Satellite Remote Sensing: Hydrology &

Water Resources Information for Decision

Support

Dr.V.Venkateshwar Rao

Group Head, Water Resources, NRSC

ISRO, Dept. Of Space ,Govt. of India

Round Table Conference, MERI, NASHIk,29-30 Sp.2014

Information from Satellite Observations

* Conventional ground based observations shown in italics

atmosphere

vegetation snow

groundwater

soil

surface water

precipitation products

rainfall radar rain gauges*

cloud cover

vapour pressure air temperature

weather stations

LST albedo SWE

snow cover

stream flow

gauging

metering

inundated area

piezometers gravity anomaly

water level

water body dynamics

AET

Soil Moisture

Cropping Pattern,

NDVI

Tank Irrigation

Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh

Importance of tank irrigation 4.78 M.ha in 1962-63

3.07 M.ha 1985-86

1.97 M.ha 2008-09

Progression of 2003-04 Rabi

Season Crop Area As captured by multi-date AWiFS data

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Incre

men

tal are

a (

ha)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Cu

mu

lati

ve a

rea (

ha)

Incremental area Cumulative area

10 -15

Feb

15 -20

Feb

20-25

Feb

25-29

Feb

29 Feb-

05 Mar

05-10

Mar

10-15

Mar

15-20

Mar

20-25

Mar

25-29

Mar

15 Feb ‘04 25 Feb ‘04 05 Mar ‘04 29 Feb ‘04

10 Mar ‘04 15 Mar ‘04 29 Mar ‘04 20 Mar ‘04

19 Dec ‘03 03 Jan ‘04 10 Feb ‘04 22 Jan ‘04

Hirakud

Reservoir

Sambalpur

IRRIGATION INTENSITY

84

71

60

65

70

75

80

85

1998-99 1990-91

year

Irri

ga

tio

n I

nte

nsi

ty

%Performance Evaluation

Performance indicators

Cropping Pattern

Area under crop

Irrigation potential utilized

Irrigation Intensity

Crop Production

Water Utilization Index

Water Use Efficiency

Decision Support For

Intervention / Rehabilitation

Identification of Canals

with Differential / Poor

Performance over Time

and Space 92

65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1998-99 1990-91

year

WU

I

Ha/M

CM

Water utilisation index

Nagarjunasagar Left Canal

Command Area ( NSLC)

Snow Cover Fraction (%)

AWiFS Image

Water layer

Water Bodies

Fraction

Resourcesat-2

AWiFS

RISAT-1 MRS

Microwave Data

% of WBA

(3’x3’ grid)

Satellite / Sensor Frequency Outputs

Resourcesat-2 AWiFS 15 Days 56m Water bodies Layer 3’x3’ Grid Water bodies fraction

RISAT-1 MRS Month 18m Water bodies Layer 3’x3’ Grid Water bodies fraction

Resourcesat-2 AWiFS 15 Days Snow cover fraction at 3’x3’ Grid

Geophysical Products : Water Bodies Fraction, Snow Cover Area

Automated Satellite Data Processing

Snow Cover

Fraction (%) Water Bodies

Fraction (%)

Water Bodies Fraction Snow Cover Fraction

Resourcesat 2 AWiFS Data is used For generation of

Water bodies Fraction at 3’x3’interval .

RISAT-1 MRS data is also used during Cloud

conditions

Resourcesat 2 AWiFS Data is used

For generation of Snow Cover

Fraction at 3’x3’interval

Available since Dec, 2013 at fortnight /monthly interval

and also Historic seasonal data since 2004 is available

Available since Mar, 2014 at fortnight interval

URL : Water Bodies Fraction : http://bhuvan-

noeda.nrsc.gov.in/download/download/download.php?c=p&s=NI&g=TS&p=wbf

URL : Snow Cover Fraction : http://bhuvan-

noeda.nrsc.gov.in/download/download/download.php?c=p&s=NI&g=TS&p=scf

Estimation of Near Real Time Live storage Capacity of Reservoirs Utilisation of RISAT-1 + Resourcesat-2

Field based

Area-Capacity curve Satellite derived

WSA based Capacity

During different Dates

Across the year

Algorithms Developed and Evaluated for

Waterspread Extraction ; As soon as the data is

acquired , processing will be enabled through

customized module

WSA-Capacity Curves : Look up Table

Satellite Data

Acquisition

Risat-1 /

Resourcesat

Waterspread

Estimation

(automation)

Capacity Estimation

( Spatial tool for

WSA- Capacity LUT)

Operational Service Reservoirs -

Capacities

Near Real Time

Reservoir Sedimentation

• Remote Sensing Technique is operationally

used for capacity loss due to sedimentation

in live storage across India.

National Action Plan for Sedimentation

Assessment of 124 Reservoirs is being

implemented since 10th Plan under NNRMS

• Reservoir sedimentation studies of major

reservoirs completed internally by CWC &

MoWR with the support of ISRO and expert

centres

• Continued monitoring of all reservoirs Elevation-Capacity curve of SRSP Reservoir

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 334

Elevation (m)

Ca

pa

cit

y (

M.c

u.m

)

SRS survey (2002)

Hydrograhic (1994)

Original (1970)

Annual siltation rate of Indian

reservoirs is 1.5 to 3 times the

designed rate. 30% of live storage is

silted.

CONCEPT

Satellite data provide elevation

contour areas directly in the form of

water spread areas .

Reduction in reservoir Water spread

at a specified elevation over a

period of time is indicative of

sediment deposition

•

IRS P6 LISS

IV MX data Tank command

jurisdiction

Idetnfied

through field

maps and LISS

IV data)

Nakta Tank Command, Kabirdham District, Chattisgarh State

Kharif

2007

Rabi

2005

Rabi

2008

Kharif

2004

IP: 126 ha

Designed

Irrigation: 81 ha

Year

Kharif

Paddy

Non

Paddy Total

2004-05 57.86 11.94 69.80

2007-08 66.61 8.16 74.77

Year

Rabi

Paddy

Non

Paddy Total

2004-05 0.00 38.94 38.94

2007-08 0.00 42.97 42.97

IRS P6 LISS III

data

IRS P6 LISS III

data

Tank / Minor Irrigation Water Management

544

102

96

Improve

No Change

Decrease

Overall Performance of 742 Tanks

No. of Tanks

76414

98138

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Annual Irrigation Utilizationhect

are

2004-05 2007-08

Mahabub Nagar

Anantapur

Kabir Dham

Mandi

Kupwara

Gulbarga

Bangalore

Rural

Ganjam

Gajapati

Kupuwara

Mandi

Kabirdhan

Gajapathi Gulbarga

Mahabubnagar

Bangalore(R)

Anantpur

Ganjam

The satellite data based evaluation covered

742 Minor Irrigation schemes in 9 Districts spread

over 6 States

• Total CCA covered - 1,01,788 hectare

• Two years of study

2004-05 (Pre) and 2007-08 (Post)

Kharif 04 Kharif 07

Rabi 05 Rabi 08

The satellite data based evaluation considers the temporal change

(from 2004-05 to 2007-08) in Water spread area, Season-wise cropped area,

Principal crop condition & Annual irrigation utilization

Multi-year satellite data

helps in evaluating impact

of developmental

programs – through

generation of agriculture

and water related

performance indicators

4.78 M.ha in 1962-63

3.07 M.ha 1985-86

1.97 M.ha 2008-09

Assessment of Irrigation Potential

in

Irrig.potential

created

Critical

gap areas

% physical

progress

Structures

Physical

status of

canals

Canal

network

Critical gaps

Balance irrigation potential

Main canal Minor

Aqueduct

Structure

pending

Canal in progress

CD structure

Canal lining in

progress

CD structure

Inventory of Irrigation Infrastructure

LBMC Cartosat-1 data acquired

during May-June, 2007

RBMC

LBMC

AIBP Component

LBMC

AIBP Component :

RBMC

3000031000320003300034000350003600037000380003900040000

AIBPTarget

(proposed)

Fieldreported(created)

Satelliteassessed(created)

37611 37611 36727

Irrigation Potential ( Ha)

Upperwardha Project, Maharashtra State

Assessment of Irrigation Potential Created in AIBP funded irrigation Projects in India

Cartosat derived canal network

RBMC

Balance I.P

Satellite assessed Irrigation Potential created is slightly lower than field reported

Study indicated large deviation (>25%) in field reporting in 15 projects

Satellite Based Monitoring of AIBP funded Irrigation Projects • NRSC, ISRO Developed technique using satellite data for time

stamping of irrigation infrastructure progress and I.P creation

• Cartosat satellite data based monitoring in 103 irrigation projects was carried out successfully in Phase I & II by NRSC

Effective compliance monitoring

Reconciliation of I.P created

• Policy Decision taken by MoWR for Internalisation of Technology

• Easy to use AIBP monitoring through Bhuvan module developed by NRSC. Mobile app is integrated into the module.

• Provided training to 30 CWC officers

Institutaionalisation: implementation by CWC in 14 projects projects

150 projects will be covered during 12 FYP by CWC

Phase – I

No of projects : 53 AIBP target : 54 .5 L ha No of States : 18

Phase – II

No of projects : 50 AIBP target : 8 .5 L ha No of States : 14

Main canal Aqueduct

Structures Physical status Canal network Critical gaps

Study indicated deviation (>10%) in field reporting in only 6 projects

Snap shot of AIBP-BHUVAN

Satellite based Online Monitoring of AIBP projects using

BHUVAN Web services

User Manual

Technical guidance by NRSC

through online discussion forum

Posting of location

specific comments

Field photo

Internet

Posting of field photo /

info through Mobile

Application

Online Reporting of Physical and Financial progress

Canal network status

Feasibility Studies- Planning and Management of New Projects

LISS IV (5.8m) Cartosat-1 (2.5m)

DEM

Land use

Ken Betwa Submergence

Contours

Irrigation command

Terrain and Topographic information derived from high resolution data from Cartosat-1 PAN and LISS IV MX supports –

Effective implementation of R & R program, Infrastructure Planning, Rehabilitation Management and Foreshore Regulation

Sardar Sarovar

Project Reservoir

R & R Site

Dharampuri

SSP

Omkareswar

Digital elevation and land use / land

cover information derived from high

resolution data from Cartosat-1 PAN

and LISS IV MX supports –

Pre-feasibility analysis, site

evaluation and inputs for DPR

preparation

Satellite data prior to

first impoundment of

reservoir provides –

Status of ground

conditions and their

suitability &

readiness for

impoundment

Prior to impoundment

- Jan, 2007

After impoundment –

Jan, 2008

Flood Management

• Near Real time flood inundation

mapping

• Flood hazard zonation : Assam

(c),Bihar (c) & Orissa (p)

• Web application is developed

• River configuration and bank

erosion studies

• Selected rivers stretches

• Flood control embankment

mapping

• Selected river stretches

• Flood Forecast Modeling

• Flood inundation simulation

• Geospatial services for flood

relief management

– Mobile based application for

disaster relief management

RISAT-1 Image of 18-June-2013 IRS AWiFS Image of 2010

Mehjoor Nagar Ram Bagh

Bund

1

2

3

4

5

6 7

8

9

1

0

11 1

2

During

Flood

1

3

Inundation

Flood Prone Area Assessment nrsc

Flood Prone Area (Ver. 1.0) 1. Satellite Data - 10 years (2003-

12) 2. Layer preparation (plains) based

on 1. CWC HFL info for major

rivers 2. NRSC Flood info for other

areas

Next Steps • Hilly regions are to be included (which are not included in version

1.0) • This will be addressed using Carto-

DEM / ACE-SRTM and CWC HFLs

River/Water bodies

River bank

Major Roads

Data Used: 13 Years (1998-2010)- 128 satellite datasets. Approach: Based on Annual Frequency of Inundation and Intra Annual Flood Variations

Bihar Flood Hazard Map

Darbhanga Flood Hazard Map

Computed Discharge

Observed Discharge

Flood Stage At Perur

Highlights of the Study

- Flood alerts were given to CWC and DMSP during

the 2012 monsoon season.

- Increase in forecast lead-time compared to previous

year (total lag-time: 52 hr).

- Accuracy in discharge computations are nearly 90% .

- Error in flood lag-time computations are less than

3 hours.

- Flood Discharges at any river confluence can be

computed.

- Inundation simulations were done using ALTM DEM of

Sabari Floodplains.

Second phase of the project is initiated to develop similar

models to other frequent flood prone rivers of the country in

collaboration with CWC (under DOS funding)

Real-time validation at CWC, Hyderabad

- Model was tested successfully during 2010 floods and

during monsoon season of 2011 at CWC, Hyderabad and

NRSC.

- The extended model was calibrated with 2010 and 2011

data and operationally used in 2012 monsoon using real-

time hydro- meteorological data obtained from CWC and

IMD.

Inundation simulation in Sabari River using ALTM DEM (2010 Floods)

on Bhuvan Portal

Hydrologic Modeling for

Water Resources Assessment and Flood Management

1. Basin Level Water Resources Assessment Using Space Inputs (annual time-

step)

• Joint pilot study with CWC in Godavari, Brahmini & Baitarani River Basins

• Up scaled all 20 river basins : CWC will execute with the support of NRSC

2. Snow melt Runoff forecasting in 5 Himalayan river basins ( Seasonal,

fortnightly)

-User : CWC

• Seasonal forecast modeling ( April to June)

• Short term forecast modeling ( 16 daily)

3. Grid based Water Balance Computations (daily time-step)

• In House R& D work in Godavari & Mahanadi Basins

• Up scaled to National level under

4. Real-time flood forecasting in the Godavari Basin (sub-daily time-step)

• A real-time application in collaboration with CWC and IMD

• FF Modeling in 6 Flood prone areas

5. Glacier Lake hazard assessment ( event based study)

• South Lonak glacier Lake, Sikkim

Land Use/Land Cover

National Application Mission Projects

Land Use/Land Cover (1:250,000)

• 9 cycles completed (2004-05 to 2012-13) • Temporal analysis to find consistently

cropped and fallow areas

Land Use/Land Cover (1:50,000)

• 1st Cycle (2005-06) Completed; Published in Bhuvan ; Atlas Released

• 2nd cycle (2011-12); completed and being hosted on Bhuvan

Land Degradation (1:50,000)

• Erosion Mapping (2005-06) • Salinity and Waterlogging

Geomorphology and Lineament (1:50,000) In association with GSI

• Mapping (2005-06) in progress • 5,100 map sheets completed out of a

total of 5,580 • Database for 17 states is hosted in

Bhuvan and GSI portals

Indian Forest Cover Change Alert System using IRS Multi Sensor Data

• Pilot study in Yawal region of Maharashtra (Jalagaon Dist) completed

• Analysis for 6 states (Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka) is in progress

R.D.B.M.S. Edit

, En

try

& U

pd

ate

Soft

war

e

Data Sources

CWC ISRO IMD SOI

Temporal Data

Textual Data

Water Resource Projects

Online DB Updation Module

External Servers

Metrological (AWS)

G&D Sites

MOSDAC

ArcSDE Enterprise Geodatabase

Custom Services

ORACLE-

Connector

JSP/PHP/ ASP .NET

ArcGIS Server

Flex API

Reports

Tabular Data

Charts

Models

Create Your Own

Map

Use

r In

terf

ace

Visualisat

ion

ArcGIS Server

Dataflow in India-WRIS

India-Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS) “Generation of Database & Implementation of Web enabled Water Resources Information System in the Country (India-WRIS)”

A joint venture of NRSC/ISRO and CWC

A 'Single Window solution’ for comprehensive, authoritative and consistent data & information of India's water resources in a standardized national GIS framework for planning, development and management of water resources in the country.

GUI of India-WRIS V 4.0

6 modules - WRIS Info Discovery, WRIS Explorer, WRIS Connect, Share Success Story, Water Resources Planning & Management and Input Data Builder 12 Main information systems and 36 Sub-information systems 95 Spatial layers with more than 700 attributes, 5-100 years data

http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

Total 510552 hits as on 12 June, 2014 across 147 countries

Per day 700 hits on an average

Total 15434 downloads across 10 different sub-information systems as on 12 June, 2014

12 Main Information Systems

• Meteorological Data / Hydro-met • Environmental Data & Pollution Data

• Surface Water Information System • Ground Water Information System • Water Resources Projects • Meteorological Data • Environmental Data & Pollution Data etc.

ISRO Projects Legacy data • Landuse/ Land cover • Land degradation • Wastelands • Flood inundation • RGNDWM etc.

• International, States, Districts, Tehsils / Taluks Village boundaries

• Town / Villages location and extent • Infrastructure layers (Road and Rail)

• Basins, Sub-basins & Watersheds • Hydro features/Assets – Rivers & Water

bodies • Water Infrastructure – Dams, Canals &

Inland navigation • Monitoring Stations- G/GD/GDQ/GDSQ/

GD/FF station/Rainfall/Snow

Real Time

Database

Dynamic Time series

datasets

Related Thematic Database

Foundation Geo-database Generation Administrative

Foundation Geo-database generation Water Resources

Data types & Designing information System

India-WRIS Publications User Tracking Statistics

Basin-wise Mean Annual Water Resources Assessment using

Space Based Geo-Spatial Data and Field Hydro-Meteorological Data Implementation at National Level

Currently used water resources potential estimates are old; Changes

in land use /land cover, irrigation development, GW exploitation and

varying rainfall/climate necessitated re-assessment

NRSC and CWC jointly carried out pilot studies (Godavari and Brahmani-

Baitarani river basins)

Precipitation based Water balance approach; Thornthwaite-Mather

Water Balance Model; Monthly time step

Land Use/Land Cover, Soil, irrigation command, Climate are integrated

at Hydrological Response Unit level to compute AET, Soil Moisture and

runoff from precipitation

Calibration of model runoff with field measured river discharge

Water Resources availability is computed with model computed runoff

and upstream abstractions (irrigation water use, evaporation losses,

domestic, industrial and live stock consumptive use)

The National Scale extension proposal forwarded to CWC/MoWR

(2013-16 & 2.18 Crore)

NRSC (along with Regional Centers) and CWC to jointly execute the

study

Elevation Soil Irrigation

Command

Land use Census Temperature Rainfall

Pilot Study Results

Godavari - 113.09 BCM

Brahmani-Baitarani – 35.129BCM

(previous estimate 110.54 BCM)

(previous estimate 28.477 BCM)

Land Surface Hydrological Modelling – Mahanadi River Basin

Variable Infiltration Capacity Hydrological Model

Open source; Grid-wise water and energy balance

Sub-grid heterogeneity of Land cover

Soil depth-wise hydrological response

Vegetation phenological changes

Daily / sub-daily time step

Geo-spatial data

Terrain - Topographic, Soil (NBSSLUP), LULC (NRC-250k), LAI, Albedo, Irrigation

Meteorological – Rainfall, Temperature, … (CDAS/CPC)

Hydrological - River discharge, Reservoir Storage/Releases, GW levels, …

Elevation Soil Irrigation

Command

Land use Census Temperature Rainfall

9 min (~16.5km), 3 min (~ 5.5km) Grid-wise data base

Calibration with river discharge data (India-WRIS)

Land Use / Land Cover Parameterization

Cotton-Wheat

Rice-Wheat-01

Rice-Wheat-02

Rice-Rice

Rice-01

Maize-Bajra

Soybean

Rice-02

Bajra

Jowar

Coconut

Rice-03

Ragi

Plantation/Orchard

EG Forest

Deciduous Forest

Scrub/Deg. forest

Grassland

Scrubland

Gullied

Other Wasteland

Littoral Swamp

Build Up

Water Bodies

Snow covered

Rann

Build up Kharif only Rabi only Zaid only

Double / triple Current fallow

Plantation/orchard Evergreen forest Deciduous forest Scrub/Deg. forest

Littoral swamp Grassland

Other wasteland Gullied

Scrubland Water bodies Snow covered

Shifting Cultivation Rann

Legend

Build up

Kharif only

Rabi only

Zaid only

Double / tripple

Current fallow

Plantation/orchard

Evergreen forest

Deciduous forest

Scrub/Deg. forest

Littoral swamp

Grassland

Other wasteland

Gullied

Scrubland

Water bodies

Snow covered

Shifting Cultivation

Rann

LULC Crop

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Jun/07 Jul/07 Aug/07 Sep/07 Oct/07 Nov/07 Dec/07 Jan/08 Feb/08 Mar/08 Apr/08 May/08

Cotton-Wheat Rice-Wheat-01

LAI Profile

Legend

Unclassified

Cotton-Wheat

Rice-Wheat(pnb)

Rice-Wheat(UP)

Rice-Rice

Rice

Maize/Bajra

Soyabean

Sugarcane-Wheat

Rice Aman Paddy

Bajra

Jowar

Coconut

Rice(TN)

Ragi

Class 15

Class 16

Class 17

Class 18

Class 19

Class 20

Class 21

Class 22

Class 23

Class 24

Class 25

Class 26

Class 27

Class 28

Class 29

Class 30

Class 31

Class 32

Class 33

Class 34

Class 35

Class 36

Class 37

Class 38

Class 39

Class 40

Class 41

Class 42

Class 43

Class 44

Class 45

Class 46

Class 47

Class 48

Class 49

Class 50

26 Vegetation Classes

13 A

gricu

ltu

re C

lasses

Calibration with River Discharge

Tikerapara

Mahanadi Basin

• Historic run time period – 31yrs (1976-2006)

• Gauge station - Tikerapara

• Nash Sutcliffe Coefficient – 0.65

nrsc

Rainfall

Runoff

ET

Long Term Fluxes

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2013(June-Oct)

1800 mm

0

600 mm

0

Near Real Time Hydrological Products & Services

• Hydrological modeling frame work at

9mx9m using VIIC-3L model is operational.

• Hydrological Information Products(Version

1.0)

• Runoff,

• Soil Moisture and

• Evapotranspiration

• Geo-spatial data & current season

meteorological data (IMD CPC & TRMM) is

used.

• Experimental daily Hydrological fluxes are

generated and uploaded to NRSC/Bhuvan in

near real time( lag time of 2days)

• Modelling frame work at 3mx3m and Model

run in forecast mode is in progress

Source -- http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/nices/

Daily Products

Interactive Viewer & Trend Analysis

Time Series Animation

Daily water Balance Components Estimation at 9min Grid Level

Daily Water Balance Components at 9 min

Grid level Daily Mean (India) Water Balance Components

Daily Mean (India) Runoff

Coefficient

Ra

infa

ll

Ru

no

ff

Eva

po

tra

ns

pir

ati

on

Seasonal Water Balance

Components

(01st Jun – 12th Aug 2014)

nrsc

Runoff

Evapotranspiration

Soil Moisture

1000 mm

0

500 mm

0

450 mm

0

(01st Jun 2014 -12th Aug 2014)

Perur

Koida

Koida

Perur Godavari

Pranahita

Indravati

Hydrological

description of

the study area

Sabari

Badrachalam

Recent Flood Events

2000

2001

2006

2010

2011

2012

Flood Forecast Model for the Godavari Basin & Real-time Simulations Static Data

- Landuse/landcover, Soil texture, DEM

Derived Parameters:

Topographic and Hydraulic Parameters of sub-basins and Channels

Dynamic Data

- Real-time 3 hr. Rainfall and discharge data (during 2010&11 from CWC)

- Daily Rainfall Data in near real-time from IMD of 2012.

- Rainfall forecast grids at 3 hr frequency from IMD, New Delhi

-Monthly ET data, and Rating curves

Real-time validation at CWC, Hyderabad

- The model was calibrated, validated and operationally used in 2010 and 2012

using real-time hydro- met. data obtained from CWC and IMD.

- Flood alerts were given to CWC and DMSP during the 2012 monsoon season.

- Inundation simulations were done using ALTM DEM of Sabari Floodplains.

Computed Discharge

Observed Discharge

Flood Stage

Flood Forecast Hydrograph at Perur Inundation simulation in Sabari River

using ALTM DEM (on Bhuvan)

Modelling Environment:

HEC-HMS, HEC-Geo HMS, HEC-RAS,

HEC- Geao RAS (public domin

softwares)

Development of similar models to other

frequent flood prone rivers of the

country.

Mahanadi ( in progress)

Brahmani-Baitarani,

Kosi, (Initiated)

Gghagra (Initiated)

Gandak, and

Krishna River Basins

Early Warning System for Flood Disaster Mitigation

– Using Space Inputs through Hydrological Modelling Approach

Background:

Godavari flood forecast model has been implemented in

real-time successfully in collaboration with CWC. The

activity has been extended to other major flood-prone river

basins of the country in the second phase of the project.

Objectives:

To develop flood forecast models for the most frequent flood-

prone rivers of the country such as; Mahanadi, Gagra,

Gandak, Kosi, Brahmani-Baitarani, and Krishns

Present Status:

• Mahanadi flood forecast model has been developed. The

model has been calibrated and validated with the hydro-

meteorological data of 2001 & 2006. real-time validation of

the model during the present monsoon (2014) is in

progress.

• Flood Forecast model development for Ghagra Basin is

taken up by the RC-West under the technical guidance of

WRG, NRSC.

• Model development for Gandak and Kosi rivers are

in progress at WRG, NRSC. Topographic parameters

computations are completed, model setup is in progress

Static Data used:

- Landuse/landcover (AWiFS, 56m grid)

- Soil texture (1:250,000 scale of NBSSLUP)

- DEM (CARTO 30 m DEM for FF and 10m DEM for flood

inundation simulation)

Dynamic Data used:

- Discharge data of 2001 and 2006 from 19 gauge sites (CWC)

- Rainfall data of more than 90 stations (IMD)

- Monthly ET data

- Hirakud Dam operational Tables (CWC)

Mahanadi Flood Forecast Model

Basin Area: 1,41,600 Sq.Km

Mahanadi FF Model

Flood Hydrograph Just Before Hirakud Dam(2006)

Observed Discharge Computed Discharge

Results of 2013 Cyclones (Phailin Cyclone) at Tikarpara: Rainfall Data: 12 & 13 Oct AWS & ARG Rainfall, 14 & 15 IMD rainfall

Forecast

Date Obs. Discharge (Cumecs)

Comp. Discharge (Cumecs)

12 Oct, 2013 12,600 9,640

13 Oct, 2013 8,700 9,260

14 Oct, 2013 6,500 6,012

Results

- Discharge computational accuracy is more than 85%

- Predicting flood event time of occurrence (>90%)

- Runoff in each sub-basin can be computed

- Flood hydrograph at any river location can be computed

* Hirakud Dam has controlled the outflow after 14th

Outlet is at Naraj Gauge Station

Flood Early Warning Flood Inundation Modelling

nrs

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ALTM –DTM Konta

Kunavaram

Resoursesat-2

23 Aug,2012

Time 10:30

Simulation Results

23 Aug,2012

Time 06:00

Radarsat-2

06-Aug-2013

Time 06:00

Simulation Results

06-Aug-2013

Time 06:00

>90% accuracy

Earthen Dam/Embankment Breach Analysis (Froehlich Method)

DAM breach Parameters computed: Average Breach Width, Time to Peak, Peak Flow,

Volume of water stored above breach at the time of failure, etc.

Topographic parameters computed: River cross section profiles along the river (using

CARTO 10m DEM), manning’s roughness parameters (using LULC of 2010).

Hydraulic parameters computed: Velocity of flow, water level, and discharge of flow at

every cross section, flood hydrographs for different scenarios (for assumed possible depth

of water in the lake), and flood inundation simulations under different scenarios.

Modelling Environment: MIKE 11 and HEC RAS

Hazard Assessment of South Lhonak Glacier lake in Sikkim Himalaya

Growth of the lake as viewed by RS Satellites

Landsat TM, 10-11-1989 Area: 37.32 Ha

IRS P6, LISS III 17-11-2008 Area: 98.73 Ha

IRS 1D, LISS III 17-11-2002 Area: 78.95 Ha

IRS P6, LISS IV 03-07-2012 Area: 102 Ha.

Simulated flood hydrographs for different

depths of water in the lake Possible flood inundation simulation in case of

Sudden failure of the earthen dam (at 10000 m 3/s)

Summery of Results

- Depth of inundation varies from 3 to 5 m when the discharge is 10,000 m 3/s

- Peak discharge will occur within one hour in case of sudden failure of the earthen

dam.

- Outburst of the lake alone may not cause any flood problem in the area. It may have

impact if this is added to the floods caused by rainfall in the downstream of the lake.

- No prominent villages , settlements, bridges etc. were noticed within the floodplains of

the studied river stretch

Kedarnath Flash Floods: A Hydrological and Hydraulic Simulation Study

Objective: To study the Integrated effect of Chorabari Lake Breach and runoff due to high intensity rainfall

Study Area: Mandakini River Catchment up to the Rudraprayog (1614 Sq. Km).

Chorabari Lake: Lake Area and volume are 3 Ha and 0.4 MCM respectively (approx.) Input Data Used: CARTO DEM of 10m resolution and LULC grid.

Rainfall: TRMM daily rainfall data was used. Rainfall in Bhagirathi and Alaknanda catchments were 550 and 530 mm respectively (10th to 18th June, 2013)

Mandakini Basin Model Setup

Results:

• Peak flood due to breach of Chorabari lake was estimated at 780 m3/s and it occurred within 13 minutes of breach. • Maximum flow at Rudraprayog was computed at 2700 m3/s • From the computations velocity of flow was found to vary from 2 to 8 m/s at various cross sections • Depth of flow at various cross sections was found to vary from 3 to 16 m. • Disaster was occurred due to integrated effect of lake breach, high intensity rainfall, and steep topography in the Mandakini catchment.

Spatial Variation of Rainfall on 5th

Sep, 2014 in mm. (Point data

Source: IMD)

Accumulated Rainfall (3rd to 5th Sep , 2014)

in each sub-basin (in mm)

Sub-

watersheds of

the Basin

NAME AREA(Sq.km)

Sep-03 Sep-04 Sep-05 Sum(3 TO 5 SEP)

CPC TRMM IMD CPC TRMM IMD CPC TRMM IMD CPC TRMM IMD CPC TRMM IMD

W220 522.6687 17.488 12.54 60.582 26.154 18.69 80.251 21.063 4.78 31.316 64.705 36.01 172.149 33819.3 18821.3 89976.9

W230 505.683 22.511 10.113 57.093 29.727 28.193 77.918 22.671 4.238 33.924 74.909 42.544 168.935 37880.2 21513.8 85427.6

W240 792.9009 33.834 15.936 62.125 26.725 45.731 81.913 26.553 5.314 30.452 87.112 66.981 174.49 69071.2 53109.3 138353

W250 647.757 30.465 22.652 59.477 17.196 27.651 77.747 16.534 8.146 31.782 64.195 58.449 169.006 41582.8 37860.7 109475

W260 1571.5782 21.305 32.114 51.261 62.757 98.861 69.413 100.572 11.966 38.739 184.634 142.941 159.413 290167 224643 250530

W270 503.091 37.148 22.268 57.406 25.065 33.299 71.804 25.459 8.197 31.376 87.672 63.764 160.586 44107 32079.1 80789.4

W280 446.0994 38.386 21.808 61.076 45.317 38.128 77.136 43.306 6.922 29.132 127.009 66.858 167.344 56658.6 29825.3 74652.1

W290 0.0648 33.834 15.936 62.125 26.725 45.731 81.913 26.553 5.314 30.452 87.112 66.981 174.49 5.64486 4.34037 11.307

W300 0.0486 36.121 15.601 54.569 56.195 56.51 76.716 39.554 8.495 36.876 131.87 80.606 168.161 6.40888 3.91745 8.17262

W310 2011.0437 36.121 15.601 54.569 56.195 56.51 76.716 39.554 8.495 36.876 131.87 80.606 168.161 265196 162102 338179

W320 30.0186 30.355 21.93 55.794 52.584 39.78 66.261 55.685 4.95 29.158 138.624 66.66 151.213 4161.3 2001.04 4539.2

W330 899.2377 47.213 27.156 57.838 97.185 51.65 78.63 68.805 10.719 36.242 213.203 89.525 172.71 191720 80504.3 155307

W340 49.5234 29.875 21.93 54.94 66.768 39.78 64.135 67.028 4.95 27.523 163.671 66.66 146.598 8105.54 3301.23 7260.03

W350 543.4209 49.15 32.076 55.438 111.728 56.181 77.188 90.181 15.637 39.086 251.059 103.894 171.712 136431 56458.2 93311.9

W360 1528.3728 30.096 26.921 56.979 77.883 58.816 78.371 106.598 14.135 42.836 214.577 99.872 178.186 327954 152642 272335

W370 1101.1545 15.816 35.954 46.362 72.359 110.189 86.063 155.236 30.474 52.126 243.411 176.617 184.551 268033 194483 203219

W380 321.3351 21.503 31.602 55.317 64.745 75.915 100.001 154.646 26.601 61.629 240.894 134.118 216.947 77407.7 43096.8 69712.7

W390 514.2123 51.282 34.84 63.321 119.011 63.306 120.092 137.15 22.984 73.525 307.443 121.13 256.938 158091 62286.5 132121

W400 1231.2 57.985 31.284 64.829 180.359 68.556 134.882 147.222 38.707 79.621 385.566 138.547 279.332 474709 170579 343914

W410 103.1535 28.172 31.44 42.34 75.554 67.65 104.715 150.539 28.74 64.439 254.265 127.83 211.494 26228.3 13186.1 21816.3

W420 965.4228 44.204 33.033 29.19 128.181 61.612 119.651 119.328 51.62 75.275 291.713 146.265 224.116 281626 141208 216367

14287.9869 2792961 1499708 2687305

WT.AVERAGE 195.476 104.963 188.081

Comparison of IMD, CPC, and

TRMM Rainfall

Jhelum (Srinagar) Floods-03-05 Sep.2014

Rainfall varies 146 to 280 mm

(Avg.188mm) from 3rd to 5th Sep,

2014

Peak Q @ outlet is 3782 m3/sec

and at @ Srinagar

is 2728 m3/sec.

Than Q