SACRED PLACE, SACRED SPACE:

East Asia

SHINTO• Absolute Location – Japan• Tribal Religion becomes Traditional

• Tribal Beliefs or Shrine Shinto• The world is kami or spirit (kami-kaze or divine wind)• Localized kami or spirits of specific areas• Some kami represent processes, larger natural objects• The world is transcendent; placate, venerate nature • No aspect of personal salvation; no concept of sin• Thousands of shrines throughout Japan localize belief

• Traditional or Sect Shinto• Chinese cultural traditions arrive and traditional Shinto

emerges• Veneration of nature, ancestral spirits; some

anthropomorphism• Shaman become priests; no literature or holy books• Ceremonies celebrate passages of life, seasons• Rituals of cleanliness, blessings • Shinto becomes a nationalist tradition honoring emperor• Emperor is the descendent of the sun-goddess

• Syncretism: Has blended with Buddhism, Confucianism

IMAGES OF SHINTO

THE KOJIKI, c. 680 CE

• “Hereupon all the Heavenly Deities commanded the two Deities His Augustness the Male-Who-Invites and Her Augustness the Female-Who-Invites, ordering them to "make, consolidate, and give birth to this drifting land." Granting to them an heavenly jeweled spear, they [thus] deigned to charge them. So the two Deities, standing upon the Floating Bridge of Heaven, pushed down the jeweled spear and stirred with it, whereupon, when they had stiffed the brine till it went curdle-curdle, and drew [the spear] up, the brine that dripped down from the end of the spear was piled up and became an island. This is the Island of Onogoro.” 

DAOISMDAOISM Prominent critics of ConfucianismProminent critics of Confucianism

Preferred philosophical reflection and introspection Preferred philosophical reflection and introspection Understand natural principles, live in harmony with themUnderstand natural principles, live in harmony with them Laozi and ZhuangziLaozi and Zhuangzi

Laozi, founder of Daoism; wrote the Laozi, founder of Daoism; wrote the DaodejingDaodejing Zhuangzi, Daoist philosopher, wrote Zhuangzi, Daoist philosopher, wrote ZhuangziZhuangzi

Philosophical DaoismPhilosophical Daoism DaoDao - The way of nature, the way of the cosmos - The way of nature, the way of the cosmos Opposites in balance, complementary Opposites in balance, complementary An eternal principle governing all workings of the world An eternal principle governing all workings of the world PPassive, yielding, does nothing , accomplishes everything assive, yielding, does nothing , accomplishes everything Tailor behavior to passive, yielding nature Tailor behavior to passive, yielding nature Ambition, activism brought the world to chaosAmbition, activism brought the world to chaos

Popular Daoism Popular Daoism A folk or religious form of Daoism; not philosophicalA folk or religious form of Daoism; not philosophical

Emerged at end of Han DynastyEmerged at end of Han DynastySeek to master forces of natural, spiritual worldSeek to master forces of natural, spiritual worldMany deities including immortals, which people veneratedMany deities including immortals, which people veneratedSymbolized prosperity, happinessSymbolized prosperity, happinessMany saints were patrons of certain occupationsMany saints were patrons of certain occupationsGods associated with natural cycles, agricultureGods associated with natural cycles, agricultureDaoist priests were shamans, performed exorcisms Daoist priests were shamans, performed exorcisms

DAOIST WUWEIDAOIST WUWEI The doctrine of The doctrine of wuweiwuwei

Disengagement from worldly affairs Disengagement from worldly affairs Called for simple, unpretentious lifeCalled for simple, unpretentious life Live in harmony with nature Live in harmony with nature Advocated small state, self-sufficient Advocated small state, self-sufficient

community community Political implications Political implications

Served as a counterbalance to Confucian Served as a counterbalance to Confucian activism activism

Individuals often both Confucians and Individuals often both Confucians and DaoistsDaoists

Flourishes when society at peace, prosperousFlourishes when society at peace, prosperous

DAOIST SYMBOLSDirection Element Symbol / Constellation Season Force

East Wood Azure Dragon Spring Yang

South Fire Vermilion Bird Summer Yang

West Metal White Tiger Autumn Yin

North Water Black Tortoise Winter Yin

Center Earth none none Neutral

THE DAO TE CHING, CHAPTER 39• The things which from of old have got the One (the Tâo)

are--Heaven which by it is bright and pure; Earth rendered thereby firm and sure;

Spirits with powers by it supplied; Valleys kept full throughout their void All creatures which through it do live

Princes and kings who from it getThe model which to all they give.

All these are the results of the One (Tâo).If heaven were not thus pure, it soon would rend;

If earth were not thus sure, 'twould break and bend;Without these powers, the spirits soon would fail;If not so filled, the drought would parch each vale;

Without that life, creatures would pass away;Princes and kings, without that moral sway,However grand and high, would all decay.

SACRED SITES OF DAOISMLegend (1) Home of Lao Tze(2) Tao Te Ching revealed at Mt. Chung-nan Shan(3) Founding of the Celestial Masters(4) Mao shan(5) Dragon and Tiger Mountain(6) Taoist pilgrimage site

CHINESE POPULAR CHINESE POPULAR RELIGIONRELIGION

Customary beliefs and practiceCustomary beliefs and practice As old as civilization in ChinaAs old as civilization in China Never encouraged/discouraged by stateNever encouraged/discouraged by state

Syncretic in natureSyncretic in nature Will absorb many different traditionsWill absorb many different traditions Blends all major ideas, philosophiesBlends all major ideas, philosophies Exists in harmony with official philosophies, faithsExists in harmony with official philosophies, faiths

Believes gods, spirits (Believes gods, spirits (shenshen) influence family, world) influence family, world Power over world affairsPower over world affairs Deceased members of community, familyDeceased members of community, family Deified figures of history, literatureDeified figures of history, literature Spiritual embodiment of nature, geographySpiritual embodiment of nature, geography

Maintenance of family shrines, community templesMaintenance of family shrines, community temples Prayers, supplicationsPrayers, supplications Food offeringsFood offerings Shamanism and divination are practicedShamanism and divination are practiced

HOUSEHOLD & PUBLIC HOUSEHOLD & PUBLIC RITUALSRITUALS

Household RitualsHousehold Rituals Always performed by malesAlways performed by males Expression of Confucian filial pietyExpression of Confucian filial piety

Domestic altarDomestic altar Names of deceased, iconsNames of deceased, icons

Worship of the stove godWorship of the stove god Oversees family’s moral conductOversees family’s moral conduct Reports on family to heavenReports on family to heaven

Public RitualsPublic Rituals Preserve social harmony, local identityPreserve social harmony, local identity Local earth god protects area from spiritsLocal earth god protects area from spirits City god important; has temple at center of cityCity god important; has temple at center of city Physical, public processions, offeringsPhysical, public processions, offerings

Supreme Deity and Influence of DaoismSupreme Deity and Influence of Daoism Shangdi (Ruler on High)Shangdi (Ruler on High)

Cannot be addressed directlyCannot be addressed directly Shang kings called up other spirits to address ShangdiShang kings called up other spirits to address Shangdi

Later called Tian or HeavenLater called Tian or Heaven Rulers called Son of HeavenRulers called Son of Heaven Empire is his favorite governmentEmpire is his favorite government Mandate of Heaven is an off-shoot of this idea Mandate of Heaven is an off-shoot of this idea

CONFUCIUS’ SEARCH FOR CONFUCIUS’ SEARCH FOR ORDERORDER

Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) A strong-willed man, from an aristocratic family A strong-willed man, from an aristocratic family Traveled ten years searching for an official post Traveled ten years searching for an official post Educator with numerous disciples Educator with numerous disciples Sayings compiled in the Sayings compiled in the Analects Analects by disciples by disciples

Confucian ideas Confucian ideas Fundamentally moral and ethical in character Fundamentally moral and ethical in character Restore political and social order; stress ritual Restore political and social order; stress ritual Formation of Formation of junzijunzi - "superior individuals" - "superior individuals" Edited Zhou classics for his disciples to studyEdited Zhou classics for his disciples to study

The key Confucian concepts The key Confucian concepts RenRen - a sense of humanity - a sense of humanity LiLi - a sense of propriety - a sense of propriety XiaoXiao - filial piety - filial piety Cultivating of Cultivating of junzijunzi for bringing order to China for bringing order to China 5 Relationships and filial piety as basis of 5 Relationships and filial piety as basis of

societysociety

CONFUCIAN SOCIAL CONFUCIAN SOCIAL HIERARCHYHIERARCHY

Confucian Scholar Official

CONFUCIUS AND MENCIUS SAY: "The greenery on Niu Mountain was once beautiful, but since it was

near a large city, it was attacked by lumberjacks. How could it retain its beauty? Still, by breathing in the sunlight and rain, how could new buds and sprouts not appear? But then cattle and sheep came and fed themselves, and by the time they were done, it was completely barren. If people saw this barrenness, they might have imagined that there had never been any greenery. How could the mountain be inherently like this? In the case of people, how could they lack the mind of Humanity and Righteousness? But the daily damaging of the goodness of their mind is just like the lumberjacks on the mountain. Being chopped down day after day, how can it manifest its natural beauty? One may breathe in fresh air day and night, but if you allow the enjoyment of evil doings with people to close in on you, the air gets thin, and your daytime activities stifle you. Because of this stifling, the fresh air is insufficient. Being insufficient, your goodness of mind is not nourished, and there will be little difference between you and the animals. People see our animalistic nature and assume that we have never had great endowments. How could this be our real nature? Therefore, if it is properly nourished, there is nothing that will not grow. If it is not nourished, there is nothing that will not die. Confucius said: 'Use it and you will keep it; ignore it and you will lose it. “

SACRED SITES OF CONFUCIANISM(1) Ch'u-fu (Qufu)--Confucius's= birthplace, a pilgrimage site; (2) Beijing – site of the Temple of Heaven, location of Imperial ceremonies performed on behalf of the nation; (3) Beijing – location of T'ien-an Men Square (4) Mt. T'ai and Mt. Wu-T'ai—holy mountains valued by all three major religions of China; sites where officials offered prayers on behalf of the people; (5) Korea (6) Japan

BEIJING: THE FORBIDDEN CITY THEME: LOCATION

THE CONFUCIAN CITY AS A MODEL OF THE UNIVERISE

LEGALISM IN PRACTICE

The state's strength The state's strength Agriculture Agriculture Military force Military force Discouraged commerce, education, and the Discouraged commerce, education, and the

arts arts How to treat peopleHow to treat people

Harnessing self-interest of people for needs Harnessing self-interest of people for needs of stateof state

Called “carrot and stick” approach in west Called “carrot and stick” approach in west Called for harsh penalties even for minor Called for harsh penalties even for minor

infractions infractions Advocated collective responsibility before law Advocated collective responsibility before law

Not popular among the Chinese, Not popular among the Chinese, Chinese used legalism if state threatenedChinese used legalism if state threatened Legalism still doctrine common to ChinaLegalism still doctrine common to China