SAFETY ASPECT IN INSTALLATION INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM

(IBS) COMPONENT

NOOR YUHANA BT MAAMOR

A report submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor Degree of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

NOVEMBER 2009

ii

I declare that this project report entitled “Safety Aspect in Installation

Industrialized Building System (IBS) Component” is the result of my own research

except as cited in the references. This report has not been accepted for any degree and

is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature: ……………………………………………

Name: NOOR YUHANA BT MAAMOR

Date: …………………………………………….

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“Almighty Allah, please blessing to them….

My father, my mother, my brother, my young brother,

My lecturer, especially my supervisor Mr. Zahrizan B. Zakaria

My friends and to all muslim…..this is for us

Thanks you for your support”

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all graceful thoughts all zillion thanks go to Almighty Allah (S.W.T)

for giving me guidance and good health to complete the final year project (PSM). I

want to extend my appreciation to everybody to who contributed to the

accomplishment of this final year project. My final year project supervisor, Mr.

Zahrizan B. Zakaria of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources is

especially remembered for this time, patience and effort in ‘moulding’ me and my

thought processes. The completion of this final year project would not have been

possible without his conscientious guidance, advice and encouragement.

Furthermore, I am most thankful to my family for their continuous support and

encouragement given to me unconditionally in completing this project report.

Eventually, I would like to express my sincere thanks to construction

professionals, who generously spent their precious time to participate in the interviews

of this project. Their honest information, opinions and comments are very useful

indeed. My seniors and friends, who had provide all kinds of assistance and support,

also deserved my special thanks. Without the contribution of all those mentioned

above, this work would not have been possible.

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ABSTRACT

Safety aspect in construction is very importance and it has to apply to any construction project. It can be lead to accidence that could cause injured to workers as well the public and some causes can lead to death. Pre-cast construction also not exclude from having hazard in its construction process during the installation component. However, the most construction accidents occur because lack of proper planning, unsafe equipment, not follow the method statement, unsafe site conditions, not using the safety equipment that was provided, and poor attitude towards safety during installation process. The aim of this project is to study the process of installation component pre-cast concrete and to identify the safety aspect and the requirement during the process installation at site, included to identify the level of safety during installation process at site. The data was collected through documents study, interview, and industrial visit, constructed and distributed questionnaire in order to identify the safety requirements in pre-cast construction. All of the interview and research questionnaire survey are conducted among contractor that registered as class 7 with Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB) and class A with Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor (PKK) in Klang Valley. Returned questionnaire were analyses with used average index and frequency analysis method to identify safety aspect using pre-cast construction. The results indicate that the safety aspect implemented by company involved in precast construction process is at a good level at safety aspect during bracing, propping, welding and grouting process and very good level at safety in general aspect and safety aspect during lifting process. This are a few safety aspect and requirement during installation process such as construction site workers equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) and etc. In conclusion with existence of this study, it can boost up knowledge and give detailed information about safety aspect in Industrialized Building System using pre-cast concrete and must improve step of awareness until 0% of accident.

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ABSTRAK

Aspek keselamatan dalam pembinaan adalah sangat penting dan perlu dititikberatkan dalam mana-mana projek pembinaan. Ia akan membawa kepada kemalangan yang menyebabkan kecederaan yang serius kepada para pekerja atau orang awam malah kadang-kadang dapat membawa kepada kematian. Pembinaan pratuaang juga tidak terlepas daripada bahaya dalam kerja pembinaan semasa proses pemasangan. Bagaimanapun, kemalangan berlaku kerana kurang perancangan, peralatan yang tidak selamat, tidak mengikuti method statement, keadaan tapak yang tidak selamat, tidak menggunakan peralatan keselamatan yang disediakan, dan sikap yang lemah terhadap keselamatan semasa proses pembinaan. Matlamat projek ini ialah untuk mengkaji proses pemasangan komponen konkrit pratuang dan mengenalpasti aspek keselamatan dan keperluan semasa proses pemasangan di tapak bina termasuk mengenalpasti tahap keselamatan semasa process pemasangan di tapak bina. Data telah dikumpulkan melalui dokumen kajian, temuramah, dan melawat tapak, membuat dan mengedar borang kaji selidik untuk mengenalpasti keperluan keselamatan dalam pembinaan pratuang. Semua temuramah dan borang kaji selidik juga dijalankan kepada para kontaktor yang telah berdaftar sebagai gred 7 dengan Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan (CIDB) dan kelas A dengan Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor (PKK) dalam kawasan lembah kelang. Pemulangan Boring kaji selidik akan dianalisis dengan kaedah indek purata dan kaedah kekerapan untuk mengenalpasti aspek keselamatan dalam pembinaan pratuang. Keputusan menunjukkan aspek keselamatan yang diamalkan oleh syarikat yang terlibat dalam proses pembinaan pratuang adalah di tahap bagus pada aspek keselamatan semasa merembat, propping, kimpalan dan grouting dan tahap sangat bagus pada aspek keselamatan secara umum dan aspek keselamatan semasa proses mengangkat. ini adalah sebahagian aspek keselamatan dan keperluan semasa proses pemasangan seperti pekerja ditapak bina dibekalkan dengan peralatan perlindungan peribadi (PPE) and lain-lain lagi. Kesimpulannya dengan adanya kajian ini, dapat menambahkan pengetahuan tentang aspek keselamatan dalam “Industrialized Building System”menggunakan konkrit pratuang dan langkah keselamatan perlu dipertingkatkan sehingga 0% kemalangan yang berlaku.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TOPIC i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii-xi

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii-xi

LIST OF APPENDX xiv

LIST OF ABBREIATION xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction 1-2

2.0 Background of Study 2-3

3.0 Problem Statement 3-4

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4.0 Objectives 4-5

5.0 Scope of Study 5

6.0 Methodology 6

7.0 Significant Of Study 7

8.0 Expected Outcome 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 8

2.1.1 Industrialized Building System (IBS) 9-10

2.1.2 History Of Industrialized Building System 11-12

(IBS) in Malaysia

2.2 Classification Of Industrialized Building System 13-14

(IBS

2.3 Activity In Pre-Cast Concrete Construction 15

2.3.1 Manufacturing Producer In Pre-Cast 16-17

Concrete Factory

2.3.2 Procedure In Site Erection 18

2.4 Pre-Cast Installation Procedure 18-19

2.4.1 Lifting Systems 19-21

2.4.2 Bracing And Stabilizing 21

2.4.3 Welding 22

2.4.4 Grouting 22-24

2.5 Safety in General 24-25

2.5.1 Personal Protection Equipment 25-26

2.6 Safety In Component Installation 26

2.6.1 Safety Aspect in Lifting System 26-27

2.6.2 Safety Aspect in Placing Component 27

2.6.3 Stabilizing of Component 28

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2.6.3.1 Safety Aspect in Bracing Process 28

2.6.3.2 Safety Aspect in Propping Process 29

2.6.4 Process Of Last Connection Component 29

2.6.4.1 Safety Aspect in Welding System 29-30

2.6.4.2 Safety Aspect in Grouting Process 30

2.7 Summary 31

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Literature Review 33

3.3 Factory Visit (Manufactured Pre-Cast Component) 34

3.4 Industrial Visit (Site Visit) 34

3.5 Interview 34-35

3.6 Questionnaire Survey 35-37

3.7 Data Analysis 37

3.7.1 Frequency Analysis 38

3.7.2 Average Index 38-39

3.8 Limitation Of Study 40

4 DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 41

4.2 Questionnaire Analysis 42

4.3 Structure interview 42

4.4 Respondents’ Backgrounds 43

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4.4.1 Respondents’ Backgrounds 43

4.4.2 Respondents Experiences 44

4.4.3 Respondents’ Experiences in Accidents 45

4.5 Safety Aspect and The Requirement 46

During the Process of Installation at Site

4.5.1 Safety Aspect during Lifting Process 46-47

4.5.2 Safety Aspect during Placing Process 48-49

4.5.3 Safety Aspect for Stabilizing of Component 49

4.5.3.1 Safety Aspect during Bracing 49-50

Process

4.5.3.2 Safety Aspect and Requirement 50-51

During Propping Process

4.5.4 Safety Aspect for the Last 52

Connection of Component

4.5.4.1 Safety Aspect and Requirement 52-53

During Welding Process

4.5.4.2 Safety Aspect during Grouting 53-54

Process

4.6 Analysis of Safety Level at site 54

4.6.1 Safety in General Aspect 55-56

4.6.2 Safety Aspect during Lifting Process 56-57

4.6.3 Safety Aspect during Placing Process 57-58

4.6.4 Safety Aspect during Bracing Process 59-60

4.6.5 Safety Aspect during Propping Process 60-61

4.6.6 Safety Aspect during Welding Process 61-62

4.6.7 Safety Aspect during Grouting Process 63-64

4.7 Summary 65

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5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 66

5.2 Conclusions 67-69

5.3 Recommendation 69-70

5.4 Recommendations for Further Study 70

REFERENCES 71-72

APPENDIX A 73

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Definitions of IBS 9

3.1 Modification of the Level Of Agreement And 39

Evaluation For Average Index Analysis

(Abd Majid & R. McCaffer, 1997)

4.1 Respondent’s Rate 43

4.2 Classification of Agreement of Evaluation 54

4.3 Safety in General Aspect 55

4.4 Safety Aspect during Lifting Process 56-57

4.4 Safety Aspect during Placing Process 58

4.5 Safety Aspect during Bracing Process 59

4.6 Safety Aspect during propping process 60-61

4.7 Safety Aspect during Welding Process 62

4.8 Safety Aspect during Grouting Process 63

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LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Questionnaire 73

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IBS – Industrialized Building System

CIDB - Construction Development Board Malaysia

SOCSO - Social Security Organization

DOSH - Department of Occupational Safety andHealth

AHP – Analysis Hierarchy Process

LRT - Light Rail Transport

PKK - Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor

PKNS – Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor

A.I – Average Index

CMU - Concrete Masonry Unit

HIRARC - Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control

PPE - Personal Protection Equipment

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

A Pre-cast construction is classified as a one of the Industrialized Building

System (IBS). However, Industrialized Building System (IBS) is not a new concept

construction in Malaysia. Pre-cast construction is one of the construction method

where the component is being produced factory or site lift off and attach be a building

structure. Pre-cast concrete elements are concrete products that are manufactured and

cured in a plant environment and then transported to a job site for installation. This

method has its own significance and deficiency. Other that, safety aspect in

construction is very importance and it has to apply to any construction project. Safety

is an issue that has no end and every year will have accidents occurred at site

construction. However, it can be lead to accidence that could cause injured to workers

as well the public and some causes can lead to death.

Pre-cast construction also not exclude from having hazard in its construction

process during the installation component. This method is less popular compare with

conventional because of this phenomena, most contractor still not fully understand

safety aspect when used the pre-cast in construction. Pre-cast method construction is

different from ordinary method.

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Pre-cast who do their own installations knows there are procedures required to

achieve a high level of quality, customer satisfaction and most importance safety.

Since the installation process are unique, the procedure may vary and become

complex. To make installation run smoothly it is best to have experienced workers.

Plan should take the initiative and train employees, developing them into highly

skilled installer. This goes for foremen, welders, crane operators and whole crew. If

procedures are kept simple and consistent, installation workers can achieve safe and

cost effective installation.

Pre-cast concrete buildings were introduced in Malaysia in 1966 when the

government launched two pilot projects for pre-cast houses. The construction of

Tuanku Abdul Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur and the Rifle Range Road Flats in

Penang were the first time that pre-cast concrete elements were used to construct mass

houses (CIDB Digest, 2005). The Social Security Organization (SOCSO) record

shows that a total of 4654 out of 73858 industrial accidents recorded in 2003 were

come from the construction industry. (Mohammed Taher Alashwal, 2008) but it

different if used precast concrete, the statistic from CIDB shows the accidents are

50% from heavy lifting, 20% installation, 10% other factor, and more 10% from

during transportation component to storage accidents.

1.2 Background Study

Industrialized building system is not new concept in Malaysia. One of the

common divisions in construction industry is the Industrial Building System (IBS)

which has been introduced in Malaysia since 1966 for the projects which involve pre-

cast construction. According to Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia

there are five types of the IBS used in Malaysia:

1. Pre-Cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems.

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2. Steel Formwork Systems.

3. Steel Framing System.

4. Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems.

5. Block Work Systems.

(Ahmad Baharuddin, 2006).

Pre-cast component come in a variety of shape for different of usage, both

architecture and structure. It included the traditional pre-cast beam, column, slab, wall

and usage of pre-cast element eliminates or greatly reduces conventional formwork

and props. Pre-cast construction also lessens the problem of site wastages and the

related environmental problem. The prefabricated also provide a safe working

platform for workers to work on. Workers and material are also greatly reduced at the

construction site. The most importance aspect of an installation is the safety of your

workers and anyone on or near the jobsite. Installer must have a detailed safety

procedure in their method of installation that meets all Department of Occupational

Safety and Health (DOSH). Other than, crane operator also must be certified to meet

DOSH requirements (Rofizlan Ahmad, 2001).

The construction industry knows as one of the most hazardous activities (C.R

Che Hassan, O.J Basha,W.H Wan Hanafi, 2007). There are many hazards and risks

associated with these five types of IBS at every stage of the construction process

starting from the manufacturing stage to the erection stage. In every stage there are

regulations and requirements to provide safety environment at the work place that has

to be met.

1.3 Problem Statement

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is believed to be relatively not a new

approach in Malaysia. However, the most precast construction accidents occur

4

because lack of proper planning, unsafe equipment, not follow the method statement,

unsafe site conditions, not using the safety equipment that was provided, and poor

attitude towards safety during installation process. Therefore, it indicated that there is

lack of consideration of safety and risk evaluation in IBS construction. Besides that,

the safety performance in the Malaysian construction industry has lagged behind most

other industries as evidenced by its disproportional high rate of accidents as

mentioned earlier in this study.

Furthermore, accident statistics can play an important role as a prime indicator

for measuring safety performance as well as a framework for evaluating accident

prevention program. However, the statistics of accidents occurred in the Malaysian

construction sector have not been well organized and maintained. In addition, the

assessment of the cost to provide safety in IBS construction is also unknown.

Carelessness can lead to accidence that could cause injured to workers as well the

public and some causes can lead to death. Among accident happen, to identify when

workers fall current process installation component at high place and death causes

crushed from component pre-cast current working. The hazards associated with pre-

cast installation procedure can be very different from other type of works at site.

(Rofizlan Ahmad, 2001).

1.4 Objective

The aim of this study is to provide a general perspective of safety in pre-cast

concrete construction. The specific objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To study the process of installation component pre-cast concrete and

manufacturing pre-cast element and

2. To identify the safety aspect and the requirement during the process

installation at site.

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3. To identify the level of safety during installation process at site.

1.5 Scope of Study

The scope of this study is focused on element of Industrialized Building

System (IBS) method and safety in IBS constructions specific in pre-cast concrete

construction. The study is about the site safety in pre-cast concrete construction

(installation stage) where the most of construction accidents happened and it the study

area is Klang Valley. The data collected in this study are mainly from the companies’

safety manuals documents study, case studies, questionnaire and interviews. The

aspects being consider are:

1. This study is focus about pre-cast concrete as part of IBS element.

2. This study is focus about process installation pre-cast at the site (site safety).

3. This study is focus in manufacturing process for pre-cast concrete.

4. The respondents are the register as class A contactors with Pusat Khidmat

Kontraktor (PKK).

5. The respondents are the register as grade 7 contactors with Construction

Industry Development Board (CIDB).

6. The area of this study is in Klang Valley.

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1.6 Methodology

Literature reviewSources:

1. Books2. Cidb Digest3. Internet4. Interview5. Journal

Objective 1: To study the process of installation component pre-cast concrete and

manufacturing pre-cast element and

Activity: 1. Literature Review2. Interview

Data analysis Average Index (A.I) Frequency Analysis

Conclusion

Objective 3: To identify the level of safety during installation process at site.

Activity: 1. Interviews2. Questionnaire 3. Distribute Questionnaire Form

Objective 2: To identify the safety aspect and the requirement during the process

installation at site.

Activity: 1. Literature Review 2. Interview

Problem StatementLack of consideration of safety and risk evaluation in IBS construction

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1.7 Significant Of Study

The construction industry now is facing challenges in four aspects; time, cost,

quality and safety. Actually, safety is one of the most important factors in construction

industry where it will affect the time, cost and quality of any construction project.

Thus, this study will help to measure the safety in Industrialized Building

System (IBS). Moreover, the compliance of the safety regulations coupled with the

knowledge of safety provides advantages to the construction companies. It decreases

of accidents and the project can be completed with high quality within the given time.

1.8 Expected Outcome

At the end of this course, the contactor should have at least a basic knowledge

on the safety aspect and know their responsibility. Contractor can know safety aspect

and requirement at site its ok or not.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERARURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter explains about the process of installation component precast

concrete and manufacturing pre-cast element and to identify the safety aspect and the

requirement during the process installation at site and to identify the level of safety

during installation process at site.

For this chapter, definition and description of Industrialized Building System

(IBS) will be given. Beside that this chapter also included history about IBS in

Malaysia, process installation, safety procedure when do the installation and etc.

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2.1.1 Industrialized Building System (IBS)

IBS is stand for Industrialized Building System. In general, the construction

methods can be classified into four categories:-

1. Conventional method

2. Cast in situ

3. Composite method

4. Fully fabricated

(Badir And Razali, 1998).

There are a few definitions of IBS according to few researchers. Those

definitions are as stated in table 2.1:

Table 2.1: Definitions of IBS

References Definition

Lessing et al, 2005 IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process

with well planned organization for efficient management,

preparation and control over resources used, activities and

results supported by the used of highly developed components.

CIDB , 2003 IBS is define as a construction system which components are

manufactured in a factory or off site, positioned and assembled

into structure with minimal additional site work.

Warszawski, 1999 IBS also defined as a set of interrelated element that act

together to enable the designated performance

of the building.

Trikha, 1999 IBS as a system in which concrete component prefabricated at

site or in factory assembled to form the structure with

minimum in situ construction.

Esa And Nurudin,

1998

IBS is a continuum beginning from utilizing craftsmen

for every aspect of construction to a system that make use of

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manufacturing production in order to minimize resource

wastage and enhance value end users.

Parid Wardi , 1997 IBS as a system which use industrialized production technique

either in the production of component or assembly of the

building or both.

Junid, 1986 IBS as process by which components of building are

conceived, planned and fabricated, transported and erected at

site. The system includes balanced combination between

software and hardware components. The software element

includes system design, which is complex process of studying

the requirement of the end user, market analysis and the

development of standardized components.

Dietz, 1971 IBS as total integration of all subsystem and components into

overall process fully utilizing industrialized productions,

transportation and assembly techniques.

Hence, from my reading it can say that Industrialized Building System (IBS) is

a process whereby the pre-cast concrete elements are concrete products that are

manufactured or at site and cured in a plant environment and then transported to a job

site for installation to be assemble together to form a building.

Other that, it is interesting to note that the term “Industrialized Building

System” (IBS) is often misinterpreted as systems limited only for construction of

building. In fact, IBS covers all types of structures as the word “building” actually

relates to “construction”(Shaari and Elias, 2003).