scaling up integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture: a call for area-based management and...
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Scaling up integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture: a call for area-based management and certification
Simon R. Bush Environmental Policy Group
RESCOPAR PROGRAMME Wageningen University
Risky business
Shrimp ‘boom’ ... and bust = disease-mangrove-pond productivity
Mangrove areas reduced ● 20% in Vietnam ● 70% in Indonesia
Economic/policy instability ● Anti-dumping cases ● Species shifts ● Untenable aspirations
Aquacultural resilience
Social-ecological systems
● Capacity to manage risk and cope with adversity
● Internal vs. external drivers of change
Bush et al 2010, Ecology and Society
CLOSED SYSTEM LANDSCAPE INTEGRATED
SPECTRUM OF SYSTEMS, DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RISK
WHAT DRIVES PRODUCERS FROM ONE SYSTEM TO ANOTHER?
Vulnerability low System resilience low Social resilience high
Vulnerability high System resilience high Social resilience low
Questions
Under what conditions do farmers maintain or move towards investing in mangrove-shrimp integrated aquaculture systems?
Is there a mismatch
between scale of risk and benefits?
What social and policy influences over farm-level
decision making?
Impact and coordination of
public and private
regulation?
RESCOPAR PROGRAMME, Wageningen University
Farms in landscapes
Ha et al. 2012 Journal of Rural Studies
Mangrove-shrimp integrated systems, Ca Mau, Vietnam ● Timber: US$596 ha/yr; vs.
Shrimp US$ 1539 ha/year
● But ... Farmers see mangroves as income and disease (risk) reduction
● Government forest-pond ratios tiered by farm scale
● Naturland set ≥50%
Just as collective models are needed ...
0
10000
20000
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60000
70000
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10
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2001 2004 2005 2008
Number of cooperatives Joint capital (mil. VND)
Concentration and intensification of shrimp co-operatives in Ca Mau, Vietnam
Ha et al 2012 Aquaculture
Mill
ion
VN
D
# C
oope
rativ
es Intensification
Terms of incorporation in value chains
Ha et al 2012 Aquaculture
We need to understand the distribution of benefits Rent seeking middlemen vs. social welfare function
Industrial (Capitalist)
organisation
Quasi-capitalist organisation
Enables Shrimp-
Mangrove integrated production
Tends to
support intensification
Farms in networks
How are farms organised in Tarakan, Indonesia?
Kusumawati et al. 2013, Soc. & Nat. Res.
● Patrons detrimental to traceability and BMPs
● But, patron-client relations already mitigate production risk
● ‘Technocratic blindness’ –risk ineffective interventions.
Overall focus on the farm level as a unit of regulation
Scale of governance
Certification is a risk-based approach, based on process-based audits and (general) adherence to state regulation
Mix of farm level regulation (also risk based) and area-based management (e.g. forestry) but limited by hierarchical nature of jurisdictions
Joffre et al. In Prep
MOVE FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
EXTERNAL DRIVERS
CONTINUE INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
DRIVER WEIGHT
Joffre et al. In Prep
CONTINUE INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
MOVE FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
INTE
RNAL
DRI
VERS
DRIVER WEIGHT (100 total)
Regulatory fragmentation
Producer decisions are both technical and social Existing cooperation and ownership need to be incorporated
Landscape level coordination to enable farm level decisions
Conclusions
Need to move beyond technical interventions at farm scale level to govern wider social and ecological factors of risk:
● Alignment of standards and policy at landscape level – include provincial and district government
● Use of effective benefit sharing that reflects incentives for farmers to shift to integrated systems
● Established regulation beyond farm level production
Moving forward
1. Mangrove ecosystem services beneficial to aquaculture need to be recognised and incorporated into policy
2. Market signals delivering incentives needed to drive decisions to integrated mangrove shrimp system
3. Regulations undermining incentives to shift to integrated mangrove shrimp, identified and amended
4. Align ecosystem services, trade and regulation so benefits of shrimp-mangrove systems transcend the farm-level, and enable landscape level impact
Joffre et al. In Prep
Area based management
A1 A2
1. Area-model Access, Risk, Impact, Compliance
2. Value chain organisation Continuity, assurance, quality, communication
3. Finance and risk transfer Risk exposure, profile, sharing agreement
4. Certification Principles, standards, ICS