rural/urban Migration in JakartaIndonesia

SeanLin9.22011/November/4

A b s t r a c t The research question was What is the most significant push pull factor of

the Rural Urban Migration in Jakarta.!

! In this research, a questionnaire is conducted to find out the different push and pull factors of the Rural Urban Migration in Jakarta. A small

sample size of data was collected for this research and a non-random sample is used to find out about the rural-urban migration in Jakarta.

! From this research, it is found that most of the migrants were female, aged between 16 - 21, lived in jakarta for 1 - 3 years and they are mostly

maids. It is also found out that the most significant factor that pushed the migrants out of their home is because of the lack of jobs, and the most

significant factor that pulled the migrants to Jakarta would be the variety and amount of Job Opportunities in the city.

Background Research: ! Jakarta, being Asiaʼs third most populated country (National Geography), is a megacity that has a highly increased percentage of population through out the years. There was a increase of 4.8% of itʼs population during the period of 1950 to 1975 and from 1975 to 2000, there was a increase of 3.3% and there is a estimation that from 2000 to 2015 there will be a increase of 3.0%. (Jakarta) One of the causes to Jakartaʼs increasing amount of population is the rural urban migration within Indonesia. (Jakarta) Rural Urban migration is when migrants migrate from the country side to the cities for different reasons. Jakarta is a very overpopulated city, making it a mega city. Mega cities are cities that have a population that exceeds 10 million and is still growing rapidly. (Modern Metropolis)

! Overpopulation is a cause of many other global issues such as food crisis, lack of land and the increase amount of people suffering below the poverty line. Being a mega city, Jakarta faces three major problem, every day there is traffic, every year there will be flood and every decade, millions of people moves into Jakarta seeking for opportunities.(National Geography) Overpopulation isnʼt just effecting the population of Jakarta, but it is happening around the world. An example could be Lagos Nigeria. Nigeria was under the British's control during the 1861 but won independence in 1960 with Lagos as the capital city. During 1970 a huge wave of people migrated to Lagos through the oil boom. Now, it is the most populated city in Africa. The cityʼs population is uncountable and in 5 people a person lives in Nigeria and in 10 people a person lives in Lagos. Around 10,000 people goes to Lagos every week to search for work. (Modern Metropolis) !! Since there isnʼt not enough jobs for all this people, there were many informal economy. People took advantage to sell food and drinks during the Lagos traffic, they also scavenge for plastic and metal that could be sold. But many people started doing illegal activity to earn money such as selling drugs and prostitution. Lagos also experienced housing problems, many people could sleep anywhere they can find room. Thousands of migrants lives in slums which lacked good health conditions. People living in slums suffers from high crime rate, diseases, natural disasters and toxic wastes. (Modern Metropolis)

! While many refugees and migrants fled their country seeking protection in other places, many more people were displaced by force within their own country. Most refugees did not receive protection from their government, and some were not recognized as citizens by any government. Among the worldʼs 27 million people internally displaced by conflict, Colombia had one of the largest IDP (Internally Displaced People) populations at the end of 2010, there were 3.6 million registered by the government but 5.2 million if includes the unregistered population. There is also an approximate of 4.9 million registered Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. More than half of the worldʼs 15.4 million refugees live in urban areas. In Kenya, which has over 400,000 refugees in 2010 there are close to 50,000 urban refugees from Somalia and other countries. (People in Crisis)

Methodology:! A questionnaire is conducted for this research on the significancy of the push pull factors for the rural urban migration in Jakarta, Indonesia. Secondary research is also done for this presentation. Secondary resources can be found in books and in the internet, in this case, the resources from the internet is used for some background research of the questionnaire. The secondary resources are chosen for the level of understanding as well as the validity and reliability of the information provided from the website.

! A primary data was used by conducting a questionnaire for the migrants of Jakarta. In order to conduct this questionnaire, a survey must be created and constructed by choosing the right questions as well as the format. In this survey, a likert scale and closed questions are used for the questions. Then, a sample size should be chosen, and in this case, a small sample size is used for the questionnaire. Different sample techniques could be use for different questionnaire and for this one, a non-random sample is used.

! A non-random is used for this research because we are trying to find data from a certain area. This is also a sample technique that is convenient for the students to use. This is because, students are still learning to conduct a questionnaire, so it is best to keep the sample size and area small for efficiency and convenience. But using a non-random sample also have its own disadvantage. Using a non-random sample is already decreasing the different data we can get because it is narrowing down the different possibilities by only doing a questionnaire for a certain area, this also means it is bias.

! Some of the advantages of this research is that since a small sample size of data is small therefore, analyzing the data collected will be easy and fast. But having small sample size wouldnʼt provide a accurate or a reliable data, because if the sample size is small, it means a small of amount of peopleʼs opinion is collected and the rest of the opinions are ignored. This effects the conclusion and the results because maybe other people have other opinions and therefore, if it isnʼt recorded as a data, the final result wonʼt do a demonstrate what really is happening in real life.

Male Female

0

22.5

45

67.5

90

Gender (%)

Under Age 16 - 21 22 - 3031 - 40 41 +

11%11%

22% 44%

11%

11%

22%

44%

22%

Less than 1 year 1 - 34 - 6 7 +

0

22.5

45

67.5

90

Occupation (%)Maid Others (Mechanic)

P r e s e n t a t i o n o  f   D a t a

D a t a : M i g r a n t s t o J a k a r t a Data in percentage (%)

1

2

3

4

0 12.5 25 37.5 50

Not enough jobs1

2

3

4

0 10 20 30 40

Poor Medical

1

2

3

4

0 15 30 45 60

Low Wages1

2

3

4

0 12.5 25 37.5 50

Poverty

D a t a : P u s h F a c t o r

1

2

3

4

0 17.5 35 52.5 70Natural Disaster

Data in percentage (%)

1

2

3

4

0 22.5 45 67.5 90

Religious Conflict

1

2

3

4

0 22.5 45 67.5 90Racism

1

2

3

4

0 12.5 25 37.5 50

Poor Education

1

2

3

4

0 25 50 75 100

Forced to Leave

Job opportunity

Medical Care

Higher Wages

Living Conditions

Education

Political Stability

Freedom

Family and Friends

0 20 40 60 80

1 2 3 4

D a t a : P u l l F a c t o r Data in percentage (%)

A n a l y s i s o  f   D a t a

Gender: A very significant number of respondents were female. 89% of the respondents were female.

Age: A significant number of respondents were 16 - 21 years old while the least significant number of respondent were either underage, of the respondents were either under age, 31 to 40 or 41 and above years old. 44% of the respondents were 16 - 21 years old while there were 33% of the respondents were either under age, 31 to 40 or 41 and above years old.

Years: A significant amount of respondents stayed in Jakarta for 1 to 3 years while the least significant amount of respondents stayed in Jakarta for 7 or more years. 44% of the respondent lived in Jakarta for 1 - 3 years while 11% of the respondent lived in Jakarta for 7 or more years.

Occupation: A very significant amount of the respondents were maids. 89% of the respondent were maids.

Push factors: A very significant amount of respondent believes that the most important factor that pushed them out of their origin would be not enough jobs and low wages, while the least important factor would be forced to leave. 44% of the respondent thinks that the most important factors are not enough jobs and low wages while a 100% of the respondent believes that being forced to leave is the least important factor.

Pull factors: A very significant amount of respondent believes that the most important factor that pulled them to Jakarta would be the variety job opportunities, while the least important factor would be the political stability. 77% of the respondent thinks that the most important factor is job opportunity while a 66% of the respondent believes that political stability is the least important factor.

C o n c l u s i o n o  f      R e s e a r c h

! From the results found by doing a research, it can be concluded that there is a significant push pull factor of the rural

urban migration in Jakarta. From the research it is found that the most significant push factor is the fact that there are not enough

jobs at the rural area. It is also found out that the most significant pull factor is that the urban areas have more job opportunities

than the rural areas.

Work CitedHugo, Graeme. "Jakarta: An Asian Megacity." 23 Aug. 2005. Web. ! 2 Nov. 2011. <http://www.gtasa.asn.au/file.php?! f=A9-3ik.OnaGSo.57>. Modern Metropolis. Scholars Cup Special Area Resource. Ed. ! Daniel Berdichevsky and Tania Asnes. Demi Dec, 2011. ! Print.

National Geography Megacities - Jakarta. YouTube. Web. 02 Nov. ! 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNGorwayBFc>.

"People In Crisis: Key Issue and Trends." 10 Oct. 2011 <http://! www.state.gov/documents/organization/170973.pdf>.

Appendix 1.Question Section Percentage

Gender MaleFemale

11%89%

How long have you been in Jakarta

Less than a year1 - 34 - 67+

11%44%22%11%11%

Age Under Age16 - 2122 - 3031 - 4041+

22%44%22%11%

Occupation MaidOthers (Mechanic)

89%11%

Appendix 2.

Pull Factors 1 2 3 4

More Jobs Opportunity

N/A N/A 2 7

Better Medical Health Care

3 2 2 2

Higher Wages 1 N/A 3 5

Better Living condition N/A 2 3 4

Educational Reasons 2 3 2 2

Political Stability 6 2 1 N/A

Freedom 3 1 5 N/A

Finding Family and Friends

5 2 2 N/A