RRomanesque omanesque architecturearchitecture

MUHAMMAD FAREEZ BIN MUHAMMAD FAREEZ BIN SHOHAIMISHOHAIMI

03DSB10F202803DSB10F2028

Angoulême Cathedral ,France

The Sainte-Foy abbey-church

Earliest one

Build In 1120

Largest one

Speyer Cathedral , German

Bamberg Cathedral

the Abbey of St. Gall

• This art appeared during the Middle This art appeared during the Middle AgeAge

• It is the first style that can be found It is the first style that can be found all over Europe, even when regional all over Europe, even when regional differencesdifferences

• The expansion of the style was linked The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago.Santiago.

IntroductionIntroduction

• Romanesque art developed thanks to a Romanesque art developed thanks to a series of causes:series of causes:– The end of Barbarian invasionsThe end of Barbarian invasions– The decomposition of Cordoba’s caliphate The decomposition of Cordoba’s caliphate – The establishment of peace in The establishment of peace in

the Christian world, with thethe Christian world, with the

development of the cities, development of the cities, commerce and industry commerce and industry St. Andrew's ChurchSt. Andrew's Church

ExpansionExpansion

• The factors of the expansion of The factors of the expansion of Romanesque arte were:Romanesque arte were:– Development of feudal system,Development of feudal system,

that demanded works (castles)that demanded works (castles)– The expansion of religious orders The expansion of religious orders

(Benedictines), expanded the monasteries(Benedictines), expanded the monasteries– The pilgrimage routesThe pilgrimage routes– The crusadesThe crusades

St. Sernin's

Characteristics

• massive solidity and strength massive solidity and strength

• The First Romanesque employed rubble The First Romanesque employed rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs

• A greater refinement marks the Second A greater refinement marks the Second Romanesque, along with increased use of Romanesque, along with increased use of the vault and dressed stone.the vault and dressed stone.

•WallsWalls

•PiersPiers

•ColumnsColumns

•VaultsVaults

wallswalls

• massive thickness with few and massive thickness with few and comparatively small openings comparatively small openings

• double shells, filled with rubbledouble shells, filled with rubble

The building The building materialmaterial

brick brick -- Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of -- Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of

the Netherlandthe Netherland

limestone, granite and flintlimestone, granite and flint -- other areas-- other areas

the building stonethe building stone

--small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick --small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick

mortarmortar

Sant’Ambrogio, Milan is constructed of bricks

San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance.

Piers Piers • support arches ; at the intersection of two support arches ; at the intersection of two

large arches ; cruciform in shapelarge arches ; cruciform in shape• masonry and square or rectangular in masonry and square or rectangular in

section section • horizontal mouldinghorizontal moulding• vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the

level of baselevel of base• highly complex form highly complex form --half-segments of large hollow-core column --half-segments of large hollow-core column --a clustered group of smaller shafts--a clustered group of smaller shafts

ColumnsColumns

• Salvaged columnsSalvaged columns

• Drum columnsDrum columns

• Hollow core columnsHollow core columns

• CapitalsCapitals

• AlternationAlternation

• In Italy, during this period, a great number of In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were antique Roman columns were salvagedsalvaged and and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches. churches.

• The most durable of these columns are of The most durable of these columns are of marblemarble and have the and have the stonestone horizontally bedded. The horizontally bedded. The majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of of a variety of colourscolours. .

• They may have retained their original Roman They may have retained their original Roman capitals, generally of the capitals, generally of the CorinthianCorinthian or or Roman Roman CompositeComposite style style

• Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser extent in France.extent in France.

Drum columnsDrum columns

• In most parts of Europe, Romanesque In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns were massive, as they supported columns were massive, as they supported thick upper walls with small windows, and thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults. The most sometimes heavy vaults. The most common method of construction was to common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called build them out of stone cylinders called drumsdrums..

Santiago de Compostela has large columns constructed of drums, with attached shafts.

Hollow core columns Hollow core columns

• they were constructed of ashlar masonrythey were constructed of ashlar masonry

• the hollow core was filled with rubblethe hollow core was filled with rubble

• These huge untapered columns are These huge untapered columns are sometimes ornamented with incised sometimes ornamented with incised decorations.decorations.

Durham Cathedral, England, has decorated masonry columns and the earlist pointed high ribs.

CapitalsCapitals

• round round at the bottom at the bottom

• it sits on a it sits on a circularcircular column and column and squaresquare at the top at the top

• it supports the wall or arch it supports the wall or arch

• cutting a cutting a rectangular cuberectangular cube

• taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that the block was square at the top the block was square at the top

• octagonaloctagonal at the bottom at the bottom

• manuscripts illustrations of manuscripts illustrations of Biblical scenesBiblical scenes and and depictions of depictions of beasts and monstersbeasts and monsters, others are lively , others are lively

scenes of the scenes of the legends of local saintslegends of local saints..

Paired columns like those at Duratón, near Sepúlveda, Spain, are a feature of Romanesque cloisters in Spain, Italy and southern France.

The Corinthian order as used for the portico of the Pantheon, Rome provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects, through the medium of engravings.

Festive Corinthian capitals on the richly-appointed General Post Office, New York (McKim, Mead, and White, 1913)

AlternationAlternation

the alternation of the alternation of piers piers and columns.and columns.

The most simple form The most simple form that this takes is to have that this takes is to have a column between each a column between each adjoining pier adjoining pier

Sometimes the columns Sometimes the columns are in multiples of are in multiples of two two

or threeor three St. Michael's, Hildesheim has alternating piers and columns.

VaultsVaults

• Barrel vaultBarrel vault

• Groin vaultGroin vault

• Ribbed vaultRibbed vault

• Pointed arched vaultPointed arched vault

Barrel vaultBarrel vault

• a a tunnel vaulttunnel vault or a or a wagon vaultwagon vault, ,

• The simplest type of vaulted roof is the The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel vault in which a single arched barrel vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall, the surface extends from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted, length of the space to be vaulted,

• the the barrel vaultbarrel vault generally required the generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small.windows were very small.

The Cloisters, New York City

Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.

• for the less visible and for the less visible and smaller vaults smaller vaults

• square in plan and is square in plan and is constructed of two constructed of two barrel vaults barrel vaults intersecting at right intersecting at right angles angles

• Groin vaults are Groin vaults are frequently separated frequently separated by transverse arched by transverse arched

ribs of low profileribs of low profile Bayeux Cathedral, the crypt has groin vaults and simplified Corinthian capitals.

• In ribbed vaults, not In ribbed vaults, not only are there ribs only are there ribs spanning the vaulted spanning the vaulted area transversely, but area transversely, but each vaulted bay has each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.diagonal ribs.

• In a ribbed vault, the In a ribbed vault, the ribs are the structural ribs are the structural members, and the members, and the spaces between them spaces between them can be filled with lighter, can be filled with lighter, non-structural material.non-structural material.

Rib vault

• Because Romanesque arches are nearly Because Romanesque arches are nearly always semi-circular, the structural and always semi-circular, the structural and design problem inherent in the ribbed design problem inherent in the ribbed vault is that the diagonal span is larger vault is that the diagonal span is larger and therefore higher than the transverse and therefore higher than the transverse spanspan

• One was to have the One was to have the centre point where the centre point where the diagonal ribs met as the diagonal ribs met as the highest point, with the highest point, with the infil of all the surfaces infil of all the surfaces sloping upwards sloping upwards towards it, in a domical towards it, in a domical manner.manner.

San Michele Maggiore, Pavia, Italy. View of the interior.

• Another solution Another solution was to stilt the was to stilt the transverse ribs, or transverse ribs, or depress the depress the diagonal ribs so that diagonal ribs so that the centreline of the the centreline of the vault was horizontal, vault was horizontal,

At Saint-Etienne, Caen, both the nave and the tower are covered by ribbed vaults.

c.1080.

Cathedral of Reims, France

Pointed arched vaultPointed arched vault

• Late in the Romanesque period another Late in the Romanesque period another solution came into use for regulating the solution came into use for regulating the height of diagonal and transverse ribs height of diagonal and transverse ribs

• use arches of the same diameter for use arches of the same diameter for both horizontal and transverse ribs, both horizontal and transverse ribs, causing the transverse ribs to meet at a causing the transverse ribs to meet at a point point

Interior of Durham Cathedral

Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces.