sanitation/faecal sludge management · • treatment and disposal/re-use/recycling of sewage...
TRANSCRIPT
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IHE Delft Institute for Water Educationwww.un-ihe.org
Tineke Hooijmans
Sanitation/Faecal Sludge Management
Introduction
• Marij Zwart
• Sanitary engineer
• Focus on wastewater treatment
• WUR (BSc), TU Delft (MSc)
– Evides, Process engineer
– British Red Cross, FSM engineer
– UNHCR, WASH officer
– UNICEF, WASH cluster coordinator
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Introduction
• Tineke (Christine) Hooijmans
• Sanitary engineer
• Focus on WW and FS treatment
• WUR (MSc), TU Delft (PhD)
• IHE Associate Professor
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education is the largest international graduate education institute in the field of water. The institute confers fully accredited MSc degrees and PhDs.
Since 1957 the Institute has provided education to more than 23,000 water professionals from over 190 countries, the vast majority from the developing world.
124 PhD fellows* are currently enrolled in water-related research. The Institute carries out numerous research and capacity development projects throughout the world.
*PhD fellows active per 31-12-2018
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Core activities
Education & Training Research & Innovation Institutional Strengthening
IHE Delft offers a wide range of
flexible, high quality, specialized
educational programmes to respond to
the needs of diverse clients from the
water sector. These include MSc and
PhD programmes, along with online
and short courses.
With over 140 academic staff and 124
PhD fellows active in water-related,
problem-focused and solution oriented
research on development issues, IHE
Delft has a vibrant multicultural and
multidisciplinary research atmosphere.
IHE Delft strives to strengthen the
programmes of universities and
research institutes as well as the
knowledge and capacity base of
ministries and other water sector
organizations.
*PhD fellows active per 31-12-2018 including staff
IHE Delft offers a wide
range of flexible, high
quality, specialized
educational programmes
to respond to the needs of
diverse clients from the
water sector.
• MSc programmes
• Short courses
• Online courses
• Tailor-made training
Education & Training
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Alumni network
1. What do you think of when you think of sanitation? What is sanitation to you?2. What is included in a sanitation system according to you?3. What is necessary for a sanitation system to be sustainable?
Definition of sanitation, a sanitation system and sustainable sanitation
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• Safe collection, storage, treatment and disposal/re-use/recycling of human excreta (faeces and urine)
• Drainage and disposal/re-use/recycling of household wastewater (grey water)• Drainage of storm water • Treatment and disposal/re-use/recycling of sewage effluents and sludge• Collection and management of industrial waste products and hazardous wastes• Management/re-use/recycling of solid wastes
Sanitation “wide definition”
www.unwater.org
Refers to systems for the collection and safe disposal of excreta and wastewater generated in households, businesses, and communal buildings, rather than the wider definition that also includes storm water management and solid waste management (K. Tayler, 2018)
Similar approach in Compendium
• Multi-step process in which human excreta and wastewater are managed from the point of generation to the point of use or ultimate disposal
• Context-specific series of technologies and services for the management of human excreta and wastewater, i.e. for their collection, containment, transport, transformation, utilisation or disposal
Sanitation (system)
Also as interactive
online version
www.ecompendium.sswm.info
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Main aims of sanitation provision
1. Improve health and quality of life - many illness in the world is caused by fecal matter (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, many worm infections);
2. Protect the environment:• Heavy metals pollution;• Toxic organic and inorganic substances;• Nutrients: eutrophication-> algae toxins• Loss in biodiversity
www. water.org
Money spent on improving sanitation generates economic benefits (about nine times) that far exceed the required sanitation investments
Why sanitation?
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Why sanitation?
Improved Sanitation MDGs?
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Population without improved sanitation in 2015
Where does the tanker go to?
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Vietnam
Cameroon, Senegal
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Uganda, Ghana
Urban Sanitation and SDG’s
Provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces
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SDGs Goal 6 water and sanitation for all
6.2 Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
6.3 Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Resources
2018 2014, 2019
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What do you think is domestic wastewater, faecal sludge, septage?
Domestic wastewater: flush water, excreta, storm water
Faecal sludge: FSM book: all the materials collected from pits, vaults, and septic tanks
KevinTayler (2018):
Faecal sludge = faecal solids and urine at the bottom of a pit, tank, or vault. Above = supernatant water and scum layer
In case of dry pits, containerized systems and wet systems in which percolation from the sides and base of the pit removes all excess water: almost entirely faecal sludge
Septage comprises faecal sludge, the supernatant water that accumulates above it, and material that is lighter than water that forms a scum layer on the liquid surface
Wastewater/ Faecal sludge/ septage
Sanitation options
Kevin Tayler, 2018, Faecal sludge and septage treatment
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Population served by types of sanitation systems
SFD
• Easy-to-understand advocacy and
decision-support tool
• Summarise service outcomes in terms
of the flow and fate of excreta in urban
areas
• SFD Report which contains SFD
Graphic
• Excreta Flow Diagram/ Faecal Waste
Flow Diagram
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https://sfd.susana.org/
Shit Flow Diagram – King County, WA, USA
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Shit Flow Diagram – Santa Cruz, Bolivia
SFD- Dkaka, Bangladesh
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Centralised, Decentralised and On-site System
• Suitable for dense
cities
• High CapEX and
Opex
• Collection cost ~
70-90%
• Treatment Cost ~
10-30%
• Less Capital
Intensive
• Easier to
Implement
• Reduced O&M
cost
• Simple, Quick and
Low Cost
• No need of sewer
Pipes
• Technology as per
end use options
• Easier resource
recovery
CAPEX/OPEX of sanitation systems
Types of sanitation systems Capital costs
($/person)
Annual operating
costs ($/person/yr)
Centralized
conventional sewer-based
220-940 12-28
Decentralized
simplified sewer-based system
105-155 4-10
On-site
septic tank-based system
(Non-Sewered Sanitation)
70-360 4-12
Source: BMGF, 2014
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Sanitation – cost vs. conveyance
Designing a sanitation system
Further main considerations:
o Existing infrastructure &
services
o Operation & maintenance
(O&M) requirements
o Lifecycle cost
What do you need to consider for the design of a robust system?
o What goes in
o What comes out
o What needs to be collected, stored, transported, processed, disposed of
o What technologies can perform the required tasks
o How the required technologies can be linked together (compatibility)
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Sanitation chain
WCSewerage network
Pumping stations
Sewage
treatment
works
End-use/
Disposal
TreatmentEnd-use/
DisposalTransportEmptyingContainment
Sewerage
On-site Systems with Fecal Sludge Management
Latrine
or
septic tank
Vacuum truck
Treatment
plant End-use/
disposal
Primary
emptyingTransfer
Safely covered and replaced in new location
Sanitation chain
User InterfaceContainment Conveyance Treatment Reuse/Disposal
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IWK, Malaysia
Treatment DisposalEmptying TransportContainment
Clean Team, Ghana
Treatment DisposalTransport EmptyingContainment
Source: C. Furlong
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Tiger Worm Toilet, India
Reuse or
DisposalEmptying
Containment
Treatment
Source: Furlong
Excreta Management in Emergencies
Organization LOGOExcreta Management in Emergencies by Carmen Paradiso
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Which parameters in excreta management might be different in emergency situations as opposed to non-emergency situations?
TimeSpaceLocationPopulationInsecurityAccessUncertaintyResources
Excreta Management in Emergencies
Organization LOGOExcreta Management in Emergencies by Carmen Paradiso
Sphere
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SPHERE – WASH Standards
Organization LOGOExcreta Management in Emergencies by Carmen Paradiso
Excreta management standard 3.1:Environment free from human excretaAll excreta is safely contained on-site to avoid contamination of the natural,living, learning, working and communal environments.
Excreta management standard 3.2:Access to and use of toiletsPeople have adequate, appropriate and acceptable toilets to allow rapid, safeand secure access at all times
Excreta management standard 3.3:Management and maintenance of excreta collection, transport, disposal and treatmentExcreta management facilities, infrastructure and systems are safelymanaged and maintained to ensure service provision and minimum impacton the surrounding environment.
SPHERE - Excreta management
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IHE Delft Institute for Water Educationwww.un-ihe.org
Thank You!
Any queries?