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Strucktol Company; Rubber's properties; Processing method; Different Manmade RUbbers.

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Page 1: Rubber Handbook

RubberHandbook

RubberHandbook

Page 2: Rubber Handbook

Table of Contents 1

Struktol Rubber Handbook

Table of Contents

About Struktol Company of America 6

Introduction 7

Function of Processing Additives 8

What are Processing Additives? 9

History of Processing Additives 10

Classification of Processing Additives 12

Lubricants 14

Fatty Acids 14

Fatty Acid Esters 15

Metal Soaps 15

Fatty Alcohols 16

Fatty Acid Amides 16

Organosilicones 16

Polyethylene and Polypropylene Waxes 16

Other Products 16

Properties and Mode of Action of Lubricants 17

Processing with Lubricants 24

Struktol Products and their Use 25

Applications with STRUKTOL® ZB 47 25a

Physical and Chemical Peptizers 26

What are the Benefits of Peptizing Agents? 31

Low Viscosity Natural Rubber 32

Processing with Peptizing Agents 33

Struktol Products and their Use 33

Page 3: Rubber Handbook

Table of Contents 2

Homogenizing Agents 35

Hydrocarbon Resins 37

Coumarone Resins 38

Petroleum Resins 38

Copolymers 38

Terpene Resins 39

Asphalt and Bitumen 39

Rosins 40

Phenolic Resins 41

Lignin 41

Processing with Homogenizing Agents 42

Struktol Products and their Use 42

Dispersing Agents 43

Processing with Dispersing Agents 43

Struktol Products and their Use 43

Tackifiers 44

Processing with Tackifiers 45

Struktol Products and their Use 45

Plasticizers 46

Processing with Plasticizers 49

Struktol Products and their Use 49

Preparations 50

Struktol Products and their Use 52

Metal Oxide Preparation 52

Sulphur Preparations 52

Activators 54

Processing with Cure Activators 59

Page 4: Rubber Handbook

Table of Contents 3

Silane Coupling Agents 60a

Properties 60a

An Overview 60c

Rubber Industry Applications 60f

Parting Agents 61

Parting Agents for Uncured Compounds and In-process Materials 61

Mold Release Agents 62

Dusting Agents 63

Organic Mold Release Agents 64

Silicone Oils 65

Semi-permanent Mold Release Agents 65

Compound Lubricants 66

Struktol Products and their Use 67

Mandrel Release Agents 67

Semi-permanent Mold Release Agents 68

Struktol Permalease Grades 68

Silicone Oils 69

Mold Cleaning Compounds 70

The Influence of Processing Additives on Discoloration 70

Peroxide Disperisons 70a

Peroxide Demand 71

Rubber to Metal Adhesion 72

Test Methods – Assessment of Processing Additives 72

Dispersion and Homogeneity 73

Rheological Tests 73

Mooney Shearing Disc Viscosimeter 74

Defo Tester 74

Page 5: Rubber Handbook

Table of Contents 4

High Pressure Capillary Rheometer 74

Torsion Strain Rotorless Shear Rheometer 74

Rubber Processability Analyzer 75

Oscillating Disc Cure Meter 75

Laboratory Extruder 75

Plasticorder 75

Laboratory Open Mill and Spiked Roller 75

Rheo-vulcameter 76

Transfer Sprial Test 76

Building Tack 77

Mold Release 77

Processing Additives in Pharmaceutical Articles 78

Ecology and Toxicology of Processing Additives 82

Application of Processing Agents - Examples

Lubricants 84

Peptizers 86

Homogenizing and Tackifiers 88

Plasticizers 90

Metal Oxide Preparations 92

Sulphur Preparations 94

Vulcanization Activators 96

Mold Release Agents 98

Mold Release Agents / Shaped Hose Release Agents 100

Mold Cleaning Compounds 102

Lubricants in Selected Elastomers 104

Higher Extrusion Rates with STRUKTOL® WB 16 112

STRUKTOL® WS 280 Paste in FKM 114

STRUKTOL® WB 42 – Bloom Study 116

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Table of Contents 5

STRUKTOL® ZP 1014 – Curative for XNBR 119

STRUKTOL® ZEH vs. Stearic Acid in NR 120

Homogenization Study 123

Mold Cleaning with STRUKTOL® MC-A 124

Additional Useful Information

Crazing 125

Frosting 126 Revision – Sept. 2004 STP0206 /rca

Page 7: Rubber Handbook

6 About Struktol Company of America

About Struktol Company of America

Struktol Company of America is a member of the Schill & Seilacher family of companies, with

representation in over 100 countries around the world. A global organization with over a century

of specialty chemical expertise, Schill & Seilacher markets most of their polymer processing

products under the brand name STRUKTOL® - a name that has become synonymous with both

quality and performance. Struktol chemicals are found in rubber and plastics as well as man-

made fibers, textiles and leather and paper products. Since the late 1970’s, Struktol has become

North America’s dominant force in performance additives for the polymer industry. Struktol has

committed its research and development, ISO Certification and premier customer service to

establishing a leadership role with engineered additives for the rubber and plastics compounder.

The Struktol approach to the polymer additive business is by no means typical or ordinary.

Chemistry is as the heart of everything we do. Providing Intelligent Additive Solutions for

polymers and compounds, Struktol products are designed to meet the challenges and exacting

demands of our customers. Our technical specialists, R&D chemists and compound laboratory

are dedicated to creating innovative solutions for the ever-changing polymer industry; solutions

that keep you ahead of your competition with increased productivity, better quality parts and

lower overall cost.

In addition to premium product performance, Struktol customer service initiatives have become

the industry benchmark.

www.struktol.com

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Lubricants 25

Struktol Products and their Use STRUKTOL® WB 222 is an ester of saturated fatty acids. It is a highly effective lubricant and release agent predominantly used for polar elastomers. STRUKTOL® WB 212 is based on high molecular, hydrophilic fatty acid ester. The product serves as a dispersing agent for powdered materials and has excellent release properties. STRUKTOL® WB16 is an excellent lubricant mainly for non-polar rubbers. As a mixture of calcium soaps and amides of saturated fatty acids it can exhibit an activating effect. STRUKTOL® HPS 11 is composed of fatty acid derivatives, which have been designed and selected to give maximum polymer to additive interactions. HPS 11 is effective in increasing flow, promoting release, and improves overall processing. STRUKTOL® WB 42, a blend of fatty acid derivatives, provides improved flow in a wide range of elastomers. STRUKTOL® W A 48 is successfully used in epichlorohydrin rubber as an effective release agent and lubricant. STRUKTOL® W 34 is a dispersing agent and lubricant for nearly all elastomers. Faster filler incorporation and avoidance of filler agglomeration in highly filled compounds can be achieved. STRUKTOL® WS 180 and STRUKTOL® WS 280 are organosilicone compounds which combine outstanding release performance with good flow properties. STRUKTOL® WS 180 can drastically reduce mold contamination. STRUKTOL® ZB 47 is a formulated zinc soap that can be used for masticating NR compounds. Also offers heat stability (Reversion Resistance). Very effective in mineral filled NR compounds. STRUKTOL® A 50, and A 60 are zinc soaps of unsaturated fatty acids. They are mainly used as physical peptizers in NR compounds STRUKTOL® EF 44 A is a blend of fatty acid derivatives with zinc soaps predominating. The product is especially suitable for extrusions. It acts as a cure activator. STRUKTOL® HM 97 is a mixture of low viscosity polyethylene waxes. Due to their special lubricating effect, HM 97 is highly recommended in EPMD compounds. *For further information on ZB 47 contact Struktol for our new ZB 47 Brochure and CD.

Page 27: Rubber Handbook

Struktol Company of America201 E. Steels Corners Road • P. O. Box 1649 • Stow, Ohio 44224-0649

25a Lubricants

Producers of Specialty Chemicals

Struktol Rubber Lab

Project 04003

February 3, 2004 (addition April 20, 2004)

Project: Evaluate STRUKTOL® ZB 47 in a black / silica natural rubber tread compound with and without silane coupling agent. Conclusion: The combination of 1 phr disulfide silane (added as STRUKTOL®SCA 985 PL) with ZB 47 (added at 2.5 and 5 phr) showed both processing and physical property synergism. When the silane was added it was at a level of 5% of the silica. The mixing curves show that most of the processing improvements came from the addition of ZB 47. There is a faster incorporation and lower mixing torque. The resulting Mooney viscosity of the compounds was significantly improved with a drop of about 40 points with the initial viscosity, and 10-15 points with the ML (1+4). In addition, the scorch delay shows significant improvements with the combined products. The rheometer cure reflects the viscosity improvements as well as the cure delay. The final T90 was increased about 1 to 2 minutes with the combination. There were only minor shifts in max torque. The reversion resistance was the greatest for the combination. Cured physicals showed an increase in modulus with the silane and even a greater increase with the combination. The ZB 47 by itself gave a slight increase in state of cure. On air aging the retention of physicals was good. The combination gave the lowest % change. Tear resistance (Die C) was improved with all stocks over the non-coupled control. The dynamic properties as measured by rebound, Firestone Flexometer, and tan delta were all improved by the combination of additives. The biggest change is seen in the long-term dynamic distortion on the Flexometer where the combination was shut off before the sample failed. The compounded stock was aged 11 weeks and then tested for processing as stored. There was an increase in initial viscosity of 40 to 50 Mooney units for the ZB 47 containing stocks. The initial reading for the blank and the silane stock was off scale. The ML (1+4) for these two stocks was higher than the initial readings for the ZB 47 stocks. The ZB 47 stocks showed only a 5-6 point increase for ML (1+4). The extruder results also showed that the ZB 47/silane decreased the pressure and torque, and increased the rate. The quality of the extrudate was the best with the combination of ZB 47 and silane.

Page 28: Rubber Handbook

Lubricants 25b

Formulae 1 2 3 4 5 6

SMR 5 100 100 100 100 100 100

STRUKTOL A 86 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25

N220 40 40 40 40 40 40

SILLCA VN3 20 20 20 20 20 20

STEARIC ACID 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

ZNO 4 4 4 4 4 4

6PPD 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

FLECTOL H 1 1 1 1 1 1

STRUKTOL 40 MS 6 6 6 6 6 6

STRUKTOL SCA 985PL 0 2 0 0 2 2

STRUKTOL ZB 47 0 0 2.5 5 2.5 5

2ND PASS

TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

SULFUR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

TOTAL: 179.25 181.25 181.75 184.25 183.75 186.25

First Pass Compound Temperature (°C) Energy (WH)

1 - Control 1 140 217

2 – SCA 985PL 137 197

3 – ZB47, 2.5 140 202

4 – ZB47, 5 136 183

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 139 190

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 135 176 Note: 70% fill factor

Page 29: Rubber Handbook

25c Lubricants

Rheometer Data 160°C; 3° arc; 100 Range; 30 minutes

Compound Min Torque

Max Torque Ts2 T50 T90

T-2 Reversion

1 - Control 1 19.59 76.01 3.75 7.29 8.63 13.29 2 – SCA 985PL 18.92 80.45 4.00 7.08 8.33 13.71 3 – ZB47, 2.5 16.23 75.74 3.75 8.13 9.63 15.29 4 – ZB47, 5 15.75 72.98 3.83 8.58 10.29 18.00 5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 16.29 78.16 4.08 8.00 9.50 18.00 6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 15.15 75.74 4.33 8.42 10.25 25.92

Mooney Viscosity ML (1+4) @ 100°C

Compound Initial Viscosity

Initial Viscosity aged 11 weeks ML (1+4)

ML (1+4) Aged 11 weeks

1 - Control 1 147.5 - 86.6 213.5 2 – SCA 985PL 150.7 - 85.8 218.4 3 – ZB47, 2.5 123.8 196.6 76.0 83.7 4 – ZB47, 5 113.2 154.5 74.0 79.4 5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 125.5 177.4 74.5 80.7 6 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 5 113.6 161.4 70.7 75.4

Extruder Data

Brabender Plasti-Corder Garvey Die, 3:1 Meeting Screw Cold feed 19 mm roller feeder

Compound Torque RPM Temp PSI Weight (g) 10 inch

One minute Extrudate

Surface Rating Edge

1 - Control 1 66.6 26 108 864 25.98 24.58 B #6 2 – SCA 985PL 54.3 26 108 726 25.44 26.29 B #7 3 – ZB47, 2.5 56.0 26 117 736 26.93 26.76 A #8 4 – ZB47, 5 54.2 26 115 733 27.06 27.41 A #8 5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 56.8 26 112 747 26.82 25.93 A #9 6 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 5 51.0 27 107 690 25.64 26.47 A #9

Page 30: Rubber Handbook

Lubricants 25d

Mooney Scorch ML @ 125°C

Compound Min Torque T5 T35 Cure Index

1 - Control 1 72.1 24.41 40.95 16.54

2 – SCA 985PL 72.5 29.95 38.24 8.29

3 – ZB47, 2.5 65.8 28.75 45.84 17.09

4 – ZB47, 5 63.9 33.41 49.19 15.78

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 64.3 33.72 46.23 12.51

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 60.6 37.66 47.82 10.16

Tensile Data Unaged

Compound Cure Time 160°C

Shore A Duro

Tensile (MPa)

Elongation (%)

100% Mod. (MPa)

200% Mod. (MPa)

300% Mod.

(MPA) 1 - Control 1 9 62 24.0 635 1.6 4.0 8.1

2 – SCA 985PL 8 67 25.2 620 2.0 5.0 9.8

3 – ZB47, 2.5 10 65 22.9 597 1.8 4.2 8.3

4 – ZB47, 5 10 65 23.6 643 1.7 4.0 7.6

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 10 69 24.8 612 2.1 5.3 9.8

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 10 67 26.6 605 2.3 5.6 10.2

Oven Aged 70 Hrs @ 100°C Cmpd

Shore A

Duro

Points Change

Tensile (MPa)

Pct. Change

Elong (%)

Pct. Change

100% Mod. (MPa)

Pct. Change

200% Mod. (MPa)

Pct. Change

300% Mod. (MPa)

Pct. Change

1 71 +9 21.7 -9.6 498 -21.6 3.3 106 8.1 103 13.7 69

2 76 +9 22.3 -11.5 477 -23.1 3.8 90 9.4 88 15.2 55

3 75 +10 23.8 3.9 495 -17.1 3.9 117 9.2 119 15.1 82

4 77 +12 19.8 -16.1 454 -29.4 3.4 100 8.0 100 13.1 72

5 75 +6 23.5 -5.2 510 -16.6 4.0 90 9.6 81 15.1 54

6 76 +9 22.5 -15.4 471 -22.1 4.1 78 9.5 70 15.0 47

Page 31: Rubber Handbook

25e Lubricants

Firestone Flexometer Heat Build-up

250 lb. Weight; 0.325” Throw; 45 min. test Compound Cure Time @ 160°C Duro Temp. °C

1 - Control 1 36 57 164

2 – SCA 985PL 32 64 129

3 – ZB47, 2.5 40 58 141

4 – ZB47, 5 40 61 139

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 40 63 133

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 40 64 127

Blow Out 250 lb. Weight; 0.325” Throw; test until sample fails

Compound Time

1 - Control 1 1 Hr 5 Min

2 – SCA 985PL 11 Hrs 20 Min

3 – ZB47, 2.5 3 Hrs 50 Min

4 – ZB47, 5 14 Hrs 42 Min

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 >103 Hrs

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 > 143 Hrs 51 Min

Tear Strength ASTM D-624 Die C

Compound Tear Strength (N/mm)

1 - Control 1 92.6

2 – SCA 985PL 132.5

3 – ZB47, 2.5 95.2

4 – ZB47, 5 102.2

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 113.3

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 108.3

Page 32: Rubber Handbook

Lubricants 25f

Rebound Compound 0°C Room Temp 100°C

1 - Control 1 18 35 50

2 – SCA 985PL 16 34 53

3 – ZB47, 2.5 16 33 51

4 – ZB47, 5 15 33 52

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 17 34 54

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 15 32 55

MER / COMPRESSION / CYLINDRICAL / 1 HZ / 23°C Compound Complex Power Loss Power Tan Delta Stiffness

1 - Control 1 .3198 .05150 .163 37.21

2 – SCA 985PL .2016 .02703 .135 15.54

3 – ZB47, 2.5 .2556 .04223 .167 12.23

4 – ZB47, 5 .2145 .03164 .149 14.63

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 .2052 .02953 .145 15.35

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 .1841 .02400 .131 16.94

MER / COMPRESSION / CYLINDRICAL / 1 HZ 100°C Compound Complex Power Loss Power Tan Delta Stiffness

1 - Control 1 .1534 .0656 .131 6.118

2 – SCA 985PL .4330 .0482 .112 7.219

3 – ZB47, 2.5 .5836 .0796 .152 5.403

4 – ZB47, 5 .5043 .0597 .119 6.18

5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 .4400 .04452 .102 7.154

6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 .4257 .04041 .095 7.341

Page 33: Rubber Handbook

25g Lubricants

Mix Data-Control/Si

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (Sec.)

Ener

gy (K

W)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Tem

pera

ture

(F°)

Motor (KW) ControlMotor (KW) SiTemperature (F°) ControlTemperature (F°) Si

Figure 1

Mix Data-Control/2.5ZB

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250Time (Sec.)

Ener

gy (K

W)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Tem

pera

ture

(F°)

Motor (KW)Motor (KW) 2.5ZBTemperature (F°)Temperature (F°) 2.5ZB

Figure 2

Page 34: Rubber Handbook

Lubricants 25h

Mix Data-Control/5.0ZB

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (Sec.)

Ener

gy (K

W)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Tem

pera

ture

(F°)

Motor (KW) Control

Motor (KW) 5.0ZB

Temperature (F°) Control

Temperature (F°) 5.0ZB

Figure 3

Mix Data-Control/2.5ZB, Si

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250Time (Sec.)

Ener

gy (K

W)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Tem

pera

ture

(F°)

Motor (KW) ControlMotor (KW) 2.5ZB, SiTemperature (F°) ControlTemperature (F°) 2.5ZB, Si

Figure 4

Page 35: Rubber Handbook

25i Lubricants

Mix Data-Control/5.0ZB, Si

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (Sec.)

Ener

gy (K

W)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Tem

pera

ture

(F°)

Motor (KW) ControlMotor (KW) 5.0ZB, SiTemperature (F°) ControlTemperature (F°) 5.0ZB, Si

Figure 5

Page 36: Rubber Handbook

Lubricants 25j

STRUKTOL® ZB 47 Developed for high natural rubber compounds, both black and mineral-filled, ZB 47 allows for:

• Lower compound viscosity

• Lower heat build-up

• Higher compound modulus

• Improved permanent set

• Improved physical properties

• Improved dynamic properties

• Improved blowout resistance

• Improved heat aged properties

• Improved cut growth resistance

With STRUKTOL® ZB 47 you will have lower mixing temperatures, faster filler incorporation, and faster mixing cycles!

Contact Struktol Company of America now for our new brochure on ZB 47.

Phone: 800-327-8649 or 330-928-5188

E-mail: [email protected]

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42 Homogenizing Agents

Processing with Homogenizing Agents The homogenizing agents are usually added at the beginning of the mixing cycle, particularly when elastomer blends are used. They exhibit optimum effectiveness at around their softening temperature. The recommended dosage is between 4 and 5 phr. Difficult to blend elastomers will require an addition of 7 to 10 phr. Struktol Products and their Use STRUKTOL® 40 MS FLAKES is a mixture of dark, aromatic hydrocarbon resin which has a very good compatibility with most standard elastomers, such as SBR, NR, NBR, CR, IIR, BIIR, EPDM and BR and is used in elastomer blends and homopolymer compounds. Blending of elastomers with different polarities and/or viscosities are significantly facilitated. In particular difficult to process tire tube and innerliner compounds have been significantly improved with STRUKTOL 40 MS FLAKES. STRUKTOL 60 NS FLAKES is a mixture of light-colored aliphatic hydrocarbon resin. It is designed for light-colored compounds where non-staining is specified. Its action is comparable with that of STRUKTOL 40 MS FLAKES. This product has proven its value, particularly in compounds based on NBR/EPDM blends. STRUKTOL TH 10 A is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic resins. It is a processing additive that gives good tack and homogeneity in row compounds. Due to the balanced combination of the tackifying resins and homogenizing agent, an optimum dispersion of the ingredients in the raw compound is achieved which maintains its greet tack for several weeks under normal storage conditions. STRUKTOL® TH 64 is a mixture of low molecular weight resins. It can be used as a tackifier for natural and synthetic elastomers for improving long-term building tack. STRUKTOL® STRUKREZ 110 is a polymeric resin blend. Blending of elastomers with different polarities or viscosities are significantly facilitated. STRUKTOL® STRUKREZ 220 is a molecular assembled resin designed for unique qualities in polymer processing. Green tack is improved with STRUKREZ 220.

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Silane Coupling Agents

Silane Coupling Agents 60a

Struktol Silane Coupling Agents are used in rubber compounding. They provide coupling of non-black pigments to the polymer backbone allowing for: Improved abrasion resistance, Higher compound modulus, Lower hystersis, Improved compression set, Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds.

Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data: Product form:

STRUKTOL® SCA 98

Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide

• Improves reinforcing capabilities of fillers with silanol groups

Sulfur content: Specific gravity:

21-23% 1.089

Yellow liquid

• Improves abrasion resistance

• Provides higher compound modulus

• Improves rolling resistance in tread compounds

STRUKTOL® SCA 98CB

Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:

10-12% 1.34

Black powder

STRUKTOL® SCA 98PL

Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:

10-12% 1.00

Pale yellow pastille

STRUKTOL® SCA 98WT

Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:

7.5-16% 1.43

Off white powder

STRUKTOL® SCA 984 3-Thiocyanatopropyltriethoxy

silane • Improves compound modulus

Sulfur content: 12% Amber colored

• Improves compression set liquid

• Improves abrasion resistance

Specific gravity: 1.03

STRUKTOL® SCA 985

Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide

• Improves reinforcing capabilities of fillers with silanol groups

Sulfur content: Specific gravity:

12-14% 1.04

Yellow liquid

• Improves abrasion resistance

• Provides higher compound modulus

• Improves rolling resistance in tread compounds

Page 73: Rubber Handbook

Silane Coupling Agents

60b Silane Coupling Agents

Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data: Product form:

STRUKTOL® SCA 985PL

Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide

• Same as SCA 985 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:

6-7% 1.00

Pale orange pastille

STRUKTOL® SCA 989 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxy • Improves tensile strength MPTES content ≥95% Clear liquid

silane • Improves tear strength

• Improves abrasion resistance

Specific gravity: 0.98

STRUKTOL® SCA 989 WT 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxy

silane • Same as SCA 989 SCA 989 content:

Specific gravity:

70% 1.20

Light gray powder

STRUKTOL® SCA 960 γ-Glycidyloxypropyl

trimethoxy silane • Mainly used in glass reinforced epoxy resin, ABS, nylon and PBT

SCA 960 content: >95.0% Clear liquid

• Improves tensile strength Density: 1.070+0.050 • Improves tear strength

• Improves relative extensibility

STRUKTOL® SCA 972 Vinyl tri(2-methoxyethoxy)

silane • Improves the reinforcing capability of fillers with silanol groups in peroxide cured compounds

SCA 972 content: Density:

>98.0% 1.040+0.020

Clear liquid

• Improves tensile strength

• Improves tear strength

• Improves abrasion resistance

STRUKTOL® SCA 974 γ-Methacryloxypropyl

trimethoxy silane • Improves coupling of fillers with silanol groups, and fiberglass in the resin/ polymer matrix

SCA 974 content: Density:

>97.0% 1.040+0.020

Clear liquid

STRUKTOL® SCA 974WT Same as SCA 974 • Same as SCA 974 SCA 974 content:

Density:

70.0+2.0 1.598+0.020

Clear liquid

STRUKTOL® SCA 1100 Aminopropyl triethoxy silane • Improves the reinforcing

properties of fillers containing hydroxyl groups

Min. purity: Specific gravity:

98.0% 0.941+0.01

Colorless liquid

(07/07/04)AAC/rca

Page 74: Rubber Handbook

Silane Coupling Agents 60c

STRUKTOL® SCA 98 & SCA 985

An Overview

STRUKTOL® SCA 98 and SCA 985 are silane coupling agents for use in rubber compounding.

When used in rubber compounding, they provide coupling of non-black pigments to the polymer

backbone allowing for:

Improved abrasion resistance

Higher compound modulus

Lower hysteresis

Improved compression set

Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds

The theory for their effectiveness is that the silane portion of the molecule couples with OH

groups on the silica and silicate surfaces in non-black pigments. The sulfur portion of the mole-

cule is available for curing activity and can enter into the vulcanization mechanism. The SCA 98

is a tetra-sulfide silane while the SCA 985 is a di-sulfide silane. When the SCA 985 is used as a

1:1 replacement for the SCA 98, a reduction in the cured modulus and maximum tensile may be

noticed. This can usually be regained by increasing the sulfur level in the final mix pass.

THE REINFORCEMENT OF NON-BLACK FILLERS IS ENHANCED BY STRUKTOL®SCA 98 & SCA 985

Suggested Dosage phr Levels per 100 phr filler

Silica, ppt 3 – 13

Clay 0.3 – 1.0

Calcium Stearate 6 – 7

Magnesium Silicate (talc) 1 – 4

Fumed Silica 3 - 15

Page 75: Rubber Handbook

60d Silane Coupling Agents

MIXING AND DUMP TEMPERATURE

Part or all of the non-black filler should be dispersed with the STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985

in the first mixing stage. The remaining ingredients should be added after the silane coupling

agent and the filler have been incorporated. Curatives should be added in the last mixing stage.

SUGGESTED TYPICAL MIX SCHEDULE 0' Rubber

½' ½ to all non-black pigment STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985

2½' Black, if present, oil, stearic acid, zinc oxide

3½' AO2 , AO3

4½' Clean

5' Dump

Because of the sulfur present in the STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985, it is necessary to control

the maximum mixing temperature.

The following are recommended dump temperatures:

Natural Rubber 150°C

SBR 150-160°C

NBR 140°C

Page 76: Rubber Handbook

Silane Coupling Agents 60e

POLYMERS AND STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 EFFECTIVENESS ACM NDA IIR GOOD CM GOOD XNBR GOOD EPDM EXCELLENT ECO EXCELLENT FKM NDA HIIR HALOBUTYL GOOD CSM EXCELLENT NATURAL RUBBER EXCELLENT CR EXCELLENT NBR EXCELLENT BR EXCELLENT IR EXCELLENT SBR EXCELLENT URETHANTE GOOD VAMAC GOOD Excellent - STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 favorably influences properties, producing

significant improvements in physical properties and state of cure.

Good - STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 has an effect on physical properties producing enhanced

modulus and improved abrasion.

NDA - No data available in actual experience with STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985.

Page 77: Rubber Handbook

60f Silane Coupling Agents

AREAS OF RUBBER INDUSTRY WHERE

STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 WOULD BE BENEFICIAL

Footwear - abrasion resistance

- cutting and chunking resistance

- flex life improvement

Rolls - abrasion resistance

- aging resistance

- processing

- set reduction (better load bearing)

- reduced water swell

- lower hysteresis

Mechanical Molded Goods

- increased modulus

- better heat aging

- compression set reduction

- dynamic property improvement

- reduced swell to polar liquids

- filler substitution (non-black for black)

Hose - improved abrasion on cover

- better heat aging

- increased modulus

- lower compression set

- improved adhesion to reinforcing elements

Solid Tires - improved abrasion

- lower hysteresis

- higher modulus

- improved processing

Page 78: Rubber Handbook

Silane Coupling Agents 60g

Tires - treads for abrasion, hot tear, improved rolling resistance,

- lower hystersis

- carcass for adhesion and/or filler substitution

- breaker (belt) stocks for adhesion

Belts - Flat Belts - increased abrasion

- improved reversion resistance

- reduced cost with clay substitution for black

- improved cord adhesion

- increased flex life and modulus

Belts - V Belts - increased modulus

- improved abrasion

- longer flex life

- improved adhesion to reinforcing elements

Page 79: Rubber Handbook

60h Silane Coupling Agents

Struktol Silane Coupling Agents

Struktol silane coupling agents are for use in rubber compounds, particularly mineral-filled, and

allow for:

• Lower compound viscosity

• Higher compound modulus

• Improved abrasion resistance

• Lower hysteresis

• Improved compression set

• Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds

• Improved dispersibility

• Faster incorporation

Contact Struktol Company of America now for our Silane Coupling Agents brochure with CD.

Phone: 800-327-8649 or 330-928-5188

E-mail: [email protected]

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Peroxide Dispersions 70a

Peroxide Dispersions Struktol peroxide dispersions are widely used in crosslinking several polymers in the

rubber industry, as well as acting as a viscosity reducer in polypropylene. The

proprietary carriers aid in dispersing the peroxide and will reduce incorporation time.

Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data: Product form:

STRUKTOL® Peroxide DCP 70

70% active Dicumyl • Higher peroxide content • FDA sanctioned • Improved dispersion • Easy handling

Melting point: Specific gravity:

30-40 °C 1.071

white pastille

STRUKTOL® Peroxide DBDB 60

60% active α,α’-bis (tert-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene

• Higher peroxide content • Improved dispersion • Easy handling

Dropping point: Specific gravity:

73-82 °C 0.955

off-white pastille

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124 Examples for the Application of Processing Agents

MOLD CLEANING WITH STRUKTOL® MC-A

Moving Die Rheometer Cavity

Press Mold

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