sarah young delivering sustainable bioenergy

8/19/2019 Sarah Young Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy

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Delivering Sustainable

Bioenergy

Presentationby

Sarah Young

Land Use Consultants

17th April 2007


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utline o! presentation

1" #hat is bioenergy$

2" %o& 'u(h energy is currently produ(ed !ro' bioenergy$

)" #hat is the scale of the opportunity$

*" Can bioenergy really (ontribute to&ards reducing CO2$

+" #hat are the environmental impacts o! bioenergy produ(tion$


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1" #hat is bioenergy$

, Bioenergy is the in(lusive ter' !or all !or's o! bio'ass and bio!uels

- Biomass. re!ers to the use o! biodegradable 'atter as a sour(e o!

rene&able heat or ele(tri(ity

- Biofuels. are rene&able transport !uels in(luding.

, Bioethanol

, Biodiesel

, Biogas

, Biobutanol


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#hat are the 'ain sour(es o! bioenergy$

, Woodfuels e"g" short rotation(oppi(e /SC and short rotation!orestry /S3 !orest residues andlo& grade ti'ber

, Perennial grass crops e"g"'is(anthus

, Conventional annual crops e"g"sugar beet3 (ereal (rops3 sorghu'3oil seed rape3 linseed andsun!lo&ers

, Waste e"g" (o& and pig slurry3poultry litter and &ood &aste

Bioenergy /in the !or' o! bio'ass or bio!uels (an be generated !ro' !our

prin(iple sour(es.

SC plantation

4is(anthus

ilseed rape


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2" %o& 'u(h energy is (urrently produ(ed !ro' bioenergy$


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)" #hat is the s(ale o! the opportunity$

Resource map of Forestry residues in GB

, +56 o! the U89s ele(tri(ity supply by 2020 /(urrently1"+

, 7 o! the heat 'ar:et by 201+ /(urrently 1

, + o! the U89s transport !uel de'ands by 2010 /(urrently 0"2+

;he


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%o& &ill this be realised$

, Stra&3 &aste &ood and &ood!uel have the greatest i''ediate potential to(ontribute to rene&able heat and po&er

, Short rotation (oppi(e and 'is(anthus o!!er signi!i(ant potential in thelonger ter' but this &ill re?uire a signi!i(ant (hange in land5use

, @n the 'ediu' to long ter'3 the develop'ent o! ne& (onversionte(hnologies &ill !avour the 'ore (arbon5e!!i(ient 'ulti5annual (rops/&ood!uels3 SC and 'is(anthus and redu(e the de'and !or oilseed rapeand &heat as bio!uels


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=>isting bioenergy use

#ood Based uels

=le(tri(ity and %eat ;ransport

Perennial


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but &ith se(ond generation bio!uels""

#ood Based uels

=le(tri(ity and %eat ;ransport

Perennial


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*" Can bio'ass really (ontribute to&ards redu(ing C2$

Electricity Generation % of green house gassavings versus fossil fuel

reference

Grid Electricity

Electricity from miscanthus 84%

Electricity from SRC woodchip 84%

Electricity from forest residue 86%

Electricity from straw 59%

Small Scale Heating

Oil red heatin !oiler "

Com!ustion of woodchip 9#%Sour(e. Defra from: Carbon and energy balances for a range of biofuels options 3 She!!ield %alla' University /200)

and WTW evaluation for production of ethanol from wheat 3 Lo& Carbon ehi(le Partnership3 /200*3


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Can bio!uels really (ontribute to&ards redu(ing C2$

Transport Fuels % saving in GHG versus fossil fuel reference

Source: Sheeld Hallamniv! "#$$& ' (o) *+,

"#$$-&

Source: E-tech ".ay#$$/&

0iesel "ultra lo) sulphur&

$iodiesel from oilseed rape&

5#% #8 "5'%

$iodiesel fromrecycled (eeta!leoil

85% "

Second enerationdiesel

" 94%

,etrol "ultra lo) sulphur&

Ethanol from wheatrains

49"6'% '"''%

Ethanol from suar 54% #)"64%


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Con(lusions on (arbon savings

, Carbon savings are difficult to predict as they are a!!e(ted by agri(ulturalpra(ti(e3 produ(tion3 pro(essing 'ethods and transportation o! the!eedsto(:

, ;he 'ost (arbon e!!i(ient (onversion te(hnologies are those that produceheat or CHP dire(tly !ro' the energy (rop rather than those that produ(eele(tri(ity

, Superior (arbon savings (an be a(hieved !ro' second generationbiofuels produ(ed !ro' bio'ass

, @n addition3 the estimated yield per he(tare !ro' se(ond generation!eedsto(: is at least three ti'es greater than that o! rapeseed bio'ass


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+" #hat are the environ'ental i'pa(ts o! bioenergy$

Range of impacts both positive and negative that arise from use of

bioenergy

o(us on.

Wood based fuels:

, short rotation (oppi(e /SC, short rotation !orestry /S, !orest residues and lo& grade ti'ber

ot (overing""

Perennial grass crops

Conventional annual crops

Waste


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#hat is short rotation (oppi(e$

, Densely planted3 high yieldingvarieties o! either &illo& or

popular

, %arvested on average every 25+years

, =>pe(ted li!espan o! 1+52+years /(orresponding to around

6 harvests

, Shoots usually harvested during

the &inter as (hips3 short billetsor as &hole ste's

, Yields !ro' SC at !irst harvestrange !ro' 7512 tonnes dry

&eightEhaEyr


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Threats Opportunities

andscape • (hange in lands(ape(hara(ter

• obs(ure lands(ape!eatures

• add stru(tural diversity• restore and reinstate boundary

!eatures

Biodiversity • displa(e open !ar'landbird spe(ies

• da'age sensitive &etlandhabitats

• in(rease abundan(eEdiversityground !lora !ar'land birdspe(ies and invertebrates

• provide habitat !or s'all'a''als

• bu!!er &oodlands and vulnerablehabitats

Water • high &ater re?uire'ents • i'prove &ater ?uality• ta(:le nitrate pollution proble's

• treat &aste&ater

!oil • soil (o'pa(tion • redu(e soil erosion andsedi'entation proble's

"rchaeology • da'age ar(haeologi(alsites and deposits

#hat are the environ'ental i'pa(ts o! SC$


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4anage'ent re(o''endations !or SC

#o: Benefits:

use 'i>ed spe(ies biodiversity3 lands(ape

in(orporate headlands3 rides F open spa(es biodiversity3 lands(ape

lo(ate to 'ini'ise transport redu(e C2

(oppi(e (y(li(ally biodiversity3 lands(ape

li'it use o! !ertiliser3 herbi(ides F pesti(ides biodiversity3 &ater ?uality

#on$t: %mpacts:

establish large 'ono(ulture blo(:s biodiversity3 lands(ape

repla(e land o! high value !or biodiversity biodiversity

plant in lo& rain!all areas or on &aterlogged soils biodiversity

blo(: re(reational a((ess &ell5being

plant on sites o! ar(haeologi(al interest heritage


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#hat is short rotation !orestry$

, Cultivation o! !ast5gro&ing trees thatrea(h their e(ono'i(ally opti'u' siGe

bet&een H520 years old

, #hen !elled 5 repla(ed by ne& plantingor regenerate !ro' stu'ps as (oppi(e

, arieties 'ay in(lude native spe(iessu(h as alder3 ash3 bir(h3 poplar3

sy(a'ore /(ultivars3 and non5native

spe(ies su(h as eu(alyptus and

southern bee(h (nothofagus)


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andscape • non native spe(ies 5 i'pa(ton lands(ape (hara(ter

• inappropriate in so'e openlands(apes

• (reation o! ne& nativebroadleaved &oodland

• e>pansion o! e>isting &oodland

Biodiversity • trees &ith dense (anopies -dis(ourage ground !eedingbirds

• displa(e birds adapted toopen habitats

• in(rease biodiversity i! nativespe(ies used

• understorey vegetation (anprovide habitat !or invertebrateand 'a''al spe(ies

• in(rease abundan(eEdiversity&oodland birds

Water • non5native spe(ies5 high&ater re?uire'ents

• lo&er inputs re?uired - redu(enitrate pollution

!oil • soil (o'pa(tion duringharvesting

• stabilising i'pa(t 5 redu(e soilerosion

"rchaeology • root gro&th 5 da'age

ar(haeologi(al sites anddeposits

#hat are the environ'ental i'pa(ts o! S$


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#o: Benefits:

in(orporate 10520 o! open spa(e biodiversity3 lands(ape

leave so'e areas to 'ature to old age biodiversity

'a>i'ise diversity o! &oodland stru(ture biodiversity3 lands(ape

harvest (y(li(ally biodiversity3 lands(ape

use U8 #oodland Assuran(e Standard biodiversity3 &ater ?uality

#on$t: %mpacts:

plant in sensitive open lands(apes biodiversity3 lands(ape

use non5native spe(ies biodiversity

use e>(eptionally heavy e?uip'ent soil stru(ture3 &ater

harvest !orests on high (arbon soils release C2

plant on sites o! ar(haeologi(al interest heritage

4anage'ent re(o''endations !or S


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#hat are !orest residues and lo& grade ti'ber$

, &orest residues 5 harvestingresidues /i"e" lop and top or

brash and s'all round&ood

/i"e" s'all ste's o! no

(o''er(ial value

, o' grade timber 5 poor?uality !inal (rop and &ood !ro'

un'anaged (oppi(e

De'and !or &ood!uel !orbioenergy has the potential to

(reate an e(ono'i( rationale

!or the re5introdu(tion o!

traditional sustainable

&oodland 'anage'ent


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andscape • visual i'pa(t o! ne&a((ess tra(:s

• per(eption o! rapid(hanges to lands(ape

• diversi!i(ation o! age stru(ture o!&oodlands /redu(e stor' da'age

• restoration o! histori( (oppi(edlands(apes

Biodiversity • depletion o! nutrients

•deprivation o! !ood andhabitat !or s'allinvertebrates3invertebrates3 !ungiand bats et(

• inade?uateregeneration !ollo&ing(utting due to deer

, diversi!i(ation o! &oodland stru(ture

, in(rease in edge and ride habitats, in(rease in ground !lora by redu(tion

in shadiness

, thinning or !elling o! Plantations on An(ient #oodland Sites /PA#S

,restoration o! negle(ted (oppi(e&oodlands

, re'oval o! invasive s(rub and trees, re'oval o! rhododendron and other

invasive spe(ies !ro' open habitats

#hat are the environ'ental i'pa(ts o! !orest residues and L


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Threats OpportunitiesWater • in(reased runo!! and

i'paired &ater ?uality

• in(reased sedi'entationo! &ater (ourses

!oil • da'age to &oodland soils

• in(reased sus(eptibility tosoil erosion a!terharvesting

• (ounter 20th (entury in(reasein nitrogen and potassiu'levels in soils

• establish'ent ground (over - redu(e soil erosion

"rchaeology • heavy 'a(hinery and(reation o! &oodlandtra(:s 5 da'age toar(haeologi(al sites

, redu(ed ris: o! &indblo&disturbing re'ains

#hat are the environ'ental i'pa(ts o! !orest residues and L


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#o: Benefits:

adapt e>tra(tion rate to suit soilE biodiversity biodiversity3 soils

underta:e (he(:s !or prote(ted spe(ies biodiversity

in(rease stru(tural diversity o! &oodland biodiversity3 lands(ape

leave so'e !orest brashE (ut &ood biodiversity( soil F &ater

use U8 #oodland Assuran(e Standard biodiversity3 &ater ?uality

#on$t: %mpacts:

use e>(eptionally heavy harvesting e?uip'ent soil stru(ture3 &ater

e>tra(t dead&ood biodiversity

&hole tree harvest on sensitive sites biodiversity3 soil

4anage'ent re(o''endations !or !orest residues and L


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Con(lusions

, Produ(tion o! bioenergy !ro' &ood sour(es - o!!ers real potential to redu(egreenhouse gases and deliver substantial environ'ental bene!its

ho&ever

, is: o! pla(ing environ'ental pressure on our li'ited natural resour(es

, ;o realise opportunities3 it is (ru(ial that bioenergy is produ(ed sustainably" #e 'ustensure that &e.

5 deliver real (arbon savings

5 avoid sensitive sites

5 pla(e parti(ular e'phasis on se(uring the !uture 'anage'ent o! se'i5natural&oodland

5 use high environ'ental standards to 'a>i'ise environ'ental bene!its

sarah young delivering sustainable bioenergy

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