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SAS macro language 401

Macro basicsfor high schools

Markku Suni 30.06.2009


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SAS Macro language

401: High School course

Source material:

SAS Guide to Macro Processing

SAS Macro Facility Tips & Techniques

In the Know SAS Tips & Techniques From Around the

Globe SAS Macro Programming Made Easy

Reporting From the Field

Proceedings from SUGI 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23

Own and other wizards experiences

Macro Facility = Macro Processor + Macro Language


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Macro processor theory

SAS program has been submitted: SUBMIT

Scanner scans the program code

Tokenizer searches for a token (name or smthng.)Finds character % or &

Macro processor is woken; reads the next word

Macro processor acts accordingly

Possibly replaces the word with text

Updates its tables Re-reads the word, does the previous

Destroys the word it just read

Tokenizer carries on after the character

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Creating a macro variable

Macro variable can be created in:

iterative %DO-statement

%GLOBAL statement

%INPUT statement

%LET statement SQL query

%LOCAL statement

%MACRO statement

%WINDOW statement

Or using %SYMPUT-routine

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So many ways. How canI remember all of those

ways an know what to use?


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Creating a macro variableMacro variable can de created in SQL query. Let us count

# observations in a file:

%let unit = Actuarian;Proq sql noprint;

select count(*)into :nobs

from base.bills ( where = ( unit =:&yksiko));quit;%put Unit &unit has been sent &nobs bills;

Keyword INTO directs the result to variable.Colon defines the variable as macro variable

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Value list

Talking about SQL . . . A list of values could be useful sometimes:

%data bosses;

input name $ ;

cards;

Nilken

Murikka

;

Proq sql noprint;

select quote(name)

into :names separated by

from bosses

quit;

data salaries;

set perre.palkat

( where= ( name IN ( &names )));

run;

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Macro loop - %do

Repetition is possible:%macr o names( name, amt ) ; Char string as a number

%do n = 1 %t o &amt ;

&name&n dot not needed

%end;

%mend names;

Pr oc pr i nt dat a = i nf o;

var %names( var , 4 ) ; => var var 1 var 2 var 3 var 4 ;

But:

%macr o names( name, kpl ) ; char string as a number

%do n = 1 %t o &kpl ;

&name. n&n Now a dot is needed there

%end;

%mend ni met ;

Pr oc pr i nt dat a = i nf o;

var %names( var , 4 ) ;

=> var var n1 var n2 var n3 var n4 ;

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Creating a macro variable

%LET value is an arbitraty macro expression:

%LET macro = summa ; same value

%LET macro = summa ; same value

%LET luku = 200 ;

%LET luku = 200 + 300;

%LET luku = %str( 200 + 300 ); Preferably like this

%LET expr = &macro &luku ;

%LET name = %STR( Sunis & Sons company );

%LET tittel = %STR( title Listing for &name on &sysdate; );

%LET titel = %STR( title %str(&tittel) &sysdate; );

This results in a warning, but it will work

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Environmental issues

Confusing example:%macro namelst( name, number );

%do n = 1 %to &number;

&name&n

%end;%mend namelst;

%let n = 42;

proc print data = guide;

var %namelst( dept, 5 );

title The answer is &n;

run;

Now the compiler will see:proc print data = guide;var dept1 dept2 dept3 dept4 dept5 ;

title The answer is 6;

run;

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Environmental iussues

Confusing example:%macro namelst( name, number );

%do n = 1 %to &number;

&name&n

%end;

%mend namelst;

%let n = 42;

proc print data = guide;

var %namelst( dept, 5 );

title The answer is &n;

run;

Now the compiler will see:proc print data = guide;

var dept1 dept2 dept3 dept4 dept5 ;

title The answer is 6;

run; Solution: %local n;

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Macro statements

This course will skip

statements

%DISPLAY

%GOTO%INPUT

%KEYDEF

%label%WINDOW


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Macro statements - comments

Comment statement%* comment ;

This comment statement only exists in source code of macro.It wont go to the generated program code.

/* comment */Normal SAS language comment to go the generated code.

Macro variables are not spotted inside comments

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Macro statements

SAS macro language knows several statements that resemble

corresponding SAS statements, e.g.

%IF %THEN %DO;

.

%END;

There is a clear distinction: macro language statements directthe macro processor and they will be executed before

compilation.

As a result of the execution there will be SAS program code.

Macro statements operate on higher level, should we say, on

META-level.

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Macro statements - %DO

%DO-statement forms a block: %DO . %END;Iterative %DO:

%DO = %TO %BY ;

: created, if it does not yet exist

, , : macro expressions with integer values

%macro create( maxim )

input %do i = 1 %to &maxim; var&i %end; ;

%mend create;

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Macro statements - %DO %UNTIL

%DO %UNTIL -statement repeats until the condition is true (atleast once) :

%DO %UNTIL( ); %END ;

E.g. :

%DO %UNTIL( &hold = no ); .. %END;%DO %UNTIL( %INDEX( &target, &source ) = 0 ); ... %END;

%macro create( kpl);%let I = 1;

input%do %until( I = &kpl);

var&I%let I = %eval( &I + 1 );

%end; ;%mend create;

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Macro statements - %DO %WHILE

%DO %WHILE statement repeats while the condition is true (possibly 0 times) :%DO %WHILE( ); %END ;

E.g.:

%DO %WHILE( &hold < &b ); .. %END;

%DO %WHILE( %LENGTH(&target) > 20 and &source ne ); ... %END;

%macro create( kpl);%let I = &kpl ;input%do %while( I > 0);var&I

%let I = %eval( &I - 1 );%end; ;%mend create;

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Mackro statements - %END, %GLOBAL

%END statement ends a %DO-block

%GLOBAL defines macro variables and declares them to beglobal.

An existing local macro variable can not be changed global

The new variables are initially empty until they are

assigned a value Inside a macro the new variable created can be deinfed

global

Often there is a reason to do so

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Macro statements - %LET

%LET statement defines a macro variable and/or assigns it avalue

See the rules of the EPA

%LET variable = value ;

All the beginning and trailing blanks are removed between characters =ja; and the rest there is set to new value of the macro variable.

The value van also be empty (= nothing).

If special characters are needed, the function %STR can be used asmentioned in course macro 101.

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Macro statements - %MACRO

%MACRO-statement defines a macro

%macro < / options >;

Macro name is 1 - 8 chars. Parameter list: comma separated parameter names

(positional parameters) or pairs =

Positional parameters come first on the list A parameter can be empty

Options:

STMT: macro is called as a statement

PARMBUFF: the whole parameter list becomes the value of

automagic macro variable SYSPBUFF

(allows varying parameter lists)

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Macro statements - %PUT

%PUT-statement writes text on log

It can be used inside or outside a macro

%put Macro execution begins ;

%put Macro variable term has value of &term ;

%put %STR( Use the characters ; and % and & right !! );

%put %str( ) ;

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Macro statements %SYSEXEC


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Macro statements - %SYSEXEC

%SYSEXEC-statement causes the immediate execution of an

operating system command and sets the corresponding

return code to macro variable SYSRC.

Statement can be used in open code or inside a macro in an

interactive session.

Statement works the same way as X-statement in SAS-

language

%sysexec ; goes to operating system state; the user can give

many commands and then return to SAS

%sysexec delete *.tmp ;

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Macro statements %SYSEXEC


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Macro statements - %SYSEXEC

%SYSEXEC-statement is somewhat operatign systemdependent: statement exists in batch or non-interactive execution

Return to SAS from operating system state The operating system commands available Return codes

Example:%macro exec;%if %upcase( &sysscp ) = OS %then

%sysexec ex dt.s1234.clist(siivous);%else %if %upcase( &sysscp ) = WIN %then

%sysexec c:\dos\siivous.exe;%else %put The system does not have this service &sysscp;

%mend exec;

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M l f i


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Macro language functions

Macro language knows some character string functions:

%index searches for the character string in another

%length returns the length of its argument%qscan searches words and quotes the result, also % ja &

%qsubstr like %substr, but quotes the result

%qupcase like %upcase, but quotes

%scan searches words from a character string and returns

the word%substr searches a substring from a character string

%upcase converts argument to upper case

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Macro language contains a small group of arithmetic functions:

%eval interprets the expression gives in argument as aninteger expressions and executes the arithmetic operations

and logical comparisons in it

%sysevalf the same with floating point numbers

%let x = 100%let x = %eval( &x + 150 );%let sum = 42 + 21;%let sum = %eval( 42 + 21 );

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Macro language offers a number of quoting functions:%bquote

%nrbquote

%nrquote

%nrstr

%quote

%str

%superq

%unquote

They are powerful and extremely dangerousWe skip them in this course

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Indirect macro variables

A macro variable can be referred to indirectly

The program contains &&name

Macro processor examines the text after & searching for a word

&& is replaced with & and the result of the examination is re-scanned

Example:

%let v1 = 42;%let v2 = 21;%let v3 = 10;%let v4 = 0;%macro setit( num, value );

%let &&v&num = &value;%mend aseta;

If num is 1, , 4, all goes well.

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Example: Faculty name in title


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p y

%let y010 = CeB;

%let y060 = Health ;

%let y130 = Art ;

/* Create the material */

DATA a;

DO fac = '010', '060', '130';

DO class = 1 to 3;

DO case = 1 to 10;

paymt = ranuni( 1107 )*100;

fee = ranuni( 1107 ) * 80;

OUTPUT a;

END;

END;END;

run;

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Example: Faculty name in title


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p y

DATA a;

DO; DO; DO;

END; END; END;

run;

%macro printit( facu );

PROC tabulate data = a ;

WHERE fac = "&facu";

CLASS class;VAR paymt fee;

TABLE class, (paymt fee)*sum;

TITLE Faculty: &&y&facu, payments and fees";

run;%mend printit;

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Examples


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p

Department name and shortening

proc format;value $fdept

CeB = JuhaIT = JanneEle = Markku ;

%let mosas = JTUOT3;

data _null_;set info;by dept;if first.dept then

call symput( dept, put( dept,$fdept. ));

proc print data = info;where dept = &mosas;title Department &mosas, boss &&&mosas;

run;

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Examples


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p

Beginning and end of a month:

%macro mmobe( pvm ) /* pvm: SAS-datevariable */

begmo = mdy( month( &pvm ), 1, year( &pvm ));%mend mmobe;

%macro mmoen ( pvm ) /* pvm: SAS-datevariable */

if month( &pvm ) = 12 then

endmo = mdy( 1, 1, year( pvm ) + 1 ) -1;

else endmo = mdy( month( &pvm ) + 1, 1, year( &pvm )) -1;

%mend mmoen;

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Examples

Procedure TABULATE has a handicap: classes for which

there are no observations, are not shown; thus the reader

does not know that valueja could there be

(compare to procedures CHART ja GCHART option

MIDPOINTS) .

Q&D-solution: append the original material an empty

material with the wanted class variable valuet, butnothing else.

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Examples


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p

%macro tabulk( x ) / parmbuff ;%let stop = %length( &syspbuff );

%let seti = %scan( &syspbuff, 1 );

%let name = %scan( &syspbuff, 2 );

data _mz_ ( keep = &name );%do I = 3 to &stop;

%let value = %scan( &syspbuff, &i );

%if &value ne %then %do;

&name = &value;output;

%end;

%else %let i = &stop;

%end;proc append base = &seti data = _mz_;

run;

%mend tabulk;

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Examples


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data koe; using the macroinput classn euros sales;cards;

1 100 2001 100 2003 300 503 200 605 100 505 200 60

;%tabulk( koe, classn, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );proc tabulate data = koe;

class luokka;var markka myynti;

table luokka all, ( markka myynti )* sum/misstext = Missing;

run;

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Examples


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---------------------------------

! ! EUROS ! SALES ! And the result is---------------------------------

!CLASS ! ! !

!-----------!---------!---------!

!1 ! 200! 400!

!-----------!---------!---------!

!2 ! Missing! Missing!

!-----------!---------!---------!

!3 ! 500! 110!

!-----------!---------!---------!

!4 ! Missing! Missing!

!-----------!---------!---------!

!5 ! 300! 110!

!-----------!---------!---------!

!ALL ! 1000! 620!

---------------------------------

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