 1859 a breakthrough in understanding of evolution, was presented by Charles Darwin (1809-1882) in his Origin of Species by natural selection theory which states that one species could develop from another.

Darwin argued that:

1. Some individuals within a species have characteristics that allow them to survive better than the rest.

2. Those who survive and reached adulthood are likely to breed passing on their characteristics to the next generations.

3. With successive generations there will be an increase within a species of those characteristics improving its survival chances.

4. The characteristics of a species are gradually modified.

Geology

Geology had emerged as a science capable of revealing information from the past from fossils evidence as illustrated by the work of William Smith (1769-1839) and Charles Lyall. They studied rock strata and the fossils in them noting that the deeper and older the strata the greater are the difference in showed life forms and concluding a continuous process of change.