Safety SymbolsThese safety symbols are used in laboratory and field investigations in this book to indicate

possible hazards. Learn the meaning of each symbol and refer to this page often. Rememberto wash your hands thoroughly after completing lab procedures.

REFERENCE HANDBOOK 1107

Eye SafetyProper eye protectionshould be worn at alltimes by anyone per-forming or observingscience activities.

ClothingProtectionThis symbol appearswhen substancescould stain or burnclothing.

Animal SafetyThis symbol appearswhen safety of ani-mals and studentsmust be ensured.

RadioactivityThis symbol appearswhen radioactivematerials are used.

Avoid skin contactwith these materials.Wear mask or gloves.

Notify your teacher ifyou suspect contactwith material. Washhands thoroughly.

Organisms or otherbiological materialsthat might be harmfulto humans

bacteria, fungi, blood,unpreserved tissues,plant materials

BIOLOGICAL

Use proper protectionwhen handling.

Go to your teacher forfirst aid.

Objects that can burnskin by being too coldor too hot

boiling liquids, hotplates, dry ice, liquidnitrogen

EXTREMETEMPERATURE

Do not dispose ofthese materials in thesink or trash can.

Dispose of wastes asdirected by yourteacher.

Special disposal pro-cedures need to befollowed.

certain chemicals, living organismsDISPOSAL

SAFETY SYMBOLS

Practice common-sense behavior andfollow guidelines foruse of the tool.

Go to your teacher forfirst aid.

Use of tools or glass-ware that can easilypuncture or slice skin

razor blades, pins,scalpels, pointedtools, dissectingprobes, broken glass

SHARPOBJECT

Make sure there isgood ventilation.Never smell fumesdirectly. Wear a mask.

Leave foul area andnotify your teacherimmediately.

Possible danger torespiratory tract fromfumes

ammonia, acetone,nail polish remover,heated sulfur, mothballs

FUME

Double-check setupwith teacher. Checkcondition of wires andapparatus.

Do not attempt to fixelectrical problems.Notify your teacherimmediately.

Possible danger fromelectrical shock orburn

improper grounding,liquid spills, short cir-cuits, exposed wires

ELECTRICAL

Wear dust mask andgloves. Practice extracare when handlingthese materials.

Go to your teacher forfirst aid.

Substances that canirritate the skin ormucous membranesof the respiratory tract

pollen, moth balls,steel wool, fiberglass,potassium perman-ganate

IRRITANT

Wear goggles, gloves,and an apron.

Immediately flush theaffected area withwater and notify yourteacher.

Chemicals that canreact with and destroytissue and other materials

bleaches such ashydrogen peroxide;acids such as sulfuricacid, hydrochloricacid; bases such asammonia, sodiumhydroxide

CHEMICAL

Follow your teacher’sinstructions.

Always wash handsthoroughly after use.Go to your teacher forfirst aid.

Substance may bepoisonous if touched,inhaled, or swallowed.

mercury, many metalcompounds, iodine,poinsettia plant parts

TOXIC

Tie back hair. Avoidwearing loose cloth-ing. Avoid open flameswhen using flammablechemicals. Be awareof locations of firesafety equipment.

Notify your teacherimmediately. Use firesafety equipment ifapplicable.

Open flame may igniteflammable chemicals,loose clothing, or hair.

alcohol, kerosene,potassium perman-ganate, hair, clothing

OPENFLAME

PRECAUTION REMEDYHAZARD EXAMPLES

Demonstrating Safe Lab PracticesThe biology laboratory is a safe place to work if you follow standard safety procedures. Being

responsible for your own safety helps to make the entire laboratory a safer place for every-one. When performing MiniLabs and BioLabs, read and apply the caution statements and safetysymbols. Safety symbols are explained on the previous page. The safety guidelines and rulesgiven here will help protect you and others during laboratory and field investigations.

Preventing Accidents• Always wear chemical splash safety goggles (not

glasses) in the laboratory. Goggles should fit snugglyagainst the face to prevent any liquid from enteringthe eyes. Put on your goggles before beginning thelab and wear them throughout the entire activity,cleanup, and hand washing. Only remove goggleswith your teacher’s permission.

• Wear protective aprons and the proper type ofgloves as instructed by your teacher.

• Keep your hands away from your face and mouthwhile working in the laboratory.

• Do NOT wear sandals or other open-toed shoes inthe lab.

• Remove jewelry on hands and wrists before doinglab work. Loose jewelry, such as chains and longnecklaces, should be removed to prevent them fromgetting caught in equipment.

• Do NOT wear clothing that is loose enough to catchon anything. If clothing is loose, tape or tie it down.

• Tie back long hair to keep it away from flames andequipment.

• Do NOT use hair spray, mousse, or other flam-mable hair products just before or during laboratorywork where an open flame is used. These productsignite easily.

• Eating, drinking, chewing gum, applying makeup,and smoking are prohibited in the laboratory.

• Students are expected to behave properly in the lab-oratory. Practical jokes and fooling around can leadto accidents and injury.

• Students should notify their teacher about allergiesor other health conditions that they have which canaffect their participation in a lab.

Making Wise Choices• When obtaining consumable laboratory materials,

carefully dispense only the amount you will use. Ifyou dispense more than you will use, check withyour teacher to determine if another student can usethe excess.

• If you have consumable materials left over aftercompleting an investigation, check with your teacherto determine the best choice for either recycling ordisposing of the materials.

Working in the Laboratory and the Field• Study all procedures before you begin a laboratory

or field investigation. Ask questions if you do notunderstand any part of the procedure.

• Do NOT begin any activity until directed to do soby your teacher.

• Work ONLY on procedures assigned by yourteacher. NEVER work alone in the laboratory.

• Do NOT handle equipment without permission.Use all lab equipment for their intended uses only.

• Collect and carry all equipment and materials toyour work area before beginning the lab.

• Remain in your own work area unless given permis-sion by your teacher to leave it. Keep your work areauncluttered.

• Learn and follow procedures for using specific lab-oratory equipment such as balances, microscopes,hot plates, and burners. Do not hesitate to ask forinstructions about how to use any lab equipment.

• When heating or rinsing a container such as a testtube or flask, point it away from yourself and others.

1108 REFERENCE HANDBOOKMatt Meadows

• Do NOT taste, touch, or smell any chemical or sub-stance unless instructed to do so by your teacher.

• If instructed to smell a substance in a container, holdthe container a short distance away and fan vaporstoward your nose.

• Do NOT substitute other chemicals/substances forthose in the materials list unless instructed to do soby your teacher.

• Do NOT take any materials or chemicals outside ofthe laboratory.

• Stay out of storage areas unless you are instructed tobe there and are supervised by your teacher.

Laboratory Cleanup• Turn off all burners, gas valves, and water faucets

before leaving the laboratory. Disconnect electricaldevices.

• Clean all equipment as instructed by your teacherand return everything to the proper storage places.

• Dispose of all materials properly. Place disposableitems in containers specifically marked for that typeof item. Do not pour liquids down a drain unlessyour teacher instructs you to do so.

• Clean up your work and sink area. • Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm

water after each activity and BEFORE removingyour goggles.

Emergencies• Inform the teacher immediately of any mishap,

such as fire, bodily injuries or burns, electricalshock, glassware breakage, and chemical or otherspills.

• In most instances, your teacher will clean up spills.Do NOT attempt to clean up spills unless you aregiven permission and instructions on how to do so.

• Know the location of the fire extinguisher, safetyshower, eyewash, fire blanket, and first-aid kit. Afterreceiving instruction, you can use the safety shower,eyewash, and fire blanket in an emergency withoutyour teacher’s permission. However, the fire extin-guisher and the first-aid kit should only be used byyour teacher or, in an extreme emergency, with yourteacher’s permission.

• If chemicals come into contact with your eyes orskin, notify your teacher immediately then flushyour skin or eyes with large quantities of water.

• If someone is injured or becomes ill, only a profes-sional medical provider or someone certified in firstaid should perform first-aid procedures.

REFERENCE HANDBOOK 1109Matt Meadows

1110 REFERENCE HANDBOOK

Kingdom Eubacteria Phylum Actinobacteria

Example: MycobacteriumPhylum Omnibacteria

Example: SalmonellaPhylum Spirochaetae

Example: TreponemaPhylum Chloroxybacteria

Example: ProchloronPhylum Cyanobacteria

Example: Nostoc

Kingdom Archaebacteria Phylum Aphragmabacteria

Example: MycoplasmaPhylum Halobacteria

Example: HalobacteriumPhylum Methanocreatrices

Example: Methanobacillus

Kingdom ProtistaPhylum Rhizopoda

Example: AmoebaPhylum Ciliophora

Example: ParameciumPhylum Sporozoa

Example: PlasmodiumPhylum Zoomastigina

Example: TrypanosomaPhylum Euglenophyta

Example: Euglena

Phylum BacillariophytaExample: Navicula

Phylum DinoflagellataExample: Gonyaulax

Phylum RhodophytaExample: Chondrus

Phylum PhaeophytaExample: Laminaria

Phylum ChlorophytaExample: Ulva

Phylum AcrasiomycotaExample: Dictyostelium

Phylum MyxomycotaExample: Physarum

Phylum Oomycota Example: Phytophthora

Kingdom FungiDivision Zygomycota

Example: RhizopusDivision Ascomycota

Example: SaccharomycesDivision Basidiomycota

Example: AmanitaDivision Deuteromycota

Example: PenicilliumDivision Mycophycota

Example: Cladonia

Six-Kingdom ClassificationThe classification used in this text combines information gathered from the

systems of many different fields of biology. For example, phycologists,biologists who study algae, have developed their own system of classification,as have mycologists, biologists who study fungi. The naming of animals andplants is controlled by two completely different sets of rules. The six-kingdomsystem, although not ideal for reflecting the phylogeny of all life, is useful forshowing relationships. Taxonomy is an area of biology that evolves just like thespecies it studies. In this Appendix, only the major phyla are listed, and onegenus is named as an example. For more information about each taxon, refer to the chapter in the text in which the group is described.

C

REFERENCE HANDBOOK 1111

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Porifera

Example: SpongillaPhylum Cnidaria

Example: HydraPhylum Platyhelminthes

Example: DugesiaPhylum Nematoda

Example: TrichinellaPhylum Mollusca

Example: NautilusPhylum Annelida

Example: Hirudo

Phylum ArthropodaExample: Colias

Phylum EchinodermataExample: Cucumaria

Phylum ChordataSubphylum Urochordata

Example: PolycarpaSubphylum Cephalochordata

Example: BranchiostomaSubphylum Vertebrata

Example: Panthera

Three-Domain ClassificationIncreasingly, biologists are classifying organisms into categories larger than kingdoms

called domains. The three domains are: domain Bacteria, which includes the KingdomEubacteria; domain Archaea, which includes the Kingdom Archaebacteria; and the domainEukarya, which includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals. With discoveries, this classifi-cation system may change.

Kingdom PlantaeDivision Hepaticophyta

Example: PelliaDivision Anthocerophyta

Example: AnthocerosDivision Bryophyta

Example: PolytrichumDivision Psilophyta

Example: PsilotumDivision Lycophyta

Example: LycopodiumDivision Arthrophyta

Example: Equisetum

Division PterophytaExample: Polypodium

Division GinkgophytaExample: Ginkgo

Division CycadophytaExample: Cycas

Division ConiferophytaExample: Pinus

Division GnetophytaExample: Welwitschia

Division AnthophytaExample: Rhododendron

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Eukarya

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

(t)David M. Dennis, (b)Lynne Stone

1112 REFERENCE HANDBOOK

The Periodic Table of Elements

1112 REFERENCE HANDBOOK

Hydrogen

1H1.008

Element

Atom

ic number

Symbol

Atom

ic mass

State ofm

atter

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Synthetic H

ydrogen

1H1.008

Lithium

3Li6.941

Sodium

11

Na

22.990

Potassium

19K39.098

Rubidium

37

Rb

85.468

Cesium

55Cs132.905

Francium

87Fr(223)

Radium

88

Ra

(226)

Cerium

58

Ce140.116

Thorium

90

Th232.038

Uranium

92U238.029

Neptunium

93

Np

(237)

Plutonium

94

Pu(244)

Americium

95

Am

(243)

Neodym

ium

60

Nd

144.24

Promethium

61

Pm(145)

Samarium

62

Sm150.36

Europium

63

Eu151.964

Praseodymium

59Pr140.908

Protactinium

91

Pa231.036

Actinium

89

Ac

(227)

Rutherfordium

104

Rf

(261)

Barium

56

Ba

137.327

Lanthanum

57

La138.906

Hafnium

72

Hf

178.49

Tantalum

73

Ta180.948

Dubnium

105

Db

(262)

Seaborgium

106

Sg(266)

Hassium

108

Hs

(277)

Meitnerium

109

Mt

(268)

Bohrium

107

Bh

(264)

Tungsten

74W183.84

Rhenium

75

Re

186.207

Osm

ium

76

Os

190.23

Iridium

77Ir192.217

Strontium

38Sr87.62

Yttrium

39Y88.906

Zirconium

40Zr91.224

Niobium

41

Nb

92.906

Molybdenum

42

Mo

95.94

Calcium

20

Ca40.078

Scandium

21Sc44.956

Titanium

22Ti47.867

Vanadium

23V50.942

Chromium

24Cr51.996

Technetium

43Tc(98)

Ruthenium

44

Ru

101.07

Manganese

25

Mn

54.938

Iron

26

Fe55.845

Cobalt

27

Co58.933

Rhodium

45

Rh

102.906

Magnesium

12

Mg

24.305

Beryllium

4Be

9.012

Lanthanideseries

Actinide

series

1

12

234567

93

45

67

8

The number in parentheses is the m

ass number of the longest-lived isotope of the elem

ent.

Metal

Metalloid

Nonm

etal

Recently

discovered

Helium

2He

4.003

Curium

96

Cm(247)

Berkelium

97

Bk

(247)

Californium

98Cf(251)

Einsteinium

99Es(252)

Fermium

100

Fm(257)

Nobelium

102

No

(259)

Lawrencium

103

Lr(262)

Mendelevium

101

Md

(258)

Gadolinium

64

Gd

157.25

Terbium

65

Tb158.925

Dysprosium

66

Dy

162.500

Holm

ium

67

Ho

164.930

Erbium

68Er167.259

Thulium

69

Tm168.934

Ytterbium

70

Yb173.04

Lutetium

71

Lu174.967

Ununnilium

110

Uun

(281)

Unununium

111

Uuu

(272)

Ununbium

112

Uub

(285)

Ununquadium

114

Uuq

(289)

Ununhexium

116

Uuh

Ununoctium

118

Uuo

Platinum

78

Pt195.078

Gold

79

Au

196.967

Mercury

80

Hg

200.59

Thallium

81Tl204.383

Lead

82

Pb207.2

Bismuth

83Bi

208.980

Astatine

85

At

(210)

Radon

86

Rn

(222)

Nickel

28Ni

58.693

Copper

29

Cu63.546

Zinc

30

Zn65.409

Gallium

31

Ga

69.723

Germanium

32

Ge

72.64

Arsenic

33

As

74.922

Selenium

34

Se78.96

Bromine

35

Br

79.904

Krypton

36Kr83.798

Palladium

46

Pd106.42

Silver

47

Ag

107.868

Cadmium

48

Cd112.411

Indium

49

In114.818

Tin

50

Sn118.710

Antimony

51

Sb121.760

Tellurium

52

Te127.60

Iodine

53I126.904

Xenon

54

Xe131.293

Aluminum

13Al

26.982

Silicon

14Si28.086

Phosphorus

15P30.974

Sulfur

16S32.065

Chlorine

17Cl35.453

Argon

18

Ar

39.948

Boron

5B10.811

Carbon

6C12.011

Nitrogen

7N14.007

Oxygen

8O15.999

Fluorine

9F18.998

Neon

10

Ne

20.180

1011

12

1314

1516

17

18

Polonium

84

Po(209)

The names and sym

bols for elements 110 –

114 are temporary. Final nam

es will be selected w

hen the elements‘ discoveries are verified.

* **

**

Elements 116 and

118 were thought to

have been created in a laboratory in 1999. In July 2001, the claim

was retracted

because the experim

ental results could not be repeated. Currently, there is no evidence to support the existence of these elem

ents.

Visit the Glencoe Science Web site

for updates to the periodic table.

Co

lum

ns o

f elemen

ts are called g

rou

ps. Elem

ents in

the sam

e gro

up

h

ave similar ch

emical p

rop

erties.

The first th

ree symb

ols tell yo

u

the state o

f matter o

f the elem

ent

at roo

m tem

peratu

re. The fo

urth

sym

bo

l iden

tifies hu

man

-mad

e, o

r synth

etic , elemen

ts.

The co

lor o

f an elem

ent's b

lock

tells you

if the elem

ent is a m

etal, n

on

metal, m

etalloid

, or h

as been

d

iscovered

so recen

tly that m

ore

stud

y is need

ed.

Row

s of elem

ents are called

p

eriod

s. Ato

mic n

um

ber

increases acro

ss a perio

d.

The arro

w sh

ow

s w

here th

ese elemen

ts w

ou

ld fit in

to th

e p

eriod

ic table. Th

ey are m

oved

to th

e b

otto

m o

f the p

age to

save sp

ace.