scholasticism and monasticism

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SCHOLASTICISM AND MONASTICISM

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Page 1: Scholasticism and Monasticism

SCHOLASTICISMSCHOLASTICISM

ANDAND

MONASTICISMMONASTICISM

Page 2: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Etymological DefinitionOriginated from the Greek word monachos, derived from Greek monos, meaning alone.It is the religious practice in which one renounces worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work.

Etymological DefinitionOriginated from the Greek word monachos, derived from Greek monos, meaning alone.It is the religious practice in which one renounces worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work.

Real Definition of MonasticismIt is a form of religious life, usually conducted in a community under a common rule. A life bounded by ascetical practices expressed typically in the vows of celibacy, poverty, and obedience, called the evangelical counsels.

Real Definition of MonasticismIt is a form of religious life, usually conducted in a community under a common rule. A life bounded by ascetical practices expressed typically in the vows of celibacy, poverty, and obedience, called the evangelical counsels.

What is Monasticism?What is Monasticism?

Page 3: Scholasticism and Monasticism

1. Cenobitic Monasticism It is the more usual form known characterized by a completely communal style of life. It is based on “life in common” (Greek koinobion), characterized by strict discipline, regular worship, and manual work.

2. Eremitic MonasticismEremitic monasticism refers to monks who dwell alone ("eremites" or "hermits"). 

1. Cenobitic Monasticism It is the more usual form known characterized by a completely communal style of life. It is based on “life in common” (Greek koinobion), characterized by strict discipline, regular worship, and manual work.

2. Eremitic MonasticismEremitic monasticism refers to monks who dwell alone ("eremites" or "hermits"). 

Kinds of MonasticismKinds of Monasticism

Page 4: Scholasticism and Monasticism

•A several diverse forms of religious living in response to the call of Jesus of Nazareth to follow him.

•It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church, modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals, including those in the Old Testament, but not mandated as an institution in the Scriptures.

•It has come to be regulated by religious rules and, in modern times, the Church law of the respective Christian denominations that have forms of monastic living.

•Christian monasticism is a way of religious living or the "counsels of perfection" that is being embraced as a vocation from God out of a desire to attain eternal life in his presence.

•A several diverse forms of religious living in response to the call of Jesus of Nazareth to follow him.

•It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church, modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals, including those in the Old Testament, but not mandated as an institution in the Scriptures.

•It has come to be regulated by religious rules and, in modern times, the Church law of the respective Christian denominations that have forms of monastic living.

•Christian monasticism is a way of religious living or the "counsels of perfection" that is being embraced as a vocation from God out of a desire to attain eternal life in his presence.

Christian MonasticismChristian Monasticism

Page 5: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Brief History of MonasticismBrief History of Monasticism

Christian monasticism had its origin in the Egyptian deserts in the 3rd–4th century.

*St. Anthony the Great [The Father of monasticism] The Monastery of Saint Anthony is the oldest Christian

monastery in the world.

Christian monasticism had its origin in the Egyptian deserts in the 3rd–4th century.

*St. Anthony the Great [The Father of monasticism] The Monastery of Saint Anthony is the oldest Christian

monastery in the world.

Monasticism in the Eastern ChurchMonasticism in the Eastern Church

Page 6: Scholasticism and Monasticism

*St. Pachomius A monk who organized the first cenobitic communityThe laura—cells arranged into a monastic village, sometimes of very great size.

*St. Basil the Great. He wrought the uniformity in Eastern monasticism. He favored the cenobitic style and stressed manual labor and obedience in opposition to the extravagances of much of early monasticism.

*St. Pachomius A monk who organized the first cenobitic communityThe laura—cells arranged into a monastic village, sometimes of very great size.

*St. Basil the Great. He wrought the uniformity in Eastern monasticism. He favored the cenobitic style and stressed manual labor and obedience in opposition to the extravagances of much of early monasticism.

Page 7: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Monasticism in the East has changed little since the 4th century.

The monks devote their day to lengthy liturgies and simple

work. They do not usually become priests and do not value learning.

Eastern monks do not belong to different orders with specialized functions.

Mount Athos- the great center of monasticism in the Eastern Church.

Monasticism in the East has changed little since the 4th century.

The monks devote their day to lengthy liturgies and simple

work. They do not usually become priests and do not value learning.

Eastern monks do not belong to different orders with specialized functions.

Mount Athos- the great center of monasticism in the Eastern Church.

Page 8: Scholasticism and Monasticism

*Mar Awgin He founded a monastery on Mt. Izla above Nisibis in Mesopotamia and from this monastery the cenobitic tradition spread in Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia,Georgia and even India and China.

*St. Sabbas the Sanctified He organized the monks of the Judean Desert in a monastery close to Bethlehem (483), and this is considered the mother of all monasteries of the Eastern Orthodox churches.

*Mar Awgin He founded a monastery on Mt. Izla above Nisibis in Mesopotamia and from this monastery the cenobitic tradition spread in Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia,Georgia and even India and China.

*St. Sabbas the Sanctified He organized the monks of the Judean Desert in a monastery close to Bethlehem (483), and this is considered the mother of all monasteries of the Eastern Orthodox churches.

Page 9: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Monasticism in the Western Church Monasticism in the Western Church

Imitated those of the East. Western forms of monasticism spread with Christianity to Ireland, where the church was organized (6th cent.) around the monasteries, which served as centers.

Significant development occurred when the rules for monastic communities were written

Imitated those of the East. Western forms of monasticism spread with Christianity to Ireland, where the church was organized (6th cent.) around the monasteries, which served as centers.

Significant development occurred when the rules for monastic communities were written

Page 10: Scholasticism and Monasticism

*St. Basil Was credited with having been the first to write the rules for monastic communities.

Rule of Saint Benedict created by Benedict of Nursia for his monastery in Monte Cassino, Italy (c. 529), and the other monasteries he himself had founded (cf. Order of St Benedict). It would become the most common rule throughout the Middle Ages and is still in use today.

*St. Benedict (6th cent.) began the work from which sprang the Benedictines

and the more moderate monastic rule that gradually became universal in the West—even the Celtic foundations assimilating to the Benedictine practice.

Monasteries were islands of stability, and their inhabitants, almost alone, preserved learning in the West.

*St. Basil Was credited with having been the first to write the rules for monastic communities.

Rule of Saint Benedict created by Benedict of Nursia for his monastery in Monte Cassino, Italy (c. 529), and the other monasteries he himself had founded (cf. Order of St Benedict). It would become the most common rule throughout the Middle Ages and is still in use today.

*St. Benedict (6th cent.) began the work from which sprang the Benedictines

and the more moderate monastic rule that gradually became universal in the West—even the Celtic foundations assimilating to the Benedictine practice.

Monasteries were islands of stability, and their inhabitants, almost alone, preserved learning in the West.

Page 11: Scholasticism and Monasticism

What is Scholasticism?What is Scholasticism?Etymological Definition

It comes from the Latin word scholasticus, which means "that [which] belongs to the school", and was a method of learning taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100–1500.

Real Definition of Scholasticism•It is the system of theological and philosophical teaching predominant in the Middle Ages, based chiefly upon the authority of the church fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators. •A narrow adherence to traditional teachings, doctrines, or methods.•It is the philosophy and theology of Western Christendom in the Middle Ages of all medieval philosophers of any significance were theologians, and their philosophy is generally embodied in their theological writings.

Etymological DefinitionIt comes from the Latin word scholasticus, which means "that [which] belongs to the school", and was a method of learning taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100–1500.

Real Definition of Scholasticism•It is the system of theological and philosophical teaching predominant in the Middle Ages, based chiefly upon the authority of the church fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators. •A narrow adherence to traditional teachings, doctrines, or methods.•It is the philosophy and theology of Western Christendom in the Middle Ages of all medieval philosophers of any significance were theologians, and their philosophy is generally embodied in their theological writings.

Page 12: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Basic to all scholastic thought was the conjunction of faith and reason. --the use of reason to deepen the understanding of what is believed on faith and ultimately to give a rational content to faith.It was in the course of applying reason to faith that medieval thinkers developed and taught important philosophical ideas not directly related to theology.A tool and method for learning which puts emphasis on dialectical reasoning.

The primary purpose of scholasticism: To find the answer to a question or resolve a contradiction.

Basic to all scholastic thought was the conjunction of faith and reason. --the use of reason to deepen the understanding of what is believed on faith and ultimately to give a rational content to faith.It was in the course of applying reason to faith that medieval thinkers developed and taught important philosophical ideas not directly related to theology.A tool and method for learning which puts emphasis on dialectical reasoning.

The primary purpose of scholasticism: To find the answer to a question or resolve a contradiction.

Page 13: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Scholastic methodScholastic methodThe scholastics would choose a book by a renowned scholar, called auctor (author), as a subject of investigation.By reading the book thoroughly and critically, the disciples learned to appreciate the theories of the auctor. Then other documents related to the source document would be referenced.The points of disagreement and contention between these multiple sources would be written down.Through a series of dialectics the two sides of an argument would be made whole so that they would be found to be in agreement and not contradictory.

The scholastics would choose a book by a renowned scholar, called auctor (author), as a subject of investigation.By reading the book thoroughly and critically, the disciples learned to appreciate the theories of the auctor. Then other documents related to the source document would be referenced.The points of disagreement and contention between these multiple sources would be written down.Through a series of dialectics the two sides of an argument would be made whole so that they would be found to be in agreement and not contradictory.

This was done in two ways:1. Philological analysis, where words were examined and it would be argued

they could have more than one meaning, that the author could have intended the word to mean something else.

2. Logical analysis which relied on the rules of formal logic to show contradictions did not exist, but were subjective to the reader.

This was done in two ways:1. Philological analysis, where words were examined and it would be argued

they could have more than one meaning, that the author could have intended the word to mean something else.

2. Logical analysis which relied on the rules of formal logic to show contradictions did not exist, but were subjective to the reader.

Page 14: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Scholastic schools

Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching1. Lectioa simple reading of a text, the instructors explained, and silence for the students.2. Disputatiothe heart of the scholastic method

There were two types of disputatios1. Ordinary

the question to be disputed was announced beforehand. 2. Quodlibetal

the students would propose the question to the teacher without any prior preparation

Scholastic schools

Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching1. Lectioa simple reading of a text, the instructors explained, and silence for the students.2. Disputatiothe heart of the scholastic method

There were two types of disputatios1. Ordinary

the question to be disputed was announced beforehand. 2. Quodlibetal

the students would propose the question to the teacher without any prior preparation

Page 15: Scholasticism and Monasticism

St. Augustine, the greatest of earlier Christian philosophers who saw in Plato or in

Neoplatonism a system congenial with Christianity. The knowledge of ancient philosophy came to the early scholastics through the writings of Boethius. John Scotus Erigena continued the tradition of Neoplatonism in the 9th cent., adding to it certain mystical notions of his own.

St. Augustine, the greatest of earlier Christian philosophers who saw in Plato or in

Neoplatonism a system congenial with Christianity. The knowledge of ancient philosophy came to the early scholastics through the writings of Boethius. John Scotus Erigena continued the tradition of Neoplatonism in the 9th cent., adding to it certain mystical notions of his own.

Influences on Scholasticism

The following authors and works were commonly used as auctores:Plato (specifically, the Timaeus) Aristotle ("The Philosopher") The Bible Saint Augustine Boethius and his Consolation of Philosophy Avicenna (especially The Book of Healing) Peter Lombard (specifically, his Sentences) Averroes ("The Commentator")

The following authors and works were commonly used as auctores:Plato (specifically, the Timaeus) Aristotle ("The Philosopher") The Bible Saint Augustine Boethius and his Consolation of Philosophy Avicenna (especially The Book of Healing) Peter Lombard (specifically, his Sentences) Averroes ("The Commentator")

Page 16: Scholasticism and Monasticism

St. Anselm in the late 11th cent. took as his life's motto “fides quaerens intelligentiam” [faith seeking understanding], and sought to use reason to illuminate the content of belief.

Peter Abelard taught a moderate doctrine; he recognized the universal as a symbol to which human beings have attached a commonly agreed significance, based on the similarity they perceive in different objects. Abelard's emphasis on the powers of reason, which he exaggerated in his early years, led to his condemnation by Bernard of Clairvaux.

John of Salisbury, an English scholar noted for his humanistic studies, was representative of the important work done at the noted school at Chartres.

Hugh of St. Victor, a German scholar and mystic, urged the study of every branch of learning.

Treatise On Sacraments was the first summa, an important medieval literary genre.

St. Anselm in the late 11th cent. took as his life's motto “fides quaerens intelligentiam” [faith seeking understanding], and sought to use reason to illuminate the content of belief.

Peter Abelard taught a moderate doctrine; he recognized the universal as a symbol to which human beings have attached a commonly agreed significance, based on the similarity they perceive in different objects. Abelard's emphasis on the powers of reason, which he exaggerated in his early years, led to his condemnation by Bernard of Clairvaux.

John of Salisbury, an English scholar noted for his humanistic studies, was representative of the important work done at the noted school at Chartres.

Hugh of St. Victor, a German scholar and mystic, urged the study of every branch of learning.

Treatise On Sacraments was the first summa, an important medieval literary genre.

Early Scholasticism

Page 17: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Peter Lombard The Book of Sentences, was to become the classical source book for medieval thinkers. It was a compilation of sources from the church fathers, especially St. Augustine, and in subsequent years virtually every great medieval thinker wrote a commentary on the Sentences.

Anselm of Canterbury misleadingly called the 'Father of Scholasticism' because of the prominent place that reason has in his theology; instead of establishing his points by appeal to authority, he presents arguments to demonstrate why it is that the things he believes on authority must be so.

The Golden Age13th century- the golden age of medieval philosophy.

It was marked by two important developments: 1. The growth of universities, especially at Paris and Oxford 2. The introduction of Aristotle into the West.

The University. of Paris- leading center for the study of Aristotle and attracted scholars from all over Europe The Dominicans and Franciscans- played a leading role in the expansion of the universities and the development of scholasticism.

It was in the universities that the two traditional forms of scholastic literature were developed: the question and the commentary.

Peter Lombard The Book of Sentences, was to become the classical source book for medieval thinkers. It was a compilation of sources from the church fathers, especially St. Augustine, and in subsequent years virtually every great medieval thinker wrote a commentary on the Sentences.

Anselm of Canterbury misleadingly called the 'Father of Scholasticism' because of the prominent place that reason has in his theology; instead of establishing his points by appeal to authority, he presents arguments to demonstrate why it is that the things he believes on authority must be so.

The Golden Age13th century- the golden age of medieval philosophy.

It was marked by two important developments: 1. The growth of universities, especially at Paris and Oxford 2. The introduction of Aristotle into the West.

The University. of Paris- leading center for the study of Aristotle and attracted scholars from all over Europe The Dominicans and Franciscans- played a leading role in the expansion of the universities and the development of scholasticism.

It was in the universities that the two traditional forms of scholastic literature were developed: the question and the commentary.

Page 18: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Albertus Magnus, the first Western Aristotelian who was an important student of the natural sciences as well.

St. Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican and one of the greatest intellectual figures of the Middle Ages became the leading figure in the movement to “Christianize Aristotle” . He produced a vast body of philosophical work, which was remarkably precise, detailed, and organized. He demonstrated that reason could lead man to many of the great spiritual truths and could help him to understand those truths that he accepted on faith and attacked the Averroist teaching that denied the immortality of the individual soul.

St. Bonaventure, a Franciscan who opposed St. Thomas Aquinas.He feared the excesses of reason in its contact with faith, rooted in an older theological tradition, and almost succeeded in having Aquinas' teachings condemned at Paris.

Duns Scotus, who developed a new scholastic synthesis. He argued that natural reason is limited in its ability to penetrate matters of faith, thus separating philosophy and theology.

Page 19: Scholasticism and Monasticism

Continuation of the Scholastic Tradition

•Scholastic tradition and methods continued to be followed in politics and law—in canon law, civil law, and common law and, later, in the development of international law.

•In the late 15th century , the Dominicans began a Thomistic revival. Every Catholic university had Thomists and Scotists in its theological faculty.

•After the 18th century, the secularization of the universities resulted in the suppression of the theological faculties, and the old tradition was broken. The Franciscan order undertook a complete and authoritative edition of them.

Continuation of the Scholastic Tradition

•Scholastic tradition and methods continued to be followed in politics and law—in canon law, civil law, and common law and, later, in the development of international law.

•In the late 15th century , the Dominicans began a Thomistic revival. Every Catholic university had Thomists and Scotists in its theological faculty.

•After the 18th century, the secularization of the universities resulted in the suppression of the theological faculties, and the old tradition was broken. The Franciscan order undertook a complete and authoritative edition of them.