ropes and knots 1. introduction rope is one of the most important and routinely used tools in the...
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- Ropes and Knots 1
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- Introduction Rope is one of the most important and routinely used tools in the fire service. In this chapter, you will learn: How to select the proper rope The proper uses of rope in fire service The essential skill of knot tying How to properly inspect, maintain, and store rope 2
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- Rope Materials and Their Characteristics Variety of materials Different characteristics Earliest ropes made of natural materials Life safety lines 3
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- Natural Materials Category includes: Manila Sisal Cotton Share same poor characteristics Rot Mildew Abrasion resistance Natural deterioration Very low strength-to-weight ratio Low shock load absorption capability 4
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- Type 1 manila rope. 5
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- Synthetic Materials Primary synthetic materials: Nylon Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyester Ropes made of these are the rule rather than the exception. High strength-to-weight ratio 6
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- Brightly colored polyethylene rope floating on water. 7
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- Construction Methods and Their Characteristics Construction techniques: Laid method Braided Braid-on-braid Kernmantle Two broad categories: Static Dynamic 8
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- Example of laid construction method. 9
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- Example of kernmantle construction method with the outer kern cut and pulled back at the end, showing the inner mantle section. 10
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- Primary Uses Fire service utilization Two classifications: Utility Safety Firefighter should be familiar with department standard rope use. 11
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- Firefighting and Rescue Uses Structural search and rescue guide ropes NFPA 1983 Light use General use Tensile strength requirements 12
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- Fire Service Knots Each service will have preferred methods and knots. Knots expected for various situations Some knots introduced with switch to synthetic fibres 13
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- Terms Used for Rope and Knots Separate and distinct parts of a rope: Working end Standing part Running end 14
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- The three parts of a rope: working end, standing part, and running end. 15
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- Left to right: a round turn, a bight, and a loop. Take the loose end of the working end after tying the primary knot, and secure it by making a round turn around the standing knot and bringing the loose end through. Make a round turn in the standing portion of the rope, and slide the round turn down over the object being hoisted. 16
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- Knots Dressing Setting Common knots: Half-hitch and overhand (safety) knot Clove hitch Becket bend and double Becket bend Bowline knot and figure-eight knots Rescue knot and water knot 17
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- (A) A loose and sloppy knot. (B) A knot properly dressed and set. (A) (B) 18
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- Inspection All ropes must be inspected and properly maintained. Inspections should be a matter of department policy. Life safety rope found damaged must be removed from service. Ropes should be inspected along their entire length. 19
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- It is very important that rope is inspected as it is being put back into a rope bag. 20
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- Laid (Twisted) Firefighters should look and feel for: Foreign matter Slippery spots Voids in centre fibres Stiff or hard spots and soft spots Laid ropes should be untwisted at random intervals. 21
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- It is important to twist apart a laid rope to inspect between strands. 22
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- Braided Should be visually and tactilely inspected Inspecting inside is not possible. Strands appear on the surface. 23
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- Braid-on-Braid No way to see inside braid Pay attention to tactile inspection. Outside braid will sometimes slip over the inner braid. Outside braid represents 50 percent of strength. 24
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- Kernmantle Cannot see kern portion Tactile inspection is best and only way to discover damage. Key is to search for a different feel: Flat spots Voids Bunches Stiffness Limpness 25
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- Maintenance Not difficult Placing new rope into service Carefully adhere to manufacturers instructions. 26
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- Cleaning Follow manufacturers instructions. Brush dirt off natural materials. Lose 50 percent of strength when wet Do not regain strength when dry Synthetic materials can be cleaned: Hand wash Rope washer Clothes washing machine 27
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- A kernmantle rope can also be chained and washed in a front-loading washing machine. 28
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- Drying Rope must be completely dried prior to storage. Different methods Lay flat to dry Hang to dry Use clothing dryer with extreme caution. 29
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- The two most common methods of storing life safety ropes (bagged or coiled). 30
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- Rigging for Hoisting One of the primary uses Smaller rope can be utilized Can be stored bagged or coiled Tag/guide lines 31
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- Specific Tools and Equipment Axe Pike poles Hoselines Power tools Ladders 32
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- Securing a Rope between Two Object s Need to secure a rope between two objects may arise Rope may be used as a barrier. Figure eight on a bight may be used to secure an anchor point. 33
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- Lessons Learned Ropes have many uses. Fire service uses ropes on a regular basis. Experience is the most effective teacher. Firefighters are encouraged to practice the basics learned. Maintenance of rope 34