Presentation for national Technology Day, 11th May 2013 at

Jorhat Engineering College, AssamBy

Dr. Sanjan HazarikaH.O.D. Physics, JEC

Science behind Technology

On Monday, 11 May 1998, India declared itself a full fledged nuclear armed state. This was accomplished by the detonation of a thermonuclear weapon design, one of three nuclear devices with kiloton-range yields detonated simultaneously under the surface of the Thar desert of Rajasthan near the Indo-Pakistani border.

The universe began with a bang.

First there were physical and chemical processes, then biological evolution, and finally now technological evolution. As we begin to ride the wave into human redesign, the destination is still largely unknown but the opportunities are almost limitless.

The intuitive mind of human being, which is inherent in human beings only led mankind step by step up the ladder of development.

By observing nature mankind started learning to build shelters, weapons and materials for other needs.

The development continued from the beginning of human civilization to the nineteenth century. In this period some natural laws were discovered, which laid the foundation of modern science and technology.

The use of materials from prehistoric times has been an important indicator of the growth of science and technology

From Stone to Iron, Glass, Copper use of metals recognized. Different materials and metals discovered. Manufacturing of these materials and metals gave rise to technology and industry

Advances made in the use of materials involved scientific knowledge. However, it is the application of this science to create objects for our use, i.e., technology, which makes the new materials popular.

As man’s understanding of the laws of nature increased, the thought of ways of using this understanding to create new things for his

use.

That is to say, as science progressed, man found ways of applying science for his

benefit.

1. Applied science is called technology. Science and technology go hand in hand. Just as

progress in science results in new technology, new technology also leads to

researches in new fields leading to advancement in scientific knowledge.

How advances in science lead to advances in How advances in science lead to advances in technology ?technology ?

Scientific discovers caused technology advancements Quite often technology also leads to new scientific knowledge and discoveries.

Technology often allows scientists to broaden their knowledge of a branch of science.

Basic science fuels advances in technology, and technological innovations affect our lives in many ways everyday. Because of science, we have complex devices like cars, X-ray machines, computers, and phones. But the technologies that science has inspired include more than just hi-tech machines

8

Technology is knowledge applied to the production of goods or services.

The search for and theorizing about new processes. - Analysis and synthesis of design -focuses on understanding the made environment

-Design, construction, testing, planning, quality assurance, problem solving, decision making, interpersonal and communication skills

Linear models of innovation

Harnessing of energy from fire, water, wind. Science enabled man to understand the power and nature of winds, and technology enabled him to harness this power, i.e., convert wind to a resource

Petrolium, Electricity accelerated the development in technology and industry

The automobile revolutionized personal transportation.

Research in the field of materials science, developed lighter and high tensile strength materials. Together with discovery of high efficiency fuels led to the development of modern planes and other transportation vehicles. It gave rise to aviation and automobile technology.

Steam engine for railway developed and later on replaced by diesel and electric engines.

Motor vehicles both for passenger and goods transport, developed.

Discovery of airplane from hydrogen baloon to modern planes

Development in the later part of the 20th century was observed to be the fastest, compared to all previous centuries.

This steep development was triggered by some basic discoveries and development in the field of science, which are discussed below.

Science and technology took a new turn, science changed from macroscopic to microscopic, technology developed accordingly from a narrower domain to a wider domain.

This development in science and technology influenced all spheres of life viz. social, political, economic, educational, health etc.

? unknown

Important Discoveries in the 19th , 20th and earlier centuries 18th Century-James Watt developed and

improved the steam engine. 1831- M. Faraday discovered the

dynamo, the basic unit for generation of electricity.

1876- Alaxander Graham Bell discovered telephone

1895- X- Ray discovered by Wilhelm Konard Von Roentzen

1903-Wright brothers, Willbur and Oriville flew 1st motorized plane

1906 - Thomson discovered the electron (Officially) 1911 - Rutherford discovered the nucleus; proposed

a planetary model of the atom 1912 - Pickard invented the crystal diode and crystal

detector 1913 - Bohr published his model of the atom, based

on energy states described by one quantum number 1924 - De Broglie proposed that all matter has wave

properties 1926 – Television developed 1828-45 Flemming dicovered the penicillin 1932 - Chadwick discovered the neutron 1936 - the first regular television broadcast

(England) 1947- Transistor invented

The amazing instrument that changed history. Electrons were first discovered as the constituents of

cathode rays in 1897 by British physicist J. J. Thomson

A cathode ray tube from the early 1900s

In 1905 Albert Einstein discovered. It gave the idea that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".

Applications

The discovery of electron enabled reinterpretation of electricity.

The cathode ray tube enabled the design of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) and TV picture tubes.

Knowledge of atomic structure enabled the interpretation of atomic spectra.

The discovery of photoelectric effect led to conversion of image to electrical signals.

These discoveries resulted in new field of science and technology like Television, Cameras, spectrometers etc.

Nuclear Power PlantNuclear Chain Reaction

Development in the field of nuclear science Discovery of the nucleus and nuclear

reactions led to the development of a new branch of technology “nuclear technology”

It provided an additional source of energy and gave a new dimension to the fields of medicine and defense weapons

It further helped in the study of the nucleus and generation of nuclear fuel

Application of knowledge of nucleus

The invention of integrated circuits and the microprocessor (here, an Intel 4004 chip from 1971) led to the modern computer revolution.

Semiconductor IC

Development in space Science and technology A telescope is an instrument that aids in the

observation of remote objects. The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.

Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors. In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s. The word telescope now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors

Artifficial Satellites & Communication The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1,

was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.

Artificial satellites originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations.

A few hundred satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris.

A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Sun.

Fibre optics and applications

Image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently by the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the following decade. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade.

Medicine and medical technology

Medicine is the applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness in human beings.

Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints & traction, prostheses, biologics, ionizing radiation and others.

1. Electrification2. Automobile3. Airplane4.

Water Supply and Distribution

5. Electronics6. Radio and Television7.

Agricultural Mechanization

8. Computers9. Telephone10.

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

11. Highways12. Spacecraft13. Internet14. Imaging15. Household Appliances16. Health Technologies17. Petroleum and petrochemical Technologies18. Laser and Fiber Optics19. Nuclear Technologies20. High-performance Materials

Branches of technologyTypesTypes Major fields of Major fields of technology

Applied science

Artificial intelligence| | Ceramic engineering| | Computing technology| | Electronics| | Energy| | Energy storage| | Engineering physics| |

Environmental technology| | Materials science| | Materials engineering| | Microtechnology| | Nanotechnology| | Nuclear technology| |

Optical engineering

Athletics and recreation

Camping equipment| Playground| Sports| Sports equipment

Information and communication

Communication| Graphics| Music technology| Speech recognition| Visual technology

IndustryConstruction| Financial engineering| Manufacturing| Machinery|

Mining

Military scienceMilitary technology| Weapon systems| Military equipment|

Military training

Domestic / residentialDomestic appliances| Domestic technology| Educational technology|

Agriculture| Food products

Engineering

Aerospace engineering| Agricultural engineering| Bioengineering| Biochemical engineering| Biomedical technology|

Chemical engineering| Civil engineering| Computer engineering| Electrical engineering| Electronics engineering|

Environmental engineering| Industrial engineering| Materials engineering| Mechanical engineering| Metallurgical engineering| Nuclear engineering|

Petroleum engineering| Software engineering| Structural engineering| Tissue engineering

Health and safetyBiomedical engineering| | Bioinformatics| | Biotechnology| |

Cheminformatics| | Fire protection technology| | Health technologies| | Pharmaceuticals| | Safety engineering

TransportAerospace| Aerospace engineering| Marine engineering|

Motor vehicles| Space technology| Transport

Impact of science technology on civilization

Economic, Social Development Transportation Communication Entertainment Health Lifestyle

Does the development of technology lead to environmental pollution and energy crisis?

35

What is the purpose of science: Conquer nature? Help mankind?

Is technology always good? Is innovation always good? Do all countries innovate? Can Science Technology Innovation (STI)

prevent a Malthusian trap? Do we have the wisdom to manage

Technologies?

Future Technology

Interplanetary communication

Wireless transmission of power, Digitization of physical objects ?

?

Meglev vehicle

We have the civilization of the Stone Age. The stones were changed into different shapes. Science and civilization are the both at the beginning stage .Civilization and Science are the 2 banks between which the river of national aspiration flows .Science is very rich ,so is the modern civilization that has put behind the standard of the sixties .The modern civilization is a mixture of good and evil .Let good win and evil defeat.

Does technology always lead to development Yes, if used properly Misuse of technology may lead to

Social,political unrest Environmental hazards Devastating natural calamities like storm, cyclone, flood, radiation hazards etc

It may also lead to destruction of civilization on earth completely.

Dedication The scientists and technologists due

to whose life long effort, we have achieved what we have today.

They could not see what their inventions /innovations lead to, how whole of mankind benefited from their inventions/innovations.

We salute them and promise to use the inventions/innovations always for the benefit of mankind.