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Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

Sarda Sahayak

Canal Irrigation System

Pratibha Tripathi

NAIP Project Inception Workshop

IIM Ahmedabad, 17-18 April, 2009


Structure • Introduction

• Location

• Salient features

• Historical discharge

• Allocation of water

• Topography

• Climate

• Ground water availability

• Agriculture coverage

• Industries in the command area

• Hydropower

• Issues for concern


Introduction • One of the largest CIS in Uttar Pradesh

• Initiated in 1968

• To augment irrigation water supplies in lower reaches of Ganga-Ghaghra doab

• By diverting 480 cumecs of Ghaghra water into Sarda river by a link canal

• Length of the link channel – 28.70 km

• Completed in 2000 at an estimated cost of Rs. 1300 cr.


Location

Source: S. Chandra and J. Mohan (1991)


• Lakhimpur Kheri

• Sitapur

• Lucknow,

• Barabanki

• Rai Bareli

• Allahabad

• Pratapgarh

• Jaunpur

• Varanasi

• Azamgarh

• Sultanpur

• Mau

• Ballia

• Faizabad

• Ghazipur

• Ambedkarnagar


Salient features

• Source of water: Ghaghra and Sarda

• Location of barrage: – Girja barrage 716 M long across river Ghaghra near Katarnia ghat in

district Bahraich

– Lower Sarda barrage 408 M long across river Sarda in district Lakhimpur Kheri

• Link channel: 28 km connecting Girija and Sarda Barrage. – Discharge 480 cumecs

– Water depth 4.1 m

• Feeder channel: 260 km – 650 cumec discharge capacity

– Twin channel 26-105 km

– Crossing rivers Gomti and Sai in the Ghaghra-Ganga sub-basin


Salient features (Contd.)

• Main canal and branches: 1378.0 km

• Distributaries and minors: 14684.0 km

• Drains with masonry works: 17752 km of

• Culturable command area (CCA): 16.77 m Ha

• Proposed irrigation potential

– Rabi 36% CCA

– Paddy 33 % CCA

– Sugarcane 7 %

– Others 20 %

• Source: SSP, revised project report Vol 1, Irrigation Department UO (1976)



Main Channels of System

Name of Channel Discharge cumecs CCA (Lac HA)

Dariyabad Branch 242 6.87

Barabanki Branch 36 1.03

Haidergarh Branch 165 4.57

Rae Bareli Branch 29 0.81

Allahabad Branch 149 3.83

Pratapgarh Branch 32.76 0.916



Uses of water

• Irrigation

• Non-irrigation

– Domestic

– Hydro and thermal power generation

– Industrial

– Environmental flows


Historical discharge

• Project started with a discharge capacity of 23,000

Cusecs

• Provides

– Exhaustive irrigation to 6 districts

Allahabad, Rae Bareli, Sultanpur, Barabanki, Jaunpur and

Pratapgarh

– Less than 20 % of total demand for irrigation to 5

districts

Ambedkarnagar, Faizabad, Mau, Sitapur and Varanasi

– About 18% of irrigation needs to 3 districts

Ballia, Gazipur and Lucknow the total irrigation


Creation of Potential and utilization

Year Potential created by the

end of year (lac Ha)

Potential utilised (Lac

Ha)

Total % Irrigation

potential utilised

Kharif Rabi

1978 7.7 1.43 1.99 3.42 44.4

1979 8.9 1.45 2.88 4.33 48.7

1980 10 2.82 4 6.82 68.2

1981 10.5 1.95 4.35 6.3 60.0

1982 11 2.22 4.5 6.72 61.1

1983 12.36 2.97 4.53 7.5 60.7

1984 13 3.14 4.44 7.58 58.3

1985 13.5 3.59 4.39 7.98 59.1

1986 14.08 3.51 4.5 8.01 56.9


Reason for non-utilisation of total potential

• Inadequate flow of water as compared to original

design discharge

• Incomplete On-Farm Development work

• Consolidation of holding in different areas

• Occupancy of command area by industry and

others


Topography

• Lies in central and eastern part of Uttar Pradesh

• Occupies central portion of structurally homogenous alluvial plain of Ganga valley


Topography: Soil

• Generally fertile – Alluvial soils with beds of clay

– Either sandy or calcareous, corresponding to mud and sand

– Occasional gravel beds and lenses of organic matter

• Types of soil in the irrigation area:- – Alluvial clay with heavy texture

– Alluvial clay with medium texture

– Brown and grey soil

– Usar (soil with high salinity)

• No rock bed is disclosed even after boring for 150-305 m – Old alluvium deposition – Bangar

– Newer alluvium deposition in the river bed - Khadar


Climate

• The irrigation area is located in central part of humid mesothermal climatological region of India

• It has mild monsoon climate

• Meteorological Department of India has divided whole year into: – Season of NE monsoon

• Cold weather (Dec- March)

• Hot weather (Mar- June)

– Season of SW monsoon • Rain fall (June-Sept)

• Retreating monsoon (Sept-Dec)


Climate (Contd.) • Climate and rainfall generally show variation in different

areas

• Rainy season - middle of June -middle of October

• Precipitation mostly during months of July, August and September.

• Winter rains are scant

• 50-year average annual rainfall is 978 mm.

• Due to high silt flows during the flood season, Sarda Sahayak supplies are suspended for 100 days between June and October, when the Lower Sarda Canal (feeder canal) draws water from the Sarda River, which is then in floods


Ground-water availability

• A major source of water resource

• Replenishable ground water potential in the project area was estimated as 1892.05 million cubic meter

• Should be used well for – intensification and diversification of agriculture – control ground water levels within safe zones to mitigate the

problems of water logging.

• CGWB suggested 15% of the replenishable ground water

resource has to be earmarked for drinking and domestic use of the local community.


Ground-water availability (Contd.)

• Water levels (UP) - 2 Metres Below Ground Level (mbgl) - 30 mbgl

• Sharda Sahayak Canal Command area - more than 20 mbgl along the natural levees formed on either side of river Ganga

• In the Sarda Sahayak Canal Command areas, the water logging and salinization are posing a threat to water level

• Source: CGWB


Agricultural coverage

• According to 1981 census project area covered population of 20 million (10.2 m male +9.8 m female)

• Population density: 505 per square km

• Economy : Agrarian

• 82% of the population dependent upon agriculture

• 96 % of the command area (SSP) is culturable

• Growing trend towards industrialization


Agricultural coverage :Crops grown

Kharif Rabi Zaid (during summers)

Paddy Wheat Vegetables

Bajra Gram Melons

Ground nut Pea Cucumbers

Moong Potato

Jowar and Arhar Bera

Maize Barley

Urd Musturd

Kodai and Lobiya Fodder

Sugar cane

Dhaniya and musturd

The crops highlighted are main crops of the season

• Paddy occupies 34.24 % of total area

• After it Wheat grows in large area

• Sugarcane & potato are commercial crops

• Ground nut is also an important crop


Industrialization

• The industry development is modest

• Mainly based on processing

• Broadly classified into: – Agricultural products

• sugar industry

• rice & flour milling industry

• pulse grinding

• oil crushing

• cotton textile manufacturing

– Forest products

– Locally available minerals


Industrialization (Contd.)

Sugar industry

• Main source of income for people living in the rural area.

• Water intensive

• Several sugar mills in the area like Masodna, Biswa,

Moholi etc

Upcoming industries

• Plywood (Sitapur)

• Fertilizer factory (Sultanpur)

• Fruit preservation

• Cold storage

• Perfume industry

• Bone-based factories


Hydropower generation

• Sarda Barrage (Upper Sarda Barrage) Irrigation Project

generates hydropower with an installed capacity of 41

MW from the canal head power station.

• In Nepal, Karnali and Mahakali rivers together have

hydropower potential of 36,180 MW (economically

exploitable is 25,000 MW) out of a total potential of

83,000 MW

• In Uttaranchal, which adjoins the Sarda, the power

generation envisaged is likely to be 6400 MW at 60%

load factor (about 24,000 MW at 16% load factor)


Environmental floras

• For rivers


Issues for concern

• Siltation

• Water discharge

• Water reach

• Water demand

• Drainage

• Water logging


Thank You

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