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Human Factors

Colin Brown

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Human factors include :Human factors include :

working environmentworking environment workload & fatigueworkload & fatigue user interface / interaction / controluser interface / interaction / control learnabilitylearnability vigilancevigilance decision makingdecision making human errorhuman error overall performanceoverall performance

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For E-Navigation, we should also include :For E-Navigation, we should also include :

Physical ergonomicsPhysical ergonomicsBased on physiological loads, posture, fields of view, Based on physiological loads, posture, fields of view, body measurements, repetitive strain and other risks, body measurements, repetitive strain and other risks, etc.,etc.,

Cognitive ergonomicsCognitive ergonomicsBased on aspects of mental work load, information Based on aspects of mental work load, information processing, perception, cognition, attention, motor processing, perception, cognition, attention, motor control, memory, training, etc.control, memory, training, etc.

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Physical ergonomics

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Cognitive Ergonomics

How do you switch the pump on ?How do you switch the pump on ?

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Here !Here !

( With acknowledgements to Mike@baddesigns.com )

(Not a real button, just a

touch pad !)

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What might be the guiding principles for What might be the guiding principles for E-Navigation human factors design ?E-Navigation human factors design ?

Will it be acceptable to navigators of all :Will it be acceptable to navigators of all :

ages? ages? educational standards ? educational standards ? cultures ?cultures ?physical abilities? physical abilities? mental abilities? mental abilities? states of physical and mental health ?states of physical and mental health ?

Will it give greater - or lesser - job satisfaction than at present ?Will it give greater - or lesser - job satisfaction than at present ? Will it be more efficient than current systems ?Will it be more efficient than current systems ? Will it result in a lower work load for navigators ?Will it result in a lower work load for navigators ? Will it be less stressful in critical situations ?Will it be less stressful in critical situations ? Might it result in more risks being taken ?Might it result in more risks being taken ?

safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seassafer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas

What is the current situation ?What is the current situation ?

The Australian (AMSA) E-Navigation workshop The Australian (AMSA) E-Navigation workshop identified the following key points :identified the following key points :

The limited size of most ships’ crews present workload workflow The limited size of most ships’ crews present workload workflow problemsproblems

Often, unlike aviation procedures, no independent check is made on Often, unlike aviation procedures, no independent check is made on navigation actions takennavigation actions taken

Inappropriate use of, or over reliance on, electronic navigation devices Inappropriate use of, or over reliance on, electronic navigation devices has resulted in accidentshas resulted in accidents

Layers of redundancy in most navigational instruments are limitedLayers of redundancy in most navigational instruments are limited There is a need for scalability to include smaller non-SOLAS vessels as There is a need for scalability to include smaller non-SOLAS vessels as

new systems are developednew systems are developed Simulator training is increasingly important as on board systems become Simulator training is increasingly important as on board systems become

more complexmore complex

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Parallel Factors :Parallel Factors :

Representative mariners, including pilots, should be involved in the Representative mariners, including pilots, should be involved in the development of the e-navigation concept, its hardware and its development of the e-navigation concept, its hardware and its softwaresoftware

The involvement of recreational sailors and fishermen will be The involvement of recreational sailors and fishermen will be necessary for efficient scalability necessary for efficient scalability

Inevitably there will be a considerable period of time when systems Inevitably there will be a considerable period of time when systems fitted to vessels in UK waters will be very variedfitted to vessels in UK waters will be very varied

E-navigation should not remove the basic skills of navigators or the E-navigation should not remove the basic skills of navigators or the satisfaction of seafaringsatisfaction of seafaring

Facets of e-navigation which remove human actions in a process- Facets of e-navigation which remove human actions in a process- i.e. automation – should bear the foregoing in mind i.e. automation – should bear the foregoing in mind

Navigators perform other duties whilst on the bridge, e.g.Navigators perform other duties whilst on the bridge, e.g.fire alarm, cargo and stability monitoring, etc. System design should fire alarm, cargo and stability monitoring, etc. System design should take this into account.take this into account.

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Certification and TrainingCertification and Training

Training may differ from that specified in STCW 95Training may differ from that specified in STCW 95 There will be a requirement for standardised and international training There will be a requirement for standardised and international training

syllabusessyllabuses Use of English on board may require standards similar to aviation.Use of English on board may require standards similar to aviation. Standards which satisfy the standards of a particular administration may Standards which satisfy the standards of a particular administration may

not be universally acceptablenot be universally acceptable IMO “White List” of approved administrations may need to be amendedIMO “White List” of approved administrations may need to be amended Revalidation of certificates may require formal updating and retraining Revalidation of certificates may require formal updating and retraining Instrument training similar to that undertaken for civil aviation may be Instrument training similar to that undertaken for civil aviation may be

necessarynecessary What training and experience will be required for VTS operators: What training and experience will be required for VTS operators:

Seagoing experience for those offering proactive advice?Seagoing experience for those offering proactive advice? IMO approved VTS qualificationsIMO approved VTS qualifications ? ?

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What are other potential limitations What are other potential limitations to the E-Navigation concept ?to the E-Navigation concept ?

The majority of commercial vessels in UK waters at any The majority of commercial vessels in UK waters at any time are under foreign flags and are manned by time are under foreign flags and are manned by seafarers with a variety of foreign languages and seafarers with a variety of foreign languages and certificates of competency . What problems could this certificates of competency . What problems could this produce ?produce ?

What level of agreement on e-navigation implementation What level of agreement on e-navigation implementation will be reached by ship-owners internationally ? will be reached by ship-owners internationally ?

Might there be a resistance to change from older or less Might there be a resistance to change from older or less educated mariners of all nationalities concerned about educated mariners of all nationalities concerned about their jobs ?their jobs ?

etc., etc., etc..etc., etc., etc..

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Human factors topic discussion

by all delegates