Round table on programming for Tribal Areas

17th May 2016

Tribal Demography

Fast facts

705Scheduled Tribes

104million (2011)

8.6%of total population

90%live in Rural areas

0

350

700

1050

1400

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

1048468523830

1211

1029

839

665

548

439

India's population Tribal Population

75PVTGs

44million ST children

9.8%of child population

Delhi , Punjab , Haryana , Chandigarh , PuducherryStates/UTs with no ST population :

74%

of ST Population lives in West + Central India

By Geography

Source: Census 2011

8 15 23 30

10866Central West Northeast Rest of India

Number of States by Region

Chattisgarh Jharkhand

Odisha Madhya Pradesh

West Bengal Bihar

Gujarat Rajasthan

Maharashtra Goa

Daman & Diu Dadar & Nagar Haveli

% Population by Region

74%of ST Population lives in West +

Central India

By districts

0 175 350 525 700

90791342821540

0 0-1 % 1-5% 5-20% 20-50% 50+%

% of district population

90 districts out of 640 have more than 50% of the population as

tribals

Source: Census 2011

14% of all districts are predominantly

tribal

Who are the tribals ?

Lokur Committee , 1965

Indications of primitive traits

Distinctive Culture

Shyness of contact -with the community at large

Geographical Isolation

Backwardness

Source : Article 365 of the Constitution of India refers to Scheduled Tribes , # Essential characteristics -Lokur Committee 1965

Special development initiatives

1950 -74

1974 -79

Specific Measures to promote equal opportunities especially through provision of health & education

Special multipurpose development projects as supplements to community development projects in tribal areas

New approach of Tribal Sub Plans (TSPs)

Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs)

TSPs have separate budget heads in plan documents in proportion to ST population . This was done with an

objective to eliminate forms of exploitation and accelerate

development.

Focus on Welfare Focus on Development

Schedule V Areas - Central & Western regions

Administration of tribal areas in 9 states : •Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat •Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh , Jharkhand •Maharashtra , Odisha, Rajasthan

Districts that come under Schedule V Areas , have significant ST population , though the State may or may not have significant ST population

Tribes Advisory Council (TACs) setup in 9 states + West Bengal and Tamil Nadu : • Advisory body •No legislative or law making powers

Schedule V grants extensive powers to the Governors • The well being of the tribal population depends on the initiatives of the governors

in these states

Legal Protection

Approve plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development

Mandatory Powers

Consultative Powers

Recommendatory Powers

Powers to be devolved by State Govts.

PESA - Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas ,1996 - recognises traditional & customary methods of Community management and confers enormous rights to the Gram Sabha to self-regulate and self-govern

On matters relating to the acquisition of land for developmental projects

For the grant of a prospecting license or mining lease for minor minerals

Enforce prohibition or regulate or restrict sale of any intoxicant , manage village markets, exercise control over money lending to STs,

exercise control over institutions and functionaries in the social sectors

Schedule VI

Ensures protection of tribal areas & interests in North Eastern India

Allows self-governance through constitutional institutions at the district or regional levels

Provides for the creation of Autonomous District & Regional Councils

Unlike in Schedule V , legislative ,educational and judicial powers are devolved to local bodies

STs are among the most deprived communities in India

Deprivation Classification Deprivations - STs V Rest

D1 Households with only one room, kuccha walls and kuccha roof

D2. No adult member in household between age 18 and 59

D3. Female headed household with no adult male member between 16 and 59

D4. Households with differently able member with no other able bodied adult member

D5. SC/ST Households

D6. Households with no literate adult above age 25 years

D7 Landless households deriving a major part of their income from manual labour

  All STs

Households with at least 2 Deprivations

30 36

Households with at least 3 Deprivations

13 27

Households with at least 4 Deprivations

4 11

Households with at least 5 Deprivations

0.8 2.0

Households with at least 6 Deprivations

0.1 0.5

Households with all the 7 Deprivations

0.01 0.03

Source: SECC

Key features of Tribal Areas

Remote Location

Poor Connectivity & dispersed very small habitations

Low HDI

Relatively poor performance against Health, Education & Income indicators

Forest Area

Limited industrialisation , scope for Eco/heritage tourism

Plateauing of HDI in Tribal blocks - Maharashtra

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

Mumbai

PuneThaneNagpurKolhapurRaigarhSindhudurgNashikSataraSangliRatnagiriSolapurAurangabadW

ardhaJalgaonAkolaAhmednagarBhandaraChandrapurGondiyaAmravatiYavatmalBuldanaParbhaniBeedDhuleJalnaLaturNandedOsmanabadHingoliW

ashimGadchiroliNandurbar

0.70.746

4 out of 10 are Tribal Districts with lowest HDI value in both 2001 and 2011 – Nandurbar, Gadchiroli, Nanded, Dhule

HDI 2011

What are the challenges ?

Types of Challenges

Limited livelihood,Chronic health issues,Over exploitation of natural resources

Survival

Conflicts

Identity & Governance

Human Resource , Infrastructure & Institutions

Aspirational

Developmental Deficits

Preserving Cultural Heritage , Participation in all walks of life , Inadequate alternate vocational skills

Service provisioning in Tribal Areas is weak

Source: RSOC

SC ST OBC Others

Prenatal Care : Received 3 or more ANCs 59 56 61 73

Natal : Institutional delivery 76 70 79 84

Delivered by skilled health provider 79 73 82 86

% of children 12-23 months fully immunised 62 56 65 72

Girls (15-18) whose BMI <18.5 47 49 45 41

Household practicing open defecation 58 69 46 28

Levels of under-nutrition are worst among STs

Source: RSOC

SC ST OBC Others

Stunted (Height for Age below -2SD) 42 42 39 34

Severely stunted ( Height for Age below -3SD) 19 20 18 14

Wasted ( Weight for Height below -2SD) 16 19 15 14

Severely Wasted ( Weight for Height below -3SD) 5 5 4 4

Underweight ( Weight for Age below -2SD) 33 37 29 24

Severely Underweight ( Weight for Age below -3SD) 11 13 9 7

Percentage of children aged 0-59 months

Literacy Rates among STs is the lowest

Source: Census of India 2011

Future Challenges

Source: Census of India 2011

Population

0

35

70

105

140

1992 2014 2023(projected)

73

105

123

Budget Outlay

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1992 2014 2023(projected)

213

4,800

7,053

1992 2014 2023(projected)

Key Constraint Funds Capacity Outcomes

Focus S S + D S + D + A

S- Survival, D- Development, A- Aspirational

What are the opportunities ?

5 Key Opportunities

Strengthen Database for tribal communities &

children

Addressing Tribal Concerns , not yet a public and political priority, Invest in generating awareness & highlighting problems

Addressing Tribal Issues , advocate with governments & support studies to highlight gaps

Pilot area specific & sector specific activitiesIncreased allocation of

fundsStep Up Public Discourse

Evaluation of Interventions & Schemes

Invest in evaluations & create a body of literature of findings over the next 5 years

Work with select state governments to draw up plans of action for tribal areas & communities.

Current Stock Taking

CMAM , SABLA , WASH , ECCE ,

Gap-Analysis, Water-Resource Mapping, Tribal Missions, One Hot cooked meal,

GPDP, GR for 5% untied funds under TSP, PGC, Governor's Office, learning improvement in

conflict areas, mapping of mother tongue , mainstreaming of out of school children into schools ,

SSA, language progression , SOP for safety for wardens and teachers

UNICEF’s Roles

Advocacy

Knowledge Management

Capacity Building

Behaviour Change

Current Stock Taking khu-blei

#

# Thank You in the Khasi Language spoken in Meghalaya ,India