SUBMITTED TO - SUBMITTED BY –

Er. Himanshu Saurav (100550107573)

Junaid (100550107553)

Ranjeet (100550107566)

Manish (100550107555)

Hunny (100550107551)

Wasim (100550107581)

Deepak (100550107545)

Sajan (100550107571)

Vikas (100550107580)

Gursimran (1185333)

Ankush (1185329)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the

possibility to complete this Project.  A special gratitude we give to our HOD & our guide

Er. Himanshu, whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us

to coordinate our project.

Furthermore we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of

the staff of Civil Engineering Department, who gave the permission to use all required

equipments and the necessary materials to complete the task “RUBCRETE PAVER

BLOCK”. We have to appreciate the guidance given by other supervisor as well as the

panels especially in our project presentation that has improved our presentation skills thanks

to their comment and advices.

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the

kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend my

sincere thanks to all of them.

We would also like to express our gratitude towards our parents & friends for their kind co-

operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project report. Our thanks

and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who have

willingly helped me out with their abilities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR. NO. CONTENTS

A. Abstract

B. Introduction

C. Experimental investigation

Cement

Aggregate – Coarse & Fine

Water

Rubber

D. Concrete mix design (is method)

E. Experimental procedure, materials and mixes

F. Result & Result Discussion

G. Conclusion

H. Advantages of Rubber paver blocks

I. Disadvantages of Rubber paver blocks

J. Summary

K. References

L. Teacher Evaluating Report

ABSTRACT -

With the growth and development on all fronts in our country, economic and infrastructural,

there is an increasing need for new facilities, buildings, roads etc. This has in turn resulted in

a huge demand for the materials of construction and the raw materials from which these are

obtained or made, thus putting an increasing pressure on the natural environment around us.

Also the disposal of residual waste, domestic as well as industrial, has become a major

concern and a challenge for the authorities and care-takers.

Ironically, inspite of each one of us being the source and victim of this problem, very few

amongst us have ventured their time, knowledge and expertise into addressing this issue and

arriving at universal solutions. Some of these initiators have laid an example that large

quantities and varieties of wastes and industrial by-products have a potential for use in the

construction industry. The utilization of these waste materials may therefore reduce the need

to quarry natural materials and minimize the hazards caused by the tipping or other method of

disposal of the waste material. One such material which has tremendous potential for recycle

and reuse in construction related activities is tyre rubber.

Appropriate recycling of rubber waste can help in resolving a challenging environmental,

economical, and social problem. This project is an attempt at documenting the prevalent

applications of rubber waste, and also bringing forth various innovative and path breaking

products and solutions.

Concrete is considered the world’s most used construction materials. The consumption of

waste material can be increased manifold if these are used as aggregate into concrete. This

type of use of waste material can solve problems of lack of aggregate in various construction

sites & also reduce sort of concrete production. This Project focuses on the coarse aggregate

in concrete. Rubber is used because of their easy availability & non-biodegradable waste.

Not only in India but in other countries also, the amount of waste tyres is increasing due to

increased number of vehicles. The waste tyres are produced every day, therefore the demand

for more effective applications for recycling waste them is intense.

The development of environmentally accepted methods of used tire disposal is one of the

greatest challenges that we face today. Using of wastes and by-products as concrete aggregate

has attained great potential in the last few years. The aim of this work is to investigate the

possibility of the usage of ground waste tire rubber in the civil construction as a partial

replacement for coarse aggregates and the influence of these wastes on the properties of

ordinary concrete.

In this study an attempt has been made to identify the various properties necessary for the

design of concrete mix with the coarse tyre rubber chips as aggregate in a systematic manner.

In the present experimental investigation, the M25 grade concrete has been chosen as the

reference concrete specimen. Scrap tyre rubber chips, in sizes 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm has

been used as coarse aggregate with the replacement of conventional coarse aggregate in

concrete paver.

Rubberized concrete incorporating treated rubber particles gives better results than concrete

incorporating normal rubber. Here one treated material, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) is used

for treatment the ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber

particles and cement matrix. This work is conducted to evaluate the behavior and

performance of rubber-concrete in comparison with the traditional one.

PAVER BLOCKS

INTRODUCTION -

There is considerable national interest in using waste or recycled materials as aggregates for

cement concrete. The pressures experienced on landfills and the hazardous nature of some of

these materials makes the use of these materials as aggregates a very attractive option.

The scarcity and availability at reasonable rates of sand and aggregate are now giving anxiety

to the construction industry. Over years, deforestation and extraction of natural aggregates

from river beds, lakes and other water bodies have resulted in huge environmental problems.

Erosion of the existing topography usually results in flooding and landslides. Moreover, the

filtration of rain water achieved by deposits of natural sand is being lost, thereby causing

contamination of water reserves used for human consumption. Hence, to prevent pollution

authorities are imposing more and more stringent restrictions on the extraction of natural

aggregates and its crushing.

The aggregates typically account for 70–80 % of the concrete volume and play a substantial

role in different concrete properties such as workability, strength, dimensional stability and

durability. Conventional concrete consists of sand as fine aggregate and gravel, limestone or

granite in various sizes and shapes as coarse aggregate. There is a growing interest in using

waste materials as alternative aggregate materials and significant research is made on the use

of many different materials as aggregate substitutes such as coal ash, blast furnace slag, fibre

glass waste materials, waste plastics, rubber waste, sintered sludge pellets and others.

The consumption of waste materials can be increased manifold if these are used as aggregate

into cement mortar and concrete. This type of use of a waste material can solve problems of

lack of aggregate in various construction sites and reduce environmental problems related to

aggregate mining and waste disposal. The use of waste aggregates can also reduce the cost of

the concrete production. As the aggregates can significantly control the properties of

concrete, the properties of the aggregates have a great importance.

Therefore a thorough evaluation is necessary before using any waste material as aggregate in

concrete. Significant work has been done on the use of several types of waste materials as an

aggregate in preparation of cement mortar and concrete. In this section, various properties of

some waste materials used as aggregate will be presented.

According to the consensus, the total waste generated by the people in urban areas is around

40 million tones per year. The composition of this waste varies from biodegradable organic

vegetable matter to inorganic materials like metal and rubber. No official or enforced system

of segregation at source has been put in place, either by recycling or reuse, but some persons

have found great use for the waste and thus nowadays whatever can be used or recycled is

taken out of the garbage before throwing it away Rubber is one of the most difficult materials

to recycle and the safe disposal and reuse of industrial and consumer rubber waste continues

to pose a serious threat to environmental safety and health. Dumping of heaps of mountains

of used tires confirm the belief that chemically cross linked rubber is one of the most difficult

materials to recycle. That coupled with a long history of failed attempts to create quality

products from rubber has resulted in such a resistance to new ideas concerning rubber

recycling. Rubber waste has basically three main sources in India namely: Used Automobile

Tyres, Rubber scrap and Foot wear.

In the past few decades India has witnessed an increasing number of initiatives and programs

by the government as well as individuals , community organizations, NGO’s and private

companies towards improving the existing waste management systems in the country. But the

fact is these efforts are not enough and much more needs to be done.

Apart from the domestically generated waste, there are severe problems being faced by

developing countries like ours regarding waste being dumped by developed nations. Due to

the short sighted understanding of the authorities regarding is long term ecological impacts,

the waste from land starved developed nations is imported as a trade of land for returns in

kind. These are largely in terms of recyclable/reusable materials, but in some cases they may

also contain toxic and hazardous waste. Average import of rubber waste in India from other

countries is around 11 tons which is 5 million rupees in value.

The best way to overcome this problem is to find alternate aggregates for construction in

place of conventional natural aggregates. Rubber aggregates from discarded tyre rubber in

sizes 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm can be partially replaced natural aggregates in cement concrete

construction. About one crore 10 lakhs all types of new vehicles are added each year to the

Indian roads. The increase of about three crore discarded tyres each year poses a potential

threat to the environment.

Most publications in the field of rubber concrete dealt with this subject as an environmental

issue to utilize and recycle waste rubber tires. Inspite of this fact, rubber concrete could be

regarded as a special concrete manufactured due to its enhanced toughness and ductility

properties that are required in many applications like in railway buffers, jersey barriers and

bunkers. Early investigations on the use of waste rubber tires in concrete or mortar mixtures

had been very encouraging. Therefore it was decided to produce rubber-concrete mixtures

with optimized mechanical properties. And further to verify its behavior when employed in a

full-scale structural beam element tested statically in flexure and its contribution to the

dynamic characteristics of the structural beam element tested dynamically by modal testing.

Also, the waste tyre rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as thermal

power plant, cement kilns and brick kilns etc. Unfortunately, this kind of usage is not

environment friendly and requires high cost. Thus, the use of waste tyre rubber in the

preparation of concrete has been thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to protect

the environment.

It has been observed that the rubberized concrete may be used in places where desired

deformability or toughness is more important than strength like the road foundations and

bridge barriers. Apart from these the rubberized concrete having the reversible elasticity

properties may also be used as a material with tolerable damping properties to reduce or to

minimize the structural vibration under impact effects.

The difficulties associated to the theoretical investigations to identify the mechanical

properties of the rubberized concrete have necessitated the need for the experimental

investigations on rubberized concrete.

Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to identify the various properties necessary

for the design of concrete mix with the coarse tyre rubber chips as aggregate in a systematic

manner. There are numerous research reports available on the mechanical and chemical

properties of cement concrete. However, the research works carried out for the rubberized

cement concrete are found to be limited. The available results indicate that the influence of

the size, proportion and surface texture of rubber particle on the strength of concrete

contaminating tyre rubber is significant.

During the last three decades, there have been dramatic changes in the way of thinking about

industrial processes and the approach and evaluation of new and innovative materials.

Concrete, in its most basic form, is one of the world’s oldest building materials. Concrete is a

substance composed of only a few simple and commonly available ingredients that when

properly mixed and cured, may last for centuries. Concrete is an evolving material as well.

New techniques and methods for selecting the right quantities of those simple components

are continually being presented to he design community. New ingredients to include in

concrete mixes are also constantly being researched and developed.

In general, concrete has low tensile strength, low ductility, and low energy absorption.

Concrete also tends to shrink and crack during the hardening and curing process. These

limitations are constantly being tested with hopes of improvement by the introduction of new

admixtures and aggregates used in the mix. One such method may be the introduction of

rubber to the concrete mix. Shredded or crumbed rubber is waste being of non-biodegradable

and poses severe fire, environmental and health risks.

Rubber filled concrete tends to have a reduction in slump and density compared to ordinary

concrete. The reduction is very much on slump has been reported when comparing with the

conventional concrete. Concrete containing rubber aggregate has a higher energy absorbing

capacity referred as toughness.

A typical passenger car tyre contains 24 to 28% of carbon black, 40 to 48% of natural rubber

and 36 to 24% of synthetic rubber including Styrene Butadiene Rubbers (SBR) and Butyl

Rubber (BR). These need to be recovered back from tyres least they are wasted away.

Currently India producing 90 thousand metric ton of the reclaimed rubber, which is sold at

Rs. 25 to 30 per kg but does not produced carbon black and oil from used tyres.

The objective of this study is to test the properties of concrete when waste tyre rubber used as

aggregate by partial replacement of natural aggregates. The parameters of this investigation

are compressive strength. Moulds of Paver Block are casted for the testing of concrete. The

concrete having compressive strength of 25 N/mm2 (M25) is used and percentages of rubber

aggregates are 2, 4 & 8 of normal aggregates. The natural aggregates are replaced by rubber

aggregates on weighing basis. The strength performance of modified concrete specimens was

compared with the conventional concrete. Before the plant trial production, preliminary

laboratory trials were conducted. The results in laboratory trials are further given.

Rubberized concrete incorporating treated rubber particles gives better results than concrete

incorporating normal rubber. Here one treated materials, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are

used for treatment the ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between

rubber particles and cement matrix.

CAR TYRE USED

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS –

Cement – The cement used for the present investigation was Ordinary Portland Cement Grade – 43. It is

conformed to the requirement of Indian Standard specification IS 456 (2000). The results are

given in Table below.

Sr.No. Name of Test IS Standard Result

1 Fineness 7.83 % -

2 Standard Consistency 32 % Calculated according to

clause 11.3 IS - 269.

3 Initial Setting Time Minimum 30 minutes 110 minutes

4 Final setting Time Maximum 600 minutes -

5 Compressive Strength

after 3 days MPa

16 18

6 Compressive Strength

after 7 days MPa

22 24.5

3 Compressive Strength

after 28 days MPa

33 36

OPC – 43 GRADE(JAYPEE CEMENT)

Fineness of Cement

Sr.No. Description Unit Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

1 Weight of cement W1 gm 100 100 1 00

2 Weight of cement retained on

90 micron sieve W2

gm 8 7.5 8

3 Sieve Time min 15 15 15

4 Retained Percentage

(W1/W2)*100

% 8 7.5 8

5 Average Percentage of fineness

of cement

% 7.83

Standard Consistency of Ordinary Portland cement

Sr.No. Wt. of cement

(gm)

Volume of

water (ml)

% of water

in mix

Needle

Penetration

Duration of

Time (min)

1 400 112 28 28 3.5

2 400 120 30 31 4

3 400 128 32 34 4

Standard Consistency = 32 %

According to clause 11.3 IS 269 the quantity of water required to produce a paste of standard

consistency, to be used for the determination of water content of mortar for compressive

strength tests and for the determination of Soundness and Setting time shall be obtained by

the method described in IS 4031 (Part 4): 1988.

Initial & Final Setting Time

Wt. of cement = 400 gm

Wt. of water = 0.85 P = 108.8 gm

Where P is the standard Consistency of cement

Sr.No. Time (min) Penetration (mm)

1 10 40

2 20 40

3 30 40

4 50 40

5 110 35

Initial Setting Time = 110 min

Final Setting Time =

According to clause 6.3 of IS 269 the setting time of the cements, when tested by the Vicat apparatus method described in IS 4931 (Part 5): 1988 shall conform to the following requirements:a) Initial setting time in minutes, not less than 30; and

b) Final setting time in minutes, not more than 600.

VICAT APPRATUS

Compressive Strength of Ordinary Portland cement

Sr. No. Compressive Strength Value in MPa

1 Compressive Strength after 3 days MPa 18

2 Compressive Strength after 7 days MPa 24.5

3 Compressive Strength after 28 days MPa 36

According to Clause 6.4 of IS 269 the average compressive strength of at least three mortar

cubes (area of face 50 cm) composed of one part of cement, three parts of standard sand

(conforming to IS 650: 1966) by mass and {(P/4) +3} percent (of combined mass of cement

plus sand) water and prepared, stored and tested in the manner described in IS 4031 (Part 6):

1988 shall be as follows:

a) 72 hour: not less than 16 MPa,

b) 168 hours: not less than 22 MPa, and

c) 672 hours: not less than 33 MPa.

NOTE: P is the percentage of water required to produce 3 paste of standard consistency.

COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE (CTM)

Aggregates -

Natural river sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm was used as fine aggregate. Crushed

stone with a maximum size of 20 mm was used as coarse aggregate. It was tested as per

Indian Standard specification IS: 383(1970). The physical properties of aggregate were tested

according to IS: 2386(1963). The physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate are

presented in table below.

Coarse Aggregates –

COARSE AGGREGATES

Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Sample No.:1

Weight of sample = 5000 gm

Sieve Size

(mm)

Weight

Retained (gm)

Cumulative weight

retained (gm)

% Cumulative

weight retained

% Passing

40 0 0 0 100

20 57.5 57.5 1.15 98.85

10 3169 3226.5 64.53 35.47

4.75 1663 4889.5 97.79 2.21

2.36 110.5 5000 100 0

Sample No.:2

Weight of sample = 5000 gm

Sieve Size

(mm)

Weight

Retained (gm)

Cumulative weight

retained (gm)

% Cumulative

weight retained

% Passing

40 0 0 0 100

20 73.5 73.5 1.47 98.53

10 3296 3369.5 67.39 32.61

4.75 1573.5 4943 98.86 1.14

2.36 57 5000 100 0

Sample No.:3

Weight of sample = 5000 gm

Sieve Size

(mm)

Weight

Retained (gm)

Cumulative weight

retained (gm)

% Cumulative

weight retained

% Passing

40 0 0 0 100

20 68.5 68.5 1.37 98.63

10 3575.5 3644 72.88 27.12

4.75 1284.5 4928.5 98.57 1.43

2.36 71.5 5000 100 0

Grading Limits of 20 mm nominal size for coarse aggregate

(IS: 383-1970 Table 3)

IS sieve size

(mm)

40 20 10 4.75 2.36

% Passing 100 95-100 25-55 0-10 -

This is the graded aggregate of 20 mm nominal size.

Aggregate Impact Value

Sr.No. Description Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

1 Weight of sample passing

through 12.5 mm and

retained on 10 mm IS sieve

W1 in gm

341 343 341

2 Weight of fraction passing

2.36 mm sieve after test W2

in gm

66 70 66.5

3 Aggregate Impact Value

(A.I.V) = (W2/W1)*100

in %

19.35 20.41 19.59

4 Average value of A.I.V 19.75

According to clause 3.4 of IS 383 the aggregate impact value shall not exceed 45 percent by

weight for aggregates used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces and 30 percent by

weight for concrete for wearing surfaces, such as runways, roads and pavements.

IS SIEVES USED

Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate

Dia. Of cylinder = 15 cm

Ht. of cylinder = 17.5 cm

Vol. of cylinder (V) = 3092.505 Cu. Cm

Sr.No. Description Trail 1 Trail 2

1 Loaded Weight W1 gm 5173.5 5147

2 Loose Weight W2 gm 4708 4715

3 Loaded Bulk Density =

W1 / V

(gm / cu. cm)

1.67 1.66

4 Loose Bulk Density =

W2 / V

(gm / cu. cm)

1.52 1.52

5 Avg. Loaded Bulk Density

(gm / cu. cm)

1.665

6 Avg. Loose Bulk Density

(gm / cu. cm)

1.52

The aggregate has unit weight of 1520 – 1680 kg/cu. m is Normal Weight aggregate.

WEIGHING BALANCE

Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

Sr.No. Description Test 1 Test 2

1 Weight of saturated aggregate and

basket in water W1 in gm

1350 1400

2 Weight of basket in water W2 in gm 500 500

2 Weight of saturated surface dry

aggregate in air W3 in gm

1352 1425

3 Weight of oven dry aggregate in air

W4 in gm

1334.5 1409

4 Specific Gravity

= W4/[W3-(W1 – W2)]

2.66 2.68

5 Water Absorption (%)

= 100*(W3 – W4)/W4

1.3 1.13

6 Average Specific Gravity 2.67

7 Average Water Absorption (%) 1.2

1. The specific gravity of aggregates ranges from 2.5 to 3.0. The aggregate has specific

gravity between 2.5 – 2.7 is Normal Weight aggregate.

2. The water absorption of aggregates ranges from 0.1 to 2.0%.

STORED COARSE AGGREGATES

Fine Aggregate -

Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

Sr.No. Description Unit Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

1 Wt of Empty Pycnometer

(W1)

gm 618.5 644.5 644.5

2 Wt of Pycnometer + Dry

Sand (W2)

gm 1061.5 1068.5 1078.5

3 Wt of Pycnometer + Soil

+ Water (W3)

gm 1790 1774.5 1784.5

4 Wt of Pycnometer +

Water (W4)

gm 1518.5 1516 1514.5

5 W2 – W1 gm 449 424 434

6 W3 – W4 gm 271.5 258.5 270

7 Specific Gravity =

(5) / (5 – 6)

_ 2.52 2.56 2.64

8 Avg. Specific Gravity 2.57

The aggregate has specific gravity between 2.5 – 2.7 is Normal Weight aggregate.

FINE SAND

Water –

Water used in concrete is free from sewage, oil, acids, strong alkalies or vegetable matter,

clay & loam. The water used is Potable, and is satisfactory to use in concrete.

POTABLE WATER

Rubber –

Tyre used was of car tyres. Car tyres are different from other tyres with regard to constituent

materials & properties. Rubber aggregates from discarded tyre rubber in sizes 20-10 mm, 10-

4.75 mm are used as replacement for natural aggregates in cement concrete. The percentage

of rubber mixed is 2, 4 & 8 of normal aggregates. The natural aggregates are replaced by

rubber aggregates on weighing basis. The strength performance of modified concrete

specimens was compared with the conventional concrete.

Here one treated materials, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are used for treatment the ground

waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber particles and cement

matrix.

COARSE WASTE TYRE RUBBER

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCl4)

Concrete Mix Design (IS Method) -The concrete mix is designed as per IS 456-2000. Below Table presents the quantities of mix

proportions for one cubic meter of concrete & one cement bag.

Designing M25 Concrete Mix –

Grade Designing M25

Type of Cement OPC – 43 Grade conforming to IS 8112

Degree of workability Medium slump – 75 to 100 mm or 0.9 CF

Degree of quality control Weigh batching occasional

supervision no past experience S= 5.5 MPA

Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Specific Gravity 2.57 2.67

Bulk Density - 1520

Free surface moisture - 1.2 %

Maximum nominal size 20 mm

Type River sand

(Zone IV)

Crushed Rock

(Angular)

Solution -

Target mean strength ft = fck + hs

= 25 + (1.65 x 5.5)

= 34 MPa

Water Cement Ratio

From compressive strength curve = 0.42

Durability consideration = 0.50

Selection water cement Ratio = 0.42

For medium strength concrete

For 20 mm - Water content = 186 kg/m3

Proportion of sand = 35 %

(For medium strength concrete i.e. Water cement ratio = 0.6 and workability = 0.8 CF)

Adjustments

Water Sand

For reduction in water cement ratio by 0.18 - - 3.6

For increase in compaction factor by 0.1 CF + 3 -

For sand conforming to Zone IV - -

Total adjustment + 3 - 6.6

Therefore Water content = 186 x 1.03 = 192 Kg/m3

Sand proportion = 35 – 6.6 = 28.4 %

Air entrapped content for 20 mm aggregate is 2%

Hence, cement content = (192 /0.42) = 457.14 = 457 kg/m3

As calculated cement content is more than then the minimum cement content of 300 kg/m3

for RCC.

Proportions of fine and coarse aggregate

Total absolute volume of aggregate

Va = 1 – 0.02 + {4.57 / (3.15 x 1000)} + {192 / 1000}

= 0.643

For ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume of 0.284, the absolute

volumes of fine and coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete are -

Vfa = pVa = 0.284 x 0.643 = 0.183 m3

Vca = (1-p) Va = (1 - 0.284) 0.643 = 0.460 m3

Therefore quantities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregates are -

Mix proportions by (Saturated surface dry) mass

Cement Water Fine Aggregates Coarse Aggregates

4.57 192 470 1228

1 0.42 1.03 2.69

Adjustment for aggregate moisture

Weight of fine aggregate = 470 x 1.02 = 480 kg

Weight of coarse aggregate = 1228 x 1.01 = 1240 kg

Free water present in fine and coarse aggregates = 470x 0.02 + 1228 x0.01 = 21.7 kg

Therefore, the amount of water to be added = 192 – 21.7 = 170 kg

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE, MATERIALS AND MIXES -

A. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 43-Grade as per IS: 456-2000 Compressive strength: 7-

Days = 18 N/mm2, 28- days = 36 N/mm2.

B. River sand and 20 mm crushed aggregate as given in table above.

C. Waste tyre rubber of car is obtained from local market.

D. Rubber from tyre is then cut into sizes of 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm which used as

replacement for natural aggregates.

E. These pieces were cleaned with soap water and rinse with clean water. After drying under

sun at open place, these pieces were then cut as per the grading.

F. The Plastic molds are washed with movable oil so as concrete and colour pigments (if

added) do-not stick to the inner surface of molds. These should apply to the inner surface

of the plastic molds including its wall and all corners using a cotton swab or cloth.

G. Concrete mix is then prepared with different proportions 2, 4 & 8 percentages of rubber in

natural aggregates.

H. During mixing one treated material, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) is used for treatment the

ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber particles and

cement matrix.

I. The water used is Potable during mixing, and is satisfactory to use in concrete.

WEIGHING WATER CONTENT

J. Plastic molds now filled with concrete mix having rubber and passed through the

vibrating table to release any entrapped air to increase its strength.

VIBRATING MACHINE

K. Plastic molds are levelled properly to ensure that it is completely filled with the concrete

mix.

L. These molds are finally kept for final setting time for about 10 – 12 hours.

M. After final setting time, the rubber concrete paver blocks are carefully released from the

plastic molds

N. Observe the finish of concrete paver block and its corners for any damage sign.

O. These now kept for curing for the required number of days (7, 14 or 28)

P. Every time, observe the finish of concrete paver block and its corners for any damage

sign.

Q. In case the quality of concrete paver block is fine, continue producing concrete paver

blocks, until it is found to be non-satisfactory in terms of proper release.

R. After curing these are tested for the Compressive strength in Compression Testing

Machine (CTM).

S. All results are then collected and compared with the ordinary strength of concrete.

Conclusion –

1. Slump value is decreased as the percentage of replacement of scrap tyre rubber

increased. So decrease in workability.

2. The compressive strength is decreased as the percentage of replacement increased.

3. Lack of proper bonding between rubber and cement paste matrix hence the Carbon

Tetrachloride chemical used for adhesive bonding between cement & rubber.

4. Movable oil showed good release properties when Plastic molds was used.

5. May lead to cost reduction on wastage, damaged concrete block inventory and its

disposal.

6. The addition of rubber aggregate in concrete mixes reduces the concrete density, which

can be utilized in light weight concrete.

7. From experimental study and literature review it can be concluded that despite the

reduced compressive strength of rubberized concrete in comparison to conventional

concrete there is a potential large market for concrete products in which inclusion of

rubber aggregates would be feasible which will utilize the discarded rubber tyres the

disposal of which is a environment pollution problem.

8. In India out of 36 tyre manufacturers the tyre recyclers are very few.

9. The tyre recycling factories should supply quality rubber aggregates in 20-10mm,

10-4.75mm and 4.75mm down sizes to be used as cement concrete aggregate.

10. The light unit weight qualities of rubberized concrete may be suitable for architectural

application, stone baking, interior construction, in building as an earthquake shock wave

absorber, where vibration damping is required such as in foundation pads for machinery

railway station, where resistance to impact or explosion is required.

11. The mixtures exhibited high impact resistance up to 2.8 times that of the control

(ordinary) mixtures.

12. The beam showed highly extensibility and ductility, and gave sample warning prior to

failure.

13. The use of residues is also beneficial to environment, as it can greatly reduce the

accumulation of discarded waste tyre

Advantages of Rubber Paver Blocks –

A. These articles are gaining importance and popularity in building material segment.

Currently used for many purposes like, concrete/plaster castings, precast tiles, stones and

bricks, concrete splash blocks, gutter block molds, precast concrete paver blocks etc.

B. Recycled rubber pavers can be ordered in custom colours and shapes, so they are

versatile. They can be manufactured to be flexible, and so can be a more resilient surface

over tree roots than traditional paving materials.

C. The benefits of using it instead of conventional construction materials are amongst others

are reduced density, improved drainage properties and better thermal insulation.

D. Among the wide variety of commercial applications, the following prevalent applications

have exhibited a growing market potential:

I. Flooring for pavements, athletic fields & industrial facilities

II. Acoustic barriers

III. Rail crossings, ties and buffers

IV. Lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls

V. Insulating layer beneath roads and behind retaining walls

E. They work as well as a surface for both indoor and outdoor play areas.

F. They can provide an easily cleaned surface for animal walkways and bedding,

particularly for horse barns and kennels.

G. They are also useful in deck surfacing, walkways, and garden paths and as flooring

material for exercise spaces.

H. Recycled rubber paver blocks are easy to install. They do not require pouring, and the

modular nature of the product allows for easy estimation of the amount needed to cover a

surface.

I. They are eco-friendly, as rubber paver blocks remove excess waste tires from landfills

and put them to good use. The forgiving nature of the rubber surface makes it a safe

material, particularly for flooring for children and the elderly and in areas where there is

the risk of long drops or falls.

J. Eliminate usual laborious construction process, wherever not required.

K. Eliminate extra cost.

L. Very smooth finish possible can be matte or gloss finish; good aesthetic look and serve as

a decorative article.

M. Save time and energy as these paver blocks are ready to use therefore overall cost

effective process.

N. Generally self - cleansing.

O. Markings on concrete block surfaces have been done using traditional paint or

thermoplastic materials. Maintenance of these markings is difficult and costly. The

frequency at which repainting has to be done is very high. Further more the visibility of

these markings was poor during night due to lack of luminance factor. Reflective rubber

pavers can be used for various applications, in both commercial and residential

constructions.

P. Pavers have become so popular for use around the house and gardens, due to the

increasing varieties available on the market today. There are hundreds of colors and

shades available in pavers, as well as, shapes, designs and sizes.

Q. Paver walkways are versatile, durable, long lasting and heavy duty. Walkways provide

practical guidance to your visitors, offering a safe direction around your property. They

are safe, slip resistant and easy to maintain with sweeping and washing.

R. Interlocking Paver blocks has the unique ability to transfer loads and stresses laterally by

means of an arching of bridging between units. It’s most popular because of the unlimited

variety of pleasing patterns and coloured schemes.

S. Paving blocks are increasingly used not only in walks ways & jogging tracks but also in

entire building compounds, storage yards, petrol stations, swimming pool decks, parking

lots and other landscaping areas.

T. Highly wear-resistant in nature, durability and economy, spreading the load over a large

area, reduces the stress thereby allowing heavier loads and traffic over sub-bases which

normally would require heavily reinforced concrete.

U. Paving blocks floors can be made in any design or shape desired. The blocks are made in

both single and double layers to endure both beauty and strength of the product.

V. Within each of the paver categories, the main considerations of cost are determined by the

cost of the materials, the processes involved, and the labor or man hours that are required

to complete the job.

W. Adequate skid resistance for vehicles and anti-slip element for pedestrian areas.

X. Immediate use after laying and large life spans.

Y. These are unaffected by oil and other toxic substances.

Z. The maintenance requirements are low. Where maintenance must be carried out, it can be

done with a minimum of equipment.

Disadvantages of Rubber Paver Blocks –

A. The white patches, colour variation were observed on the paver block surface.

B. Customer was unhappy as the damaged concrete paver block inventory kept increasing

over time. It resulted into short supply of finished products and increase in delivery time

to their end users.

C. Rubber paver blocks do not appear as natural as stone paving materials.

D. Like all paving materials, recycled rubber pavers will eventually degrade, and their

colours will fade with time.

E. They are harder to find than traditional paving materials, and may have to be ordered

online.

F. Since recycled paver blocks are modular, debris will accumulate in the seams as they are

trafficked, and this can be difficult to remove.

G. Customer using different solvent and chemicals from the local formulator. However,

release properties were poor and consistency was the issue.

CURING OF PAVER BLOCKS

SUMMARY –

The review presented in this report clearly indicates an increasing trend and incentive for the

greater use of recycled aggregates in construction. There are, however, limitations to the use

such materials. This report focuses on known benefits and limitations of a range of

manufactured and recycled aggregates. Successful strategy must be based on both cost and

performance. In terms of performance, many countries are focusing on recycled concrete

aggregates (RCA) which is proven to be practical for non-structural concretes and to a limited

extent for some structural-grade concrete. However, the processing and quality control cost

associated with their use plus the premium paid for mix design adjustment to achieve the

same strength grade as concrete with natural aggregates can vary considerably. In India,

recycling of waste tyre rubber is not done in large amount.

Hence there is continues increase in the non-biodegradable waste. So these should be used by

different method so as to not only safe our environment but also utilize it for our day to day

needs.

REFERENCES

Dowcorning.com/concrete-release.

IS: 456 (2000). Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice. Bureau

of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

IS: 383 (1970). Indian Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregates from

Natural Sources for Concrete (Second Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

IS: 10262 (1982). Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design. Bureau of Indian

standards, New Delhi.

IS: 516 (1959). Indian Standard Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete. Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

IS: 5816 (1999). Indian Standard Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete-Methods of Test.

Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

IS: 2386 (1963). Indian Standard Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete. Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

IS: 455 (1989). Indian Standard Specification for Portland Slag Cement. Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi.

IS: 4031(1996). Indian Standard Method of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement. Bureau

of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Eldin N.N. & Senouci A.B. - “Rubber tire particles as concrete aggregates”, ASCE

Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 1993, 5(4), 478-496.

Topeu I.B. “The properties of rubberized concrete” cement and concrete research 1995,

25(2), 304-310.

IS: 8112-1989 - “Specifications f or 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement” (First revision)

BIS, New Delhi.

Fatuli, N.L. and Clark, N.A. “Cement Based materials containing tire rubber”

construction building materials, 1996, vol. 10, No. 4, pp229-236.

Wikipedia.com/rubber concrete.

Kishore Kaushal - “Manual of Concrete Mix Design based on IS: 456-2000”. Standard

Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, New Delhi-110006.

www.rma.org/scrap_tires.

TEACHER EVALUATION REPORT