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gßJUH$ OJV 1313131313

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gßJUH$ OJV 1414141414

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gßJUH$ OJV 1515151515

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gßJUH$ OJV 1616161616

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gßJUH$ OJV 1717171717

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À`mMr _°Ãr Pmbr Vr \|$J Ò`w ßJ gyer. "gy'Mm S>m ∞∑Q>aQ>Mm odf` hmVm -

"]wo’]imgmR>r¿`m gßJUH$mVrb VmßoÃH$ aMZm'. \|$J Ò`wßJ gy AmoU _a H∞$Â]b ¯m

XmKmßZm OmS>Uma XmZ [∑H$ Xwd hmV. EH$ gßJUH$ AmoU Xwgam ]wo’]i. gyZ hr

1997 ¿`m bT>mB©V _a¿`m Imß⁄mbm ImßXm o^S>dyZ H$m_oJar H$br. _aZßVa 1989

gmbr gy Zhr Am[br S>m∞∑Q>aQ> o_idbr. H$mZOr _bZ od⁄m[rR>mV _a AmoU gy

`mßMm oVgam o_Ã hmVm Wm∞_g AZßVam_Z. À`mZ EH$ N>mQ>m ]wo’]i ‡mJ´m_ V`ma

H$bm hmVm. m Q>m∞` ‡mJ´m_da oVKmßM H$m_ Mmbb hmV. ]wo’]i OJ¡OVm aoe`mMm

J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd `m¿`merM Am[br ^Q> bT>mB©gmR>r hmUma Amh `mMr gwVam_ H$Î[Zm

VÏhm ¯m oVKmßZm ZÏhVr.

1985 gmbr _a AmoU gy OÏhm H$mZOr _bZ od⁄m[rR>mV gßJUH$ AmoU ]wo’]i

`mM gßemYZ H$a `mßV JwßVb hmV VÏhm aoe`mVrb APa]°OmZMm EH$ 22 dfm™Mm

`wdH$ _m∞ÒH$m_‹` EH$ ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm IiV hmVm. H$mhr dimVM Vm OJmVbm

gdm™V bhmZd`rZ "dÎS>© M∞pÂ[`Z' hmUma hmVm AmoU [wT> gVV 11 df h

OJ¡OV[X Vm gmS>Uma ZÏhVm. hm VÈU AWm©VM J∞ar H∞$Ò[amdoedm` Xwgam H$mU

AgUma ? ¡`mdir J∞arZ Am[Î`m OJ¡OV[XmMm _wHw$Q> S>m∑`mda KmVbm À`mM

dir _a AmoU gy `mßMm ]wo’_mZ gßJUH$ O›_mbm Ambm hmVm. _a AmoU gy `mßZr

À`mM Zmd R>db "oM[Q>ÒQ>'. Am[br JmR> m A_naH$VÎ`m "oM[Q>ÒQ>'er H$Yr [S>b

h J∞ar¿`m ÒdflZmVhr ZÏhV AmoU "oM[Q>ÒQ>' ¿`m O›_XmÀ`mßZm Am[Î`m A[À`mMr

bT>mB© C⁄m WQ> OJ¡OVm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amder hmUma Amh, h ‹`mZr_Zrhr Amb ZÏhV.

[wT> H$mhr dfm™ZrM ¯m bT>mB©Mr gwÈdmV 1989 gmbr Pmbr AmoU J∞arZ AJXr

_mO∑`m Mmbt_‹ M "_a AmoU gy'¿`m gßJUH$mMm Ajae: H$Mam H$Í$Z Q>mH$bm.

"_a AmoU gy' `mß¿`m gßJUH$mMm Kma [am^d Pmbm hmVm. [U _a AmoU gy hma

_mZUma ZÏhV. bT>mB© Omar amhUma hmVr.

\|$J gy, _a H∞$Â]b AmoU Wm∞_g AZßVam_Z m oVKmßZr "oM[Q>ÒQ>' hm gßJUH$s]wo’]i[Qy> O›_mbm KmVbm hmVm. [U ¯m od⁄mœ`m™Zm VÏhm H$gbhr AmoW©H$

gßJUH$ OJV 3333333333

[mR>]i ZÏhV. À`mß¿`m A‰`mgmMmhr Vm ^mJ ZÏhVm. Vm H$mUmMmhr AoYH•$VAgm ‡H$Î[ ZÏhVm. À`m_wi Mmbbbß h H$m_ ÂhUO A‰`mg H$aVm H$aVmO[bbr EH$ ‡MßS> hm°g hmVr. Iy[ IQ>[Q>r, bQ>[Q>r AmoU H$mQ>H$garV gm‹`m"gZ 3/160 dH©$ÒQ>eZ' gßJUH$mda "oM[Q>ÒQ>' O›_mbm Amb. ]wo’]im¿`m[Q>mdarb e∑` AmoU gß^mÏ` Aem 50,000 Mmbr Xa gHß$Xmbm OmU `mMrVmH$X "oM[Q>ÒQ>' _‹` hmVr. ÂhUO IimSy> H$mQ>H$garV AmoU od⁄m[rR>m¿`mgßJUH$mda O›_bm Agbm Var MmßJbm VJS>m hmVm.

1986 gmb AZH$ gwYmaUm H$a `mßV Jb AmoU dfm©¿`m AIar AIargZmÏh|]a _oh›`mV S>Îbmg ehamV CŒma A_naH$Z Iwbr ]wo’]i Ò[Ym© OmhraPmbr. ¯m IwÎ`m Ò[YV "oM[Q>ÒQ>'bm Iid `mMm oZU©` gy, H∞$Â]b AmoUAZßVam_Z `mßZr KVbm. hr Ò[Ym© JmObr. "oM[Q>ÒQ>'Z XmZ JÂg qOH$b, XmZVm habm, EH$mV S>md AoZoU©V amohbm. Am[Î`m IimSy>bm AmUIr KS>dbm[mohO h oVKmß¿`m bjmV Ambß. À`m —Ô>rZ H$m_ Mmby amohbß.

Am∞∑Q>m]a 1987 ÂhUO gmYmaUV: 11 _ohZ CbQ>b hmV. "oM[Q>ÒQ>'_mR>m Pmbm hmVm. AmVm EH$m gHß$Xmbm Vm 5,00,000 ([mM bmI) gß^mÏ`Mmbr AmiIm`bm bmJbm hmVm. 1985 gmbr 50,000 Mm dJ Va 1987 gmbr[mM bmImMm dJ Aer ‡MßS> ‡JVr Pmbbr hmVr. Xg[Q> dmT>bÎ`m "oM[Q>ÒQ>'M Zd Zmd "oM[Q>ÒQ>-E_' Ag H$a `mßV Amb. EIm⁄m N>mQ>Ám _wbmbm Zmdm_mJ"XmXm" bmdm`bm gwÈdmV H$amdr VgmM hm ‡H$ma hmVm.

_ 1988, [yduMm "gZ-3 dH©$ÒQ>eZ' gßJUH$ OmD$Z À`mOmJr "gZ-4'gßJUH$ ÂhUO [wT>Î`m o[T>rMm gßJUH$ Ambm hmVm. À`m_wi H$mhr gwYmaUm AmoUdJ dmT>dU e∑` Pmb. AmVm "oM[Q>ÒQ>-E_' h Zmdhr _mJ [S>b AmoU "S>r[Wm∞Q>' h Zmd K `mßV Amb. ZmÏh|]a 1988 _‹` "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' Xa gHß$Xmbm7,20,000 ( gmV bmI drg hOma) MmbtMm odMma H$È bmJbm hmVm.

_ 1989 _‹` gy, H∞$Â]b AmoU AZßVam_Z `mßZr "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' bm "dÎS>©H$m±fl`wQ>a Mg M∞pÂ[`Zer[' Ò[YV CVadb. "gßJUH$ ndÈ’ gßJUH$' Ag hOmJoVH$ ]wo’]i gm_Z hmV. "S>r[ Wm∞Q>'Z "dÎS>© H$m±fl`wQ>a Mg M∞pÂ[`Z' hmoH$Vm] o_iodbm. AmVm "oS>[ Wm∞Q>'H$S> OJmM bj Jb. "Am`.]r.E_.' Hß$[ZrZgy AmoU H∞$Â]b `mßZm ZmH$ar XD$ H$br. H$m_ À`mß¿`m AmdS>rMM hmV. ]wo’]i

gßJUH$ OJV 3434343434

IiUmam _hmeo∫$embr gßJUH$ V`ma H$a `mM. 1989¿`m AIarg gy AmoUH∞$Â]b "Am`.]r.E_.'_‹` ÈOy Pmb. H$mhr oXdgmßZrM \$]´wdmar 1990 _‹`AZßVam_Zhr "Am`.]r.E_.' _‹` Ambm. AmVm H$mQ>H$ga gß[br hmVr."Am`.]r.E_.'Mr ‡MßS> AmoW©H$ VmH$X _mJ C^r hmVr. "Am`.]r.E_.' Hß$[ZrM›`y`m∞H©$_Yrb "Wm∞_g d∞Q>gZ nagM© g|Q>a' A⁄`mdV hmV. H$emMrhr H$_VaVmZÏhVr, AmVm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' MmßJb ]mig YÍ$ bmJbm hmVm. Xa gHß$Xmbm20,00,000 (drg bmI) ]wo’]im¿`m MmbtMm odMma Vm H$Í$ bmJbm hmVm.À`m_wi ‡MßS> AmÀ_odúmg Ambbm hmVm. Aem ‡\w$oÑV dmVmdaUmV OJ¡OVmJ∞ar H∞$Ò[amdbm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>'er gm_Zm H$a `mgmR>r Am`.]r.E_. Hß$[ZrZ ]mbmdb.H∞$Ò[amd "Sr[ Wm∞Q>'¿`m odÈ’ XmZ JÂg Ii `mgmR>r › y m∞H©$bm Ambm. "_mUygAmoU gßJUH$' hm gm_Zm ¯mdir _mUgmMm _|XyM qOH$bm. H∞$Ò[amdZ \$∫$ 41Mmbt_‹` "S>r[ Wm∞Q>'bm MrV H$b. H∞$Ò[amd[wT> "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' AJXrM qb]y qQ>]yR>abm.

AmVm "Am`.]r.E_.' Zhr _Zmda KVb hmV. gVV gßemYZ MmbV amohb.‡JVr MmbV amohbr. "gZ' dH©$ÒQ>eZdÍ$Z "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' "Am`.]r.E_./6000'da Ambm. AmVm Vm Xa gHß$Xmbm 60 bmI V 70 bmI MmbtMm odMma H$arVhmVm. ZmÏh|]a 1991 _‹ "S>r[> Wm∞[-Qy>' Ag À`mM È[mßVa Pmb. "Am`.]r.E_.'Hß$[Zrbm C⁄mJjÃmV "]rJ „Î`y" ÂhßQ>b OmV. ¯m "]rJ „Î`y" AmoU "S>r[>

"S>r[ „Î`y'bm gßJUH$m¿`m"S>r[ „Î`y'bm gßJUH$m¿`m"S>r[ „Î`y'bm gßJUH$m¿`m"S>r[ „Î`y'bm gßJUH$m¿`m"S>r[ „Î`y'bm gßJUH$m¿`m

`w∑À`m oeH$odUmam AmßVaamÔ≠>r``w∑À`m oeH$odUmam AmßVaamÔ≠>r``w∑À`m oeH$odUmam AmßVaamÔ≠>r``w∑À`m oeH$odUmam AmßVaamÔ≠>r``w∑À`m oeH$odUmam AmßVaamÔ≠>r`

ª`mVrMm A_naH$Z Mg_mÒQ>aª`mVrMm A_naH$Z Mg_mÒQ>aª`mVrMm A_naH$Z Mg_mÒQ>aª`mVrMm A_naH$Z Mg_mÒQ>aª`mVrMm A_naH$Z Mg_mÒQ>a

OmEb ]|Omo_ZOmEb ]|Omo_ZOmEb ]|Omo_ZOmEb ]|Omo_ZOmEb ]|Omo_Z

gßJUH$ OJV 3535353535

Wm∞Q>'_YyZ Zd Zmd Amb. \$]´wdmar 1993 _‹` "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' M Zd Zmd "S>r[„Î`y' Ag H$b Jb. AmVm "S>r[ „Î`y' bm H$gbmhr YmH$m [ÀH$am`Mm ZÏhVm.A_naH$Vrb ]wo’]imMm BßQ>aZ∞eZb J±S>_mÒQ>a OmEb ]|Omo_Z mbm "S>r[ „Î y'gmR>r H$›gÎQ>ßQ>> ÂhUyZ Z_ `mßV Amb. Vm _ohZm hmVm oS>g|]a 1995. ]|Omo_Z"S>r[ „Î`y" bm _mUgm¿`m ∑b•flÀ`m oeH$dy bmJbm.

\$]´wdmar 1996. _hmeo∫$embr gßJUH$ "Am`.]r.E_. Ama.Eg./6000'da "S>r[ „Î`y' Òdma Pmbm. AmVm Vm Xa gHß$Xmbm 10 H$mQ>r MmbtMm odMma H$Í$bmJbbm hmVm. hm dJ _hm^`ßH$aM hmVm. 1985 gmb¿`m "oM[Q>ÒQ>' Mm50,000 MmbtMm dJ Hw$R> AmoU 1996 Mm 1,00,000,000 hm AmH$S>m Hw$R>.[wbmImbyZ ‡MßS> [mUr dmhˇZ Jbb hmV. AmVm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amder [w›hm EH$XmIimd Aer Iw_Iw_r `D$ bmJbr hmVr. Vm Ii PmÎ`mIarO "S>r[ „Î`y' Mrh˛emar H$iy eH$Uma ZÏhVr. IarO 1989 gmbr 41 MmbrV "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' bm

MrV[Q> H$Î`mMm S>mJhr YwdyZ H$mT>m`Mm hmVm.

\$]´wdmar 1996 Mm hm gm_Zm ghm S>mdmßMm hmVm. "S>r[ „Î`y' ‡W_M J∞arH∞$Ò[amder IiUma hmVm. À`m AJmXaMm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' Mm AdVmaM H$diH∞$Ò[amd¿`m bjmV hmVm. [U [napÒWVrV ‡MßS> \$aH$ [S>bbm Amh h H∞$Ò[amdbm_mhrV ZÏhV. "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU H∞$Ò[amd `mßM h ghm S>md Iib Jb. [ohbm

1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm IiVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm IiVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm IiVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm IiVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm IiVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd

gßJUH$ OJV 3636363636

S>md "S>r[ „Î`y' Z qOH$bm VÏhm H∞$Ò[amd¿`m MhË`mdaMr ÃmogH$Vm Vm b[dyeH$bm Zmhr. Xwgam S>md H∞$Ò[amd Ajae: MdVmiyZ Iibm AmoU qOH$bm.AmVm 1-1 Aer ]am]ar Pmbr hmVr. bmH$mßZr úmg amIb hmV. oVgam S>md gwÍ$Pmbm. MmßJbm aßJbm. [U Vm AoZoU©V amohbm. Mm°Wm S>mdhr VgmM ]am]arVqH$dm AoZoU©VM gwQ>bm. 1-1 hr ]am]ar Mma S>mdmßZßVahr H$m`_ hmVr. AmVmXmZM S>md oeÎbH$ hmV. [mMdm AmoU ghmdm. h Xm›hr S>md qOHy$Z H∞$Ò[amdZ"S>r[ „Î`y'bm Y∑H$m oXbm. [U Var Pmbbr X_N>mH$ Vm b[dy eH$bm Zmhr.[wT>Î`m dfu [w›hm EH$Xm Ii `mM AmÏhmZ `mdir H∞$Ò[amdZ ÒdV: oXb AmoU"S>r[ „Î`y' ¿`m dVrZ "Am`.]r.E_.' Z V ÒdrH$mab.

¯m AmÏhmZmbm 3 _ 1997 amOr gwÈdmV Pmbr. hr _∞M BVH$s MMV AmbrhmVr H$s "Am`.]r.E_.'Z Vr Am[Î`m d] gmB©Q>da OJmbm XmIdbr."Am`.]r.E_.'M gÏh©a À`m_wi ‡MßS> JXuZ AmÏhabmS> hmD$Z Jb. ¯m AmÏhmZ_∞M_‹` "S>r[ „Î`y'Mm dJ [ydu[jm Xwfl[Q>rZ dmT>bm hmVm. AmVm Vm Xa gHß$Xmbmdrg H$mQ>r MmbtMm odMma H$Í$ eH$V hmVm. df©^amV À`m¿`mV hm \$aH$ [S>bbmhmVm. EHy$U 256 gßJUH$ EH$Ã H$ÈZ À`mßMr EHy$U e∫$s EH$X_ dm[abr VaOdT>r hmB©b VÏhT>r "S>r[ „Î`y'Mr VmH$X hmVr. OmEb ]|Omo_ZZ AmUIr ZdS>md[M À`mbm df©^amV oeH$db hmV. ¯m _∞M_Yrb odOÀ`mbm gw_ma 3 H$mQ>rÈ[`mßM Va C[odOÀ`mbm 2 H$mQ>r È[`mßM ]jrg "Am`.]r.E_.' Z R>db hmV.¯m _∞MgmR>r Am`wÓ`mV ‡W_M J∞ar H∞$Ò[amdZ gßJUH$mer Ii `mMm gamdH$am`bm gwÈdmV H$br hmVr. H∞$Ò[amd À`mdir "[|Q>r`_ ‡m 200" gßJUH$mdaEH$ CŒm_ Mg ‡mJ´m_ dm[a. H∞$Ò[amd [ÃH$mamßZm ÂhUmbm H$s ""¯m [|Q>r`_gßJUH$mda _m¬`modÈ’ EH$ Mmb H$am`bm H$Yr H$Yr ghm ghm Vmg gßJUH$KVm. VrM Mmb "S>r[ „Î`y' XmZ V VrZ o_oZQ>mV IiVm''

"S>r[ „Î y' odÈ’ "H∞$Ò[amd' m AmÏhmZ gm_›`mVbm [ohbm S>md H∞$Ò[amdZqOH$bm. gma OJ ¯m IimZ WamÍ$Z Jb. gHß$Xmbm drg H$mQ>r MmbtMm odMmaH$aUmam "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU À`m¿`mg_ma gHß$Xmbm \$ma \$ma Va VrZ qH$dm MmaMmbtMm odMma H$aUmam H∞$Ò[amd qOH$Vm ! AmVm gdm™M bj XwgË`m S>mdmH$S>bmJb. hm S>md "S>r[ „Î y' qOH$bm. ]am]ar Pmbr. AmVm oVgam S>md. Vm AoZoU©Vamohbm. AmVm [wT>Mm Mm°Wm S>md. Vmhr AoZoU©V. [mMdmhr AoZoU©V. AmoUghmdm? edQ>Mm. Vm "S>r[ „Î`y' Z qOHy$Z J∞ar H∞$Ò[amdM AmÏhmZ gß[db. "S>r[

gßJUH$ OJV 3737373737

„Î`y'Z J∞ar H∞$Ò[amdbm hadb. _mUyg habm AmoU gßJUH$ qOH$bm... "gr' ¯m‡mJ´mq_J mfV obohbm Jbbm "S>r[ „Î y'Mm ‡mJ´m_ _mZdr ]wo’_Œmda _mV H$aVm`mMm AW© H$m` ? "AmoQ>©o\$oe`b BßQ>obO›g' _mUgm¿`m _|Xy¿`m daVmU H$Í$eH$Vm? AmoU Vm "AmoQ>©o\$oe`b BßQ>obO›g Ambm Hw$Ry>Z? _mUgm¿`mM _|XyVyZZm? _mZdr "‡`ÀZ' hr EH$ AO] MrO Amh.

EImXm _mUyg EImX H$m_ AWH$[U ‡XrK© H$mi H$arV amohbm H$s BVamßH$Sy>ZEH$ Q>rH$Mm gya Am[mAm[ C_Q>m`bm bmJVm. "" Vm `ßÃmgmaIß H$m_ H$aVm,AmOy]mOybm H$m` Mmbb` h ]KV gw’m Zmhr'' Ag ea C_Qy> bmJVmV. ¯mV_mUgmZß "`ßÃ' hmD$ Z` Aer A[jm AgV. [U 1956 gmbr 'ArtificialIntelligence' Mr H$Î[Zm OÏhm ‡W_M OJmZ EH$br VÏhm ßÃmZß _mUgmgmaIß_ZH$dS>ß hmV H$m_ H$amdß Aer A[jm À`m_mJ hmVr. `ßÃ H$mhrhr H$Í$ eH$b,oH$Vrhr H$mi H$Í$ eH$b, \$∫$ À`mV "_Z AmoU AmÀ_m' ¯m XmZ JmÔ>r AgUmaZmhrV. ¯m CbQ> H$mhrhr H$aVmZm _mUyg _Z AmoU AmÀ_m ]mOyg R>dy eH$VZmhr.

"H∞$Ò[amd odÈ’ S>r[ „Î`y'hr _∞M 1997 gmbr "S>r[ „Î`y' OÏhm qOH$bmVÏhm hr gmar MMm© aßJmV Ambr. "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU "H∞$Ò[amd' EH$_H$modÈ’IimSy> ÂhUyZ Iib Agb Var ¯m XmKmß_Ybm \$aH$ R>iH$[UmZß Zm|Xbm Jbm.R>iH$ \$aH$ hm H$s H∞$Ò[amdbm _Z AmoU AmÀ_m Amh, "S>r[ „Î`y'bm Vm Zmhr.

OmJoVH$ oH$VuM XmZ ]wo’]i IimSy>. S>mdrH$S> J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd AmoUOmJoVH$ oH$VuM XmZ ]wo’]i IimSy>. S>mdrH$S> J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd AmoUOmJoVH$ oH$VuM XmZ ]wo’]i IimSy>. S>mdrH$S> J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd AmoUOmJoVH$ oH$VuM XmZ ]wo’]i IimSy>. S>mdrH$S> J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd AmoUOmJoVH$ oH$VuM XmZ ]wo’]i IimSy>. S>mdrH$S> J∞ar H∞$Ò[amd AmoU

COdrH$S> H∞$Ò[amdbm haodUmË`m "S>r[ „Î`y' `m gßJUH$s` _|XyMr Mr[COdrH$S> H∞$Ò[amdbm haodUmË`m "S>r[ „Î`y' `m gßJUH$s` _|XyMr Mr[COdrH$S> H∞$Ò[amdbm haodUmË`m "S>r[ „Î`y' `m gßJUH$s` _|XyMr Mr[COdrH$S> H∞$Ò[amdbm haodUmË`m "S>r[ „Î`y' `m gßJUH$s` _|XyMr Mr[COdrH$S> H∞$Ò[amdbm haodUmË`m "S>r[ „Î`y' `m gßJUH$s` _|XyMr Mr[

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"obZ∑g' O›_mbm Amb."obZ∑g'gmR>r OJmVÎ`m bmIm‡mJ´m_g© AmoU S>Ïhb[g©Zr Am[m[brImarMr yo_H$m ]Omdbr Amh. À`mVyZM"obZ∑g'Mm gVy ]mßYbm Jbm Amh.À`m_wi bm`Zg Q>m admÎS>g≤ hm"obZ∑g'Mm OZH$ Agbm Var"obZ∑g'Mm _mbH$ _mÃ Zmhr."obZ∑g'Mr _mbH$s Hw$Um EH$mMr Zmhr."obZ∑g' AmoU "qdS>mO'_‹ _hŒdmMm\$aH$ hm Amh. m \$aH$m_wiM o]b AmoUbm`Zg ¯m XmZ _mUgmß¿`m AmoW©H$pÒWVrV O_rZ-AÒ_mZmM AßVa Amh.AmO AZH$mßZm "qdS>mO' [jm "obZ∑g'ogÒQ>_ AmdS>V h gÀ` Amh. "H$mhr]m]VrV "obZ∑g' qdS>mO[jmhr gagAmh' Aer MMm© ]mam _ohZ MmbbbrAgV. "obZ∑g'gmR>r qH$_V _mOmdrbmJV Zmhr AmoU "qdS>mO'gmR>r N>m[rb qH$_V _mOmdr bmJV m_wihr "obZ∑g'bmH$o‡` Amh.

bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤M 288 [mZmßM h AmÀ_MnaÃ À`mZ ÒdV: AmoU "dm`S>©'gm`]a _mogH$mMm [ÃH$ma S>pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> ¯m XmKmßZr o_iyZ obohb Amh.[wÒVH$mMr qH$_V 26 S>m∞bg© (AX_mg 1300 È[`) Amh. È[Q>© _aS>m∞H$ mß¿`m"hm[©a H$m∞ob›g' ¯m OJ‡og’ ‡H$meZmZ V ‡H$moeV H$b AgyZ "A∞_Pm∞Z',"]mZg A±S> Zm∞]b' dJ°a Hß$[›`mßZr À`mMr odH´$s ‡H$meZm[yduM Yw_YS>m∑`mZgwÍ$ H$br. d`m¿`m 30 Ï`m dfu obohb Jbb AmÀ_MnaÃ emYyZ gm[S>U H$R>rU.gm[S>bM Va bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤bm AmO ¯m AmÀ_MnaÃm_wi Or hr Xwgar[wadUr ‡og’r OJâ o_iV Amh Vg CXmhaU Ae∑` H$mQ>rVbM. Aa, VwÂhmbmÀ`m AmÀ_MnaÃmM Zmd gmßJm`MM amohb. 'Just for fun, The story of anAccidental Revolutionary' Ag À`mM bmß]bMH$ Zmd Amh. hr

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Q>madmÎS>Z d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[bQ>madmÎS>Z d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[bQ>madmÎS>Z d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[bQ>madmÎS>Z d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[bQ>madmÎS>Z d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[b

"OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h AmÀ_MnaÃ"OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h AmÀ_MnaÃ"OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h AmÀ_MnaÃ"OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h AmÀ_MnaÃ"OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h AmÀ_MnaÃ

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gßJUH$ OJV 5252525252

AmÀ_MnaÃmMr H$Î[Zm Q>madmÎS>g≤Mr Zmhr. Vr Amh S>pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> ¯m[ÃH$mamMr. S>pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> agmi AmoU wai [mS>UmË`m e°brV obohUmam ÂhUyZ‡og’ Amh. À`mZM ‡W_ Q>madmÎS>g≤bm \$mZ H$bm. AmÀ_MnaÃmMr H$Î[ZmgmßoJVbr. Q>madmÎS>g≤ ÂhUmbm "Amh ewAa. gm bm±J A∞O BQ> BO \$Z.' À`mVyZM_J "OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h Zmd o_imb. ¯m [wÒVH$mV VmßoÃH$ AdS>ß]a AoO]mVZmhr. [U "obZ∑g'Mr JmÔ> AmoU bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤M ]mb[U _mÃ odÒVmamZAmh. 1991 gmbr gwÍ$ Pmbbr "obZ∑g'Mr JmÓQ> Iaß Va Vam df CbQy>ZAmOhr MmbyM Amh. bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤¿`m ]mb[UmV bmH$mßZm \$magm agZmhr, [U 1991 V 2001 ¯m H$mimV Z_H$ H$m` H$m` Pmb, H$g H$g hmVJb, MT>-CVma Amb H$m, bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤bm Hw$Ur eÃy V`ma Pmb H$m?dJ°a ‡˝mßMr CŒma OmUyZ K `mMr ‡MßS> CÀgwH$Vm bmH$mßZm AmO Amh.

"bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤Mm MmßJbm \$mQ>m XmIdm, AmoU bmI È[` o_idm'Aer Ò[Ym© Oa Hw$Ur bmdbr Va Hw$Urhr bmI È[` qOH$Uma Zmhr. H$maU"bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤'Mm Mham "ogbr ogbr' Amh. À`m¿`m MhË`m]‘b OBßJ´OrV obohbß Jbß Amh À`mMß _amR>r ^mfmßVa H$am`Mß Va "EH$ ]mdiQ> ‹`mZ'h e„X obhmdM bmJUma. À`m_wiM H$s H$m` [U Just for fun [wÒVH$m¿`m_wI[•>mda bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤Mm \$mQ>m Zmhr. AmÀ_MnaÃ AmnU _wI[•>mdaAmÀ_MnaÃH$mamMm \$mQ>m Zmhr hm ‡H$mahr AÀ`ßV Xwo_©i ... Q>madmÎS>g≤¿`m[wÒVH$mMß Vhr EH$ d°oeÓQ>Á ]Zb`.

1971 gmb h Am[Î`mH$S> ]mßJbm Xem¿`m O›_m¿`m `w’mMß df© Am[U_mZVm. BßoXam JmßYt¿`m _wÀg‘oJarMm AÀ w¿M jU m dfm©V BoVhmgmZ Zm|Xdbm.[U, Hw$UmMß H$m` AmoU Hw$UmMß H$m` AgVß ]Km. gßJUH$m¿`m BoVhmgmV 1971gmbr "`woZ∑g'Mr [ohbr gÏh©a Am∞[aQ>tJ ogÒQ>_ Amd•Œmr "]b b∞„g' Hß$[ZrZodVnaV H$br. "`woZ∑g'M H$mS> ododY od⁄m[rR>m ßZm AmoU Hß$[›`mßZmdm[a `mgmR>r _m\$V dmQ> `mV Amb. bmH$mßZm "`woZ∑g' dm[a `mMr gd` hmD$bmJbr. [wT> [wT> " woZ∑g' _hmJ hmV Jb. " woZ∑g' ‡mJ´m_ odH$UmË`m odH$À`mßMCIi [mßT>a hmD$ bmJb. H$_mB© H$a `mMr Ò[Ym© dmTy> bmJbr.

Am[Î`m JmÓQ>rMm Zm`H$ bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤ 1971 gmbr Xw[Q>Ámda [Sy>ZQ>m[S>ÁmV S>mHß$ hbdV hmVm. À`mMr O›_VmarI 29 oS>g|]a 1969. ÂhUO Vm

gßJUH$ OJV 5353535353

EH$-XrS> dfm™Mm AgVmZm A_naH$Vrb ododY od⁄m[rR>mß_‹ " woZ∑g' ogÒQ>ÂgZmßXV hmÀ`m. ¯m "`woZ∑g' H$mS>Mß gmaU ^Í$ZM [wT> gZ _m`H´$mogÒQ>ÂgMr"gmbarg', "]H©$b'Mr \´$s ]rEgS>r, ogbrH$m∞Z J´m\$s∑gMr "Amàr∑g' ¯m‡mJ´mÂg¿`m H$aß¡`m V`ma PmÎ`m.

OgOgm gßJUH$mMm ‡Mma dmT>V Jbm AmoU XwgarH$S> "`woZ∑g' odH´$sVyZZ\$]mOr dmTy> bmJbr VgVer EH$ Zdr JaO oZ_m©U Pmbr. _hmJS>Ám woZ∑gbmÒdÒV qH$dm _m\$V [`m©` Agm`bm hdm hr JaOhr EH$sH$S> dmTy> bmJbr. 1983gmbr naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z ¯m gXJ•hÒWmßZr Am[Î`m G N U Zmdm¿`m [`m©`rAm∞[aQ>tJ ogÒQ>_da H$m_ gwÍ$ H$b. 'G N U is not Unix' Agm G N U MmH$mZm_mJyZ Kmg KVÎ`mgmaIm bm±J \$m∞_© Amh. woZ∑ggmaImM [U Om woZ∑gZmhr Agm ÂhUO GNU. m ‡`ÀZmV Am[bm ‡mJ´m_ Iwbm H$Í$Z ÂhUO Am[Zgmg© XD$Z C[b„Y H$a `mMm mJ _hŒdmMm hmVm. mVyZM _J _m\$V gm∞‚Q>dAabmH$mßZm X `mMr H$Î[Zm oZKmbr. 1985 gmbr ÒQ>m∞b_Z `mßZr GNU MmOmhraZm_m ‡H$moeV H$bm. \´$s gm∞‚Q>dAa \$mDß$S>eZMr ÒWm[Zm H$br AmoU"OZab [„brH$ bm`g›g' hr H$Î[Zm _mßS>br. mM H$Î[Zda AmOM "brZ∑g'g_W©[U C^ Amh.

1985 gmbr bm`Zg Q>madmÎS> hm`ÒHw$bmV oeH$V hmVm. Q>madmÎS>Mm O›_

A±S≠>`y V∞ZZ]m∞_ naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z

bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>da Ima ImUma o_oZ∑g `m ^mfM O›_XmV A±S≤ ´`y VZZ]m∞_bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>da Ima ImUma o_oZ∑g `m ^mfM O›_XmV A±S≤ ´`y VZZ]m∞_bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>da Ima ImUma o_oZ∑g `m ^mfM O›_XmV A±S≤ ´`y VZZ]m∞_bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>da Ima ImUma o_oZ∑g `m ^mfM O›_XmV A±S≤ ´`y VZZ]m∞_bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>da Ima ImUma o_oZ∑g `m ^mfM O›_XmV A±S≤ ´`y VZZ]m∞_

AmoU OJâ _m\$V gm∞‚Q>dAa¿`m H$Î[ZMm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.AmoU OJâ _m\$V gm∞‚Q>dAa¿`m H$Î[ZMm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.AmoU OJâ _m\$V gm∞‚Q>dAa¿`m H$Î[ZMm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.AmoU OJâ _m\$V gm∞‚Q>dAa¿`m H$Î[ZMm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.AmoU OJâ _m\$V gm∞‚Q>dAa¿`m H$Î[ZMm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.

gßJUH$ OJV 5454545454

o\$ZbßS>Mm, hbqgH$s ehamVbm. hbqgH$s od⁄m[rR> À`mbm [wT>¿`m oejUmgmR>rIwUmdV hmVß. 1987 gmbr ‡m. A±S≠> y V∞ZZ]m∞_ mßZr "o_oZ∑g' Mm emY bmdbm.V∞ZZ]m∞_ hmS>mM ‡m‹`m[H$ hmV. gßJUH$ MmbdUmË`m Am∞[aQ>tJ ogÒQ>_Mm ‡mJ´m_H$gm MmbVm, À`mM H$m`© H$m`? h od⁄mœ`m™Zm ‡mÀòjH$mgh oeH$od `mgmR>r_wª`Àd "n_oZ∑g'Mm O›_ Pmbm. "o_oZ∑g' h "`woZ∑g'MM EH$ Í$[ hmV,\$∫$ À`mM H$mS>g≤ "`woZ∑g'gmaI b[bb ZÏhV. Iwb hmV. H$maU "o_oZ∑g'_m\$V hmV. _m\$V AgÎ`mZ H$mS> b[od `mMr JaO ZÏhVr.

1991 hm AmImVr `w’mMm H$mi. `w’ gß[yZ OJmV emßVVm ZmßXy bmJVmMZdZdr hmS>©dAa, gwYmarV gßJUH$mM ZdZd AdVma ]mOmamV ]hÍ$Z Amb.Aem dmVmdaUmV hbqgH$s od⁄m[rR>mV bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤ gßJUH$mda"o_oZ∑g'M H$mS> [hmV hmVm. WmS>ÁmWmS>∑`m ZÏhV, H$mS>g≤¿`m 12,000bmB©›gZr o_oZ∑g ]Zb hmV. "gr' AmoU "A∞gÂ„br' m XmZ ‡mJ´mq_J b±ΩdOMmdm[a H$Í$Z V∞ZZ]m∞_ m S>M ‡m‹`m[H$mZ od⁄mœ`m™gmR>r H$bbr Vr _hZV hmVr.V∞ZZ]m∞_ `mßZr "Am∞[aQ>tJ ogÒQ>_' ¯m ZmdmM [wÒVH$M ‡H$moeV H$b, À`mV¯m 12,000 Amir N>m[Î`m. OJâM od⁄mWu m [wÒVH$mdÍ$Z Am[bm H$m±fl wQ>aH$gm MmbVm h oeHy$ bmJb hmV. À`m Kmi∑`mVM Hw$R>Var bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>g≤XIrb hmVm. d` df 21. hbqgH$s od⁄m[rR>mV gHß$S> Bà H$m±fl`wQ>a gm`›gMmod⁄mWu.

A⁄mo[ gß[yU© _m\$V Am∞[aQ>tJ ogÒQ>_ Ambbr ZÏhVr. Q>madmÎS>bm"o_oZ∑g' AmdS>V ZÏhV. "oejH$mßZm oeH$od `mgmR>rM gmYZ ÂhUyZ R>rH$ [Udm[a `mgmR>r A`mΩ`' Ag o_oZ∑g]‘b À`mM _V hmV. Zdr Am∞[aQ>tJ ogÒQ>_H$am`Mr Va À`mVbm gdm™V _hŒdmMm mJ ÂhUO H$Zb BßoOZ. (gdm™V AdKS>,diImD$ AmoU oOoH$arM ‡mJ´mq_J À`mV hmV.) bm`ZgZ o_oZ∑gMr MMm©H$aUmË`m ›`yOJ´w[Mm AmYma KVbm. hm J´w[ BßQ>aZQ>da ]mam _ohZ Am[m[b _V‡Xe©Z H$arV o_oZ∑gMr MMm© H$arV Ag. "Hellow everybody out thereusing Minix, I am doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby,won't be big and professional like GNU) for 386 (486)". hm bm`ZgQ>madmÎS>Mm [ohbm gßXe 25 Am∞JÒQ> 1991 amOr BßQ>aZQ>da PiH$bm. EH$sH$S>OJâmVb ‡mJ´m_a bm`Zgbm ‡oVgmX XD$ bmJb, B© _b [mR>dy bmJb,

gßJUH$ OJV 5555555555

›`yOJ´wflggmaI _V ‡Xe©Z H$Í$ bmJb, XwgarH$S> bm`Zg H$Zb BßoOZM‡mJ´mq_J H$mS> obhˇ bmJbm. hm IamIarM \$∫$ N>ßXmMmM ^mJ hmVm. C⁄mÀ`m¿`mVyZ "_m`H´$mgm∞‚Q> qdS>mO'bm [`m©` dJ°a C^m amhrb Ag Q>madmÎS>¿`mÒdflZmVhr ZÏhV. gflQ>|]a 1991 _‹` obZ∑g 0.01 hr Amd•Œmr Q>madmÎS>ZBßQ>aZQ>da C[b„Y H$br. 5 Am∞∑Q>m]a 1991 amOr gwYmarV Amd•Œmr 0.02bmH$mßgmR>r BßQ>aZQ>da ]hmb H$br. Aem naVrZ oS>g|]a 1991 _‹` obZ∑g0.10, 0.11, 0.12 H$arV H$arV obZ∑g 0.96, 0.97 bmH$mßg_ma Amb.1992 gmb gwÍ$ Pmb hmV. bmH$ obZ∑g S>mD$ZbmS> H$Í$Z KV hmV. À`mdaodMma H$arV hmV. bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>bm goH´$` gyMZm [mR>odV hmV. "VwÂhr gyMZm[mR>dm. _r KB©ZM Agß Zmhr' hm bm`ZgMm WQ> \$Q>H$i[Um hmVm. [U EH$Midi BßQ>aZQ>da C^r amohbr hmVr. amO Ajae: eH$S>m B© _b `D$Z YS>H$VhmÀ`m. À`m dmMm`¿`m, À`mßZm CŒma obhm`Mr, qH$dm À`m JmiyZ Q>mHy$Z ZÏ`m B©_bgmR>r OmJm H$Í$Z R>dm`Mr ¯m H$m_mV 24 VmgmVb 20 Vmg OmD$ bmJb.AmVm bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>M H$V•©Àd BßQ>aZQ>¿`m ojVrOmda M_Hy$ bmJb hmV AmoUXwgarH$S> eÃwÀdmM H$mi T>J O_m hmD$ bmJb hmV. A±S≠> y V∞ZZ]m∞_Zr bm`ZgbmgßXe YmS>bm- "I still maintain the point that designing a monolithickernel in 1991 is a fundamental error. Be thankful you are notmy student..."

bm`Zg Q>madmÎS> H$¿Mm o^Sy> ZÏhVm. À`mZ CŒma oXb - "Your job isbeing a professor and researcher. That's one hell of a goodexcuse for some of the brain-damages of minix." hm M∑H$ ]m∞∑gtJ[ßMM hmVm. H$V©•Àd odÍ$’ eÃwÀd Aer bT>mB© gwÍ$ Pmbbr hmVr. _mJ© AdKS>hmVm. Vem ¯m bÓH$am¿`m ^mH$Ë`mM hmÀ`m. [U bm`ZggmR>r V EH$ _erZ]Zbß hmVß. d`m¿`m EH$odgmÏ`m dfu Iaß Va oeQ≤Q>Ám _maV o\$am`Mß. [U bm`Zg^bVrH$S>M [Qy>Z CR>bm hmVm. oeQ≤Q>Ám _maUma bmIm hmV, OJmV bm`ZgAgm EImXmM oZ[OV AgVm. oS>g|]a 1993 _‹ OJmV 1 bmI bmH$ obZ∑gdm[Í$ bmJb hmV. _mM© 1994 _‹` "obZ∑g'Mr 1.0 hr [yUm™H$mVbr [ohbrAmd•Œmr ‡gmnaV Pmbr. 1994 _‹` obZ∑g dm[aUmË`mßMr gßª`m 5,00,000Pmbr. 1995 _‹` 15 bmI Pmbr. OyZ 1996 _‹` obZ∑g 2.0 Amd•ŒmrbmH$mßg_ma Ambr. dm[aUmË`mßMr gßª`m 35 bmI Pmbr. gmaß \w$H$Q>. ‡mJ´m__‹

gßJUH$ OJV 5656565656

]ΩO (Xmf) oXgb Va Vw_M VwÂhr gwYmÍ$Z KD$ eH$Vm. 1998 _‹` OJmVgw_ma 1 H$mQ>r bmH$ "obZ∑g'M ^∫$ ]Zb hmV. AmO 2003 _‹` gw_ma XhmH$mQ>r bmH$ obZ∑g dm[aV AmhV Agm AßXmO Amh.

1997 gmbr bm`Zg Q>madmÎS>Z o\$ZbßS> gmS>b. hbqgH$s gmSy>Z VmA_naH$¿`m H$mH$UmV ÂhUO H∞$ob\$moZ©`mV Jbm. VW "Q≠>m›g_Q>m' ¯m Hß$[ZrVÀ`mZ ‡mJ´m_a ÂhUyZ ZmH$ar Yabr. oddmh Pmbm. _wbJr Pmbr. [U AOyZ

Am[br H$›`m [∞Q≠>roe`m]am]a IiVmZm bm`ZgAm[br H$›`m [∞Q≠>roe`m]am]a IiVmZm bm`ZgAm[br H$›`m [∞Q≠>roe`m]am]a IiVmZm bm`ZgAm[br H$›`m [∞Q≠>roe`m]am]a IiVmZm bm`ZgAm[br H$›`m [∞Q≠>roe`m]am]a IiVmZm bm`Zg

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