Salmonella National Poultry Improvement Plan

Washington State Regulations

Salmonella Salmonella National Poultry Improvement PlanNational Poultry Improvement Plan

Washington State RegulationsWashington State Regulations

Lyndon Badcoe BVSc, MVS, DVSc, Avian Health Veterinarian and Epidemiologist

Lyndon Badcoe Lyndon Badcoe BVScBVSc, MVS, , MVS, DVScDVSc, , Avian Health Veterinarian and EpidemiologistAvian Health Veterinarian and Epidemiologist

OutlineOutline

Describe Pathogenesis of Describe Pathogenesis of SalmonellosisSalmonellosis in in PoultryPoultryReview History of Review History of SalmonellosisSalmonellosis and NPIP in and NPIP in USAUSAPresent New NPIP Testing RequirementsPresent New NPIP Testing RequirementsOutline the Current Washington State Poultry Outline the Current Washington State Poultry Import RequirementsImport RequirementsDiscuss Proposed Changes to Washington Discuss Proposed Changes to Washington State Poultry Import RegulationsState Poultry Import Regulations

History of History of Salmonella Salmonella PullorumPullorum and and

National Poultry Improvement Plan National Poultry Improvement Plan

PullorumPullorum or or ““bacillary white diarrheabacillary white diarrhea”” caused caused mortality of up to 85% in young chicks.mortality of up to 85% in young chicks.Infected chicks, become carriers, lay infected Infected chicks, become carriers, lay infected eggs.eggs.Stained antigen, whole blood test.Stained antigen, whole blood test.S. S. pullorumpullorum is a host specific avian pathogen.is a host specific avian pathogen.National Poultry Improvement Plan was National Poultry Improvement Plan was developed to improve breed quality and control developed to improve breed quality and control pullorumpullorum disease.disease.

Overview of PullorumOverview of Pullorum--TyphoidTyphoid

Symptoms:Symptoms:–– White diarrheaWhite diarrhea–– Pasted ventPasted vent–– Huddle together Huddle together –– LamenessLameness–– Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing–– BlindnessBlindnessNearly all chicks with PNearly all chicks with P--T dieT die–– Chicks that survive, become adult Chicks that survive, become adult ““carrierscarriers””

History of History of PullorumPullorum--Typhoid in USATyphoid in USA

19301930’’ss…… ~70 years ago, Pullorum Disease ~70 years ago, Pullorum Disease killed a lot of poultrykilled a lot of poultry–– Prevented farmers from raising poultryPrevented farmers from raising poultryPoultry farmers developed a plan to Poultry farmers developed a plan to eliminate Pullorum Disease in the U.S.eliminate Pullorum Disease in the U.S.–– National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP)National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP)Created a test for carriersCreated a test for carriers–– ~20 years later the disease was eliminated in ~20 years later the disease was eliminated in

commercial flockscommercial flocks

TodayToday –– Pullorum Disease Pullorum Disease stillstill exists in the U.S.!exists in the U.S.!1990 Epizootic of 1990 Epizootic of pullorumpullorum in single, integrated in single, integrated broiler operation involving 5 Statesbroiler operation involving 5 States2002, 2004, 2008 2002, 2004, 2008 –– S S pullorumpullorum cultured in backyard cultured in backyard flocksflocksWashington StateWashington State: Last Pullorum bacteria cultured : Last Pullorum bacteria cultured in 1987 from Yakima Countyin 1987 from Yakima CountyWashington StateWashington State: Okanogan County, Salmonella : Okanogan County, Salmonella pullorumpullorum micromicro--agglutination test positive turkey agglutination test positive turkey (1:80 dilution) August, 2009(1:80 dilution) August, 2009

Pullorum Disease TodayPullorum Disease Today

NPIPNPIP

Voluntary national program in collaboration Voluntary national program in collaboration with state and federal departments of with state and federal departments of agriculture and industry representativesagriculture and industry representativesNew diagnostic technology improves poultry New diagnostic technology improves poultry and poultry products in USAand poultry products in USAProvides certification that poultry and poultry Provides certification that poultry and poultry products destined for interstate and products destined for interstate and international shipments are free from international shipments are free from specified diseasesspecified diseases

NPIP in Washington StateNPIP in Washington State

Washington is an NPIP Washington is an NPIP ‘‘PullorumPullorum--Clean StateClean State’’–– 49 Participants:49 Participants:

Commercial producers: 9Commercial producers: 9Subpart E producers: 40Subpart E producers: 40

–– Definition of Subpart E:Definition of Subpart E:Game birdsGame birdsWaterfowlWaterfowlBackyard or small producersBackyard or small producers

–– Exhibitors/fanciersExhibitors/fanciers–– PetsPets–– Production/small businessProduction/small business

Washington StateWashington StatePP--T RequirementsT Requirements

WAC 16WAC 16--5959--030:030: All poultry going to public exhibition, All poultry going to public exhibition, including exotic, and game birds, but excluding including exotic, and game birds, but excluding waterfowl, doves, and pigeons must:waterfowl, doves, and pigeons must:

a)a) Come from U.S. PullorumCome from U.S. Pullorum--Typhoid Clean or equivalent flocks; Typhoid Clean or equivalent flocks; oror

b)b) Have had a negative pullorumHave had a negative pullorum--typhoid test within ninety days typhoid test within ninety days before going to public exhibitionbefore going to public exhibition

Without WAC 16Without WAC 16--59 Washington State could not 59 Washington State could not protect poultry producers from losses due to an avian protect poultry producers from losses due to an avian influenza outbreakinfluenza outbreak

–– Fair market value of birds lost to AIFair market value of birds lost to AI–– Reimbursement for egg lossReimbursement for egg loss–– Cost of cleaning & disinfecting premises and equipmentCost of cleaning & disinfecting premises and equipment

Pathogenesis of Egg Contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis

History of Salmonella Enteritidis in USAHistory of Salmonella Enteritidis in USA

Eggs recognized as a major source of Eggs recognized as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections 1988Salmonella enteritidis infections 1988NPIP initiated NPIP initiated ““Salmonella enteritidis Clean Salmonella enteritidis Clean ProgramProgram”” for eggfor egg--type breeders in 1989type breeders in 1989

Salmonella Enteritidis in Broiler ChickensSalmonella Enteritidis in Broiler ChickensUnited States, 2000United States, 2000––20052005

USDA FSIS saw a threeUSDA FSIS saw a three--fold fold increase in SE in broilers from increase in SE in broilers from 2000 to 20052000 to 2005FoodNetFoodNet showed association showed association between eating chicken and between eating chicken and sporadic SE infectionsporadic SE infectionChicken also implicated in Chicken also implicated in some outbreaks of SEsome outbreaks of SESome interventions to control Some interventions to control SE in egg industry applicable SE in egg industry applicable to broilersto broilers

Salmonella Enteritidis Isolation Rates per Salmonella Enteritidis Isolation Rates per 100,000 Population by Region: 1970 100,000 Population by Region: 1970 –– 20062006

History of Salmonella Enteritidis History of Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Risk Reduction in

Commercial LayersCommercial Layers19781978--1988: CDC, Increased Salmonella Enteritidis 1988: CDC, Increased Salmonella Enteritidis Isolation Rates in PeopleIsolation Rates in People1988: Poultry Research 1988: Poultry Research ““Emergence of Grade A Eggs Emergence of Grade A Eggs as a Major Source of Salmonella enteritidis Infectionsas a Major Source of Salmonella enteritidis Infections””1992: US Secretary of Agriculture Declared SE an 1992: US Secretary of Agriculture Declared SE an EmergencyEmergency19921992--1993: SE Pilot Project Begun in Pennsylvania1993: SE Pilot Project Begun in Pennsylvania1994 1994 -- Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (PEQAP) initiated(PEQAP) initiated

Salmonella Enteritidis Salmonella Enteritidis Hazard AnalysisHazard Analysis

Critical Control Point System for Critical Control Point System for Enhancing Food Safety Enhancing Food Safety

Pennsylvania SE Pilot Project Identified 3 Pennsylvania SE Pilot Project Identified 3 Critical Control Points Correlated with SECritical Control Points Correlated with SE

1.1. Positive PulletsPositive Pullets2.2. Rodent PopulationRodent Population3.3. Need for Cleaning and Disinfection Between Need for Cleaning and Disinfection Between

FlocksFlocks

http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/AGRS72.pdf

Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs During Production, Storage, and TransportationDuring Production, Storage, and Transportation

USDA NPIP and Auxiliary ProvisionsUSDA NPIP and Auxiliary ProvisionsUpdated June 2009Updated June 2009

e-CFR Electronic Code of Federal Regulationshttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov

June 2009June 2009

Washington ImportsWashington Imports

WACsWACs > Title 16 > Chapter 16> Title 16 > Chapter 16--5454Avian SpeciesAvian Species1616--5454--145 Poultry and game birds, including 145 Poultry and game birds, including

ratites ratites ---- Importation and testing requirements.Importation and testing requirements.

http://http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?citeapps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=16=16--5454--145145

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=16-54

Washington ImportsWashington ImportsImport test requirementsImport test requirements

4.4. Poultry and game birds must:Poultry and game birds must:

(a) Originate from an NPIP participant flock that has met (a) Originate from an NPIP participant flock that has met classification requirements for pullorumclassification requirements for pullorum--typhoid, typhoid, SalmonellaSalmonellaenteriditis, and avian influenza; orenteriditis, and avian influenza; or

(b) (b) Test negative within thirty days before entering Washington for pullorum-typhoid, S. enteriditis, and avian influenza. Serum testing or . Serum testing or NPIP member status is also required for the following species:NPIP member status is also required for the following species:

(i) Bobwhite quail ((i) Bobwhite quail (ColinusColinus virgianusvirgianus).).

(ii) (ii) CoturnixCoturnix quail (quail (CoturnixCoturnix coturnixcoturnix).).

(iii) Pure or hybrid Ring(iii) Pure or hybrid Ring--necked pheasant (necked pheasant (PhasianusPhasianus colchicuscolchicus).).

(iv) (iv) ChukarChukar ((AlectorisAlectoris chukarchukar).).

(v) Hungarian partridge ((v) Hungarian partridge (PerdixPerdix perdixperdix).).

Washington ImportsWashington Imports

5.5. Hatching eggs must originate from an NPIP participant flock thatHatching eggs must originate from an NPIP participant flock that has met has met classification requirements for the diseases listed in subsectioclassification requirements for the diseases listed in subsection (4)(a) of this n (4)(a) of this section. If the parent breeder flock is not an NPIP participant,section. If the parent breeder flock is not an NPIP participant, the parent the parent birds must be tested for the above diseases within thirty days bbirds must be tested for the above diseases within thirty days before entry.efore entry.

6.6. Turkeys and wild turkeys, their Turkeys and wild turkeys, their poultspoults, and eggs must originate from a , and eggs must originate from a producer who is participating in the producer who is participating in the mycoplasmosismycoplasmosis control phase of the control phase of the NPIP or must have been tested serologically negative for NPIP or must have been tested serologically negative for M. M. gallisepticumgallisepticumand and M. M. synoviaesynoviae within thirty days of entry.within thirty days of entry.

Exemptions to import health requirements.Exemptions to import health requirements.7.7. Doves, pigeons, and poultry destined for immediate slaughter areDoves, pigeons, and poultry destined for immediate slaughter are exempt exempt

from the certificate of veterinary inspection and testing requirfrom the certificate of veterinary inspection and testing requirements.ements.

Check with the State Veterinarians Office for before importing iCheck with the State Veterinarians Office for before importing into Washingtonnto Washington(360) 902(360) 902--18781878

WSDA Regular RuleWSDA Regular Rule--Making ProcessMaking Process

Preparing a CRPreparing a CR--101 Pre101 Pre--proposal Statement of Inquiryproposal Statement of InquiryPublishing and Mailing NoticesPublishing and Mailing NoticesDrafting RulesDrafting RulesFiling a CRFiling a CR--102 Proposed Rule102 Proposed Rule--Making NoticeMaking NoticeAccepting Public CommentsAccepting Public CommentsFiling a CRFiling a CR--103 Rule103 Rule--Making Order to Adopt the Making Order to Adopt the Permanent RulePermanent Rule

http://agr.wa.gov/lawsrules/Rulemaking/ruleprocess.aspx#regular

Proposed WA State Regulations Proposed WA State Regulations for Salmonella Enteritidisfor Salmonella Enteritidis

Poultry Type Disease Control Classifications Egg-Type

Chickens Meat-Type Chickens Turkeys Other*

Pullorum–Typhoid YES YES YES YES

Avian Influenza YES YES YES YES

Mycoplasma gallisepticum - - YES

Mycoplasma synoviae - - YES

Salmonella enteritidis YES

Summary and ConclusionsSummary and Conclusions

Risk from S Risk from S pullorumpullorum persists, particularly in persists, particularly in backyard flocksbackyard flocksReduction in risk from SE in poultry requires Reduction in risk from SE in poultry requires interdisciplinary efforts involving government, interdisciplinary efforts involving government, industry, consumers, and academicsindustry, consumers, and academicsWashington State Rules and Regulations Washington State Rules and Regulations Provides Opportunity for Comment from Provides Opportunity for Comment from Industry and ConsumersIndustry and Consumers

Lyndon Badcoe Lyndon Badcoe BVScBVSc, MVS, , MVS, DVScDVScAvian Health Veterinarian and EpidemiologistAvian Health Veterinarian and EpidemiologistWashington State Department of AgricultureWashington State Department of Agriculture1111 Washington St. SE1111 Washington St. SEOlympia WA 98504Olympia WA 98504

Office phone: 360Office phone: 360--725725--57635763Fax: 360Fax: 360--902902--20872087Cell phone: 360Cell phone: 360--507507--62196219EE--mail: mail: LBadcoe@agr.wa.govLBadcoe@agr.wa.gov

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