sangeeta khare - harry bhadeshia · iron age 1200Ð300 bce ... taj mahal, agra, by shah jahan...

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Sangeeta Khare

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Sangeeta Khare

Content• India• Location• History

– Ancient time (!")– Important dynasty (#$%&')

• Struggle for Independence (()*+)• Present India (,-.%/0)

– States– Religions (12)– Languages (34)– Festivals (56)– Places of Interest (-789:)

India

• Country of SouthAsia

• 2909 miles fromSouth Korea

Ancient Civilization (!";<)

• North China civilization (=>;<)

• Egyptian (?@A;<)

• Mesopotamian (BCDE7F;<)

• Indus Valley Civilization (!"#$%)

(Indian Subcontinent)

Stone Age 70,000–3300 BCE

• Mehrgarh Culture • 7000–3300 BCE

Indus Valley Civilization 3300–1700 BCE

Late Harappan Culture 1700–1300 BCE

Vedic period 1500–500 BCE

Iron Age 1200–300 BCE

• Maha Janapadas • 700–300 BCE

• Magadha Empire • 545 BCE - 550

• Maurya Empire • 321–184 BCE

Middle Kingdoms 250 BCE–1279 CE

• Chola Empire • 250 BCE–1070 CE

• Satavahana • 230 BCE–220 CE

• Kushan Empire • 60–240 CE

• Gupta Empire • 280–550 CE

• Pala Empire • 750–1174 CE

• Chalukya Dynasty • 543–753 CE

• Rashtrakuta • 753–982 CE

• Pala Empire • 750–1174 CE

• Chalukya Dynasty • 543–753 CE

• Rashtrakuta • 753–982 CE

• Western Chalukya Empire • 973–1189 CE

• Hoysala Empire 1040–1346

• Kakatiya Empire 1083–1323

Islamic Sultanates 1206–1596

• Delhi Sultanate • 1206–1526

• Deccan Sultanates • 1490–1596

Ahom Kingdom 1228–1826

Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1646

Mughal Empire 1526–1858

Maratha Empire 1674–1818

Sikh Confederacy 1716–1799

Sikh Empire 1801–1849

British East India Company 1757–1858

British Raj 1858–1947

Modern India 1947–present

History of Indian Subcontinent

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

• Vedic period 1500–500 BCE (HIJ")

• Origin of Hinduism –KL2.MN%“HI” O%PQRJ"

• World oldest religion– Philosophical

– cultural traditions

Indus Valley Civilization(3300!BCE)_!"#$%

Brahma Shiva Vishnu

Creator Destroyer of evil Maintain

Temple carving at

Hoysaleswara

temple, Mysore

Hinduism - God is Supreme power

Hinduism is a religion with a vast nameof Gods and Goddesses- Lord Ram,Krishna, Shiv etc.

Hinduism _KL2

• Vedas

• Upanishads

• Epics _/0%2"STJ– Ramayana_UVWX (Story of Lord Ram)

– Mahabharata (Story of Great war heldat Kurukshetra V>YUE)

Hinduism _KL2

Sanskrit

RamayanaLakshman Ram Sita

Hanuman

Story of Rama, whose wifeSita is abducted by thedemon king of Lanka, Ravana

Mahabharata (Story of Great war held atKurukshetra V>YUE -1.8 million words)

Kauravas Pandava (5 brothers)

Kuru dynasty

At Kurukshetra

Kauravas Pandava (Arjun)war

Bhagavad Gita (Conversion of Lord Krishna &prince Arjun at battlefield)

• Spiritual teachings of Veda– Sams!ra (Worldly-The continuing cycle

of birth, life, death and rebirth)

– Dharma (ethics/duties)

– Karma (action and subsequent reaction)-

– Moksha (Salvation- liberation fromsamsara), and the various Yogas (pathsor practices).

Bhagavad Gita

Robert Oppenheimer, American physicistand director of the Manhattan Project

• Learned Sanskrit in 1933 and read theBhagavad Gita in the original

• Upon witnessing the world's first nucleartest in 1945, he quoted

"Now I am become Death, the"Now I am become Death, thedestroyer of worlds"destroyer of worlds"

based on verse 32 from Chapter 11 ofthe Bhagavad Gita.

• Worship idols at home or temples _@?X%TZ[S%\0>\

• Visit holy shrines _ ]^_%TZ%`;>\

• Practice meditation & yoga <ab%$O%cd>\

Hinduism is a diverse system ofthought with beliefsKL2.%efg%hi>9%`j

Hinduism _KL2

OM Swastika (Peace &harmony)

Religions of world originatedfrom India_/0[S%kl_%12m

1. Hinduism (1500 -500 BCE)_KL2

2. Buddhism (530 – 483 BCE)_n2

3. Jainism (599 - 527 BCE)_ o?X2

4. Sikhism (15 century)_Jp2

Gautam Buddha _qr

• Siddhartha Gautama (563 BCE-483 BCE)

• Born in Pali _Pali sl

• Married at the age of 16 years _16t[%uv

• Spent 29 years as a Prince in Kapilavastu _29wxy%zN[S{%wFS%!|g%}~f

– Never saw suffering

The Great Renunciation_��%l�.%J�

• Left Palace at the age of 29– Old man

– Dead body

– BirthBirth

Life

Death

Suffering_!"

Desire _#$,#%

The Bodhi Tree at theMahabodhi Temple, BodhGaya, Bihar.

Pipal tree-��cX�

The Great Enlightenment_��f

Buddha traveled to Banaras &Preaches to 5 monks

56o�%��%YUX��.%N0Q�

Four Noble Truths -fundamental Buddhist teachings

• suffering

• arising of suffering

• end of suffering

• the way leading to the end ofsuffering

Ashok the Great_FCp%&'

• Maurya Dynasty_V��F&'

• Born in Patiliputra (Patna)

• 200 years after Buddha period

• Ruled from 273 BC to 232 BC

• Ashok means ‘without sorrow’ inSanskrit_Ashok . �: “!|?%�I”

304 BC-232 BC

South Asia- most ofIndia, Pakistan,Afganistan, Iran

�FJF9

/0, ����,F�O���,

?���%?�4�8I.

• Cruel King

• Battle (war) at Kalinga (Orissa)– Burnt houses & deaths

• Buddhism after the battle of Kalinga

Ashok

• Released prisoners

• Non violence

• Protected wildlife

• Promoted the concept ofvegetarianism

Buddhism_n2.%��

• Propagation of Buddhism across Asia –Korea, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand…

• Built thousands of Stupas and places forBuddhists followers

Buddhism …..spread

Stupa Ashok Pillar

Sarnath, Banaras

Buddha, Sarnath

Other religions of India_/0.%I�12m

• Islam came to India in the early 7thcentury with Arab traders & othermuslims _&'() (7*+)

Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)

• 1526-1530 Babur

• 1530–1556 Humayun

• 1556–1605 Akbar

• 1605–1627 Jahangir

• 1628–1658 Shah Jahan

• !1659–1707 Aurangzeb

• Later Emperors = 1707-1857

Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)

Capital - Lahore, Delhi, Agra , Kabul, Lucknow and Bhopal

At 1700

Akbar –The great emperor( an architect, artist, construction worker,

engineer, inventor, animal trainer )

• Involved Hindus in government

• Removed tax from Hindus

• Protected Hindu temples

• Nine jewels in Akbar’s court

Humayun Tomb, Delhi (16 century)

Fatehpur Sikri, Agra by Akbar (1585)

Akbar’s tomb, Agra

JehangirTomb, Lahore

Bibi ka Maqbara (Wife’s tomb), Aurangabad byAurangzeb

Discover : Europe To India_/0.%k�

Christopher Columbus(August 1451 – May 20, 1506) Italian navigator1451�%8 %?¡�F¢£O%p��¤%¥¦§�[%.¨%k�

USA

Red Indians_ &'()*+, -.

VasCo da Gama, Portugal

• Reached Goa, Indiain 1524

• D©ª«/%Y�¬IOVO%1524�%/0[%0­®

Trade- Cotton, silk, spices, tea�¯%- °, hp,±]²,³

• Dutch & Portuguese company ´µ�¶,D©ª·%.%¸T

• East India Company (British Company)entered in 1600 ¹º»¼¼�%+/0¸T– Expanded, Control trade & military

expansion till 19 century

• First War of Independence in 1857– Lost the battle

British Government -Controleverything & military

_½¾%¿Ày%J"

• 90 years more….

• Struggle for Independence started..– People from religions, regions unite

– Non violence Movement by MohandasKaramchand Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(2 Oct 1869 - 30 Jan 1948)

ÁÂ

• Born in Gujarat

• Studied Law at UniversityCollege London (1888)

• South Africa in 1893– Faced discrimination

– Worked for civil rights

– Jailed

– Returned back to India (1897)1931 (62 years)

Gandhi organized people- ÁÂ.%��

• Independence of India_/0()

• Farmers & laborers against tax_t�/>

• Liberation of women_Q^/è`

Gandhi- many facets

• Practiced non-violence & truthin all situations

• Freedom fighter, Politicalleader

• Spititual leader- PracticeHinduism (read Bhagvad Gita,Bible, Buddhiusm, Kuran)

• Visionary• Lived on vegetarian diet• Took fast (no food) for social

protest Weaving own cloth - ‘Khadi’

Mahatma Gandhi (Maha-atma means Great Soul)

_Ä"_%ÁÂ

Albert Einstein, great physicist- on Gandhi upon his deathGandhi upon his death

“Generations to come willscarce believe that such aone as this walked theearth in flesh and blood.”

Raj Ghat- memorial to Mahatma Gandhi,Delhi

Independence from British- 15 August 1947 (())

• After long struggle bymillions of people & nonviolence movement

• Partition into India &Pakistan

Independence day 15 August

National Festivals (holidays)

• Independence day-15 August

• Republic of India-26 January 1950

• Gandhi-’Father of the Nation’ &

2 October celebrated Gandhi Birthday

!United Nations declare 2 October as International day of Non-

Violence (from 2007)

India

• Jammu & Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh &Uttarkhand – cold

• Northern states includingDelhi– hot (~2 °C to 44 °C)

• Southern states near sea –moderate (18 °C to 35 °C)

Cities•Delhi•Mumbai (Bombay)•Chennai (Madras)•Kolkata (Calcutta)•Bangalore

• Delhi- Capital (NationalCapital Territory ofDelhi)

• 28 States -each statehas capital city

7500 km

Origin of languages34.%\Z

•Sanskrit –ancient language

Hindi English

• Hindi as National language _XÅÆ%: KL4

• English

• 21 other 22 official languages_ÇÈ4: ½4

•Dravid language

Ashoka Chakra (Wheel of Dharma )

Lion Capital of Ashoka-top of Ashok Pillar,Sarnath Museum(Banaras)

Currency : Rupees

People_¾À.%É^

• Hinduism (80%)

• Islam (15%)- (2nd largest populationof world)

• Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism (3%)

• Christianity, Judaism, Parsis (2%)

Festivals_56

• Diwali• Holi• Rakhi• Buddha Birthday

• etc…..

• Guru Nanak B’day Sikhs• Mahavir Jyanti Jains• Id Muslims• Christmas Christians

Hindus, Jains, Sikhs

Diwali- festival of light

Traditional dress- Sari (~5000 years)N|¶Ê�%T�%~5000�%N|

Wedding

Indian Wedding

Ceremony

Mandap -platform

Banaras (Varanasi )_YUXJ

• Oldest continually inhabited cities in theworld _FË%ÌÍÎ%0J

• Religious city _12�%0J– Ganga river- holy river_ ÏyÐÑ(^�Ò*)

– Origin of Buddhism_ n2.%ÓZy

– Ramayana epic written in Hindi_UVWXOPQR:

Banaras, Uttar Pradesh

Ganga river_/012

Kesava Temple, Somanathapura, 1268 CE

Hindu temple

Adinath Temple in Ranakpur

Mahabodhi temple, Bodh Gaya

Buddhist temple Jain temple

Golden temple-Sikh Gurudwara

Jama Masjid (17 century)

Sikh temple Mosque

St Catedral at Old Goa, 1562

Church

Gate to Taj Mahal, Agra

Taj Mahal, Agra, by Shah Jahan (1653)

Marvel carving, Taj Mahal

Ajanta Caves,Aurangabad(2 Century, BCE )

Painting, Buddhist religious art

Gateway India, Mumbai (1911)

Jaipur, Rajasthan

Hawa Mahal(Wind Palace)

Jal Mahal ( WaterPalace)

Jaisalmer fort

Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Mehrangarh_Fort

The Parliament House

Red Fort by Shah Jahan (1639)

Qutab Minar-tallest minaretin the world, 1193-1368

Iron Pillar, 1600 years old

India Gate, 1921-1931

Akshardham Temple (Delhi) 2005- largestHindu temple in world

Lotus temple, Bahi temple

Problems_/0.%;6Ô

• Large Population(1 billion _ÕÖ%/É×0– 2nd largest populated country of the world

_tØ[S%LÙÚ�%/É×0O%Õf– Shortage of resources_3456

• Education _2Û;6• Increase agriculture productivity_Ü�.ÝO

India

• Largest democracy of the world

_y�Þ%ÀËË.

• Diverse country _I;ß%¾O– Multi language(I34)

– Multi ethnic societies (IÀà)

– Multi religion (I12)