role of learning curve - by: rahat kazmi

Course:BTECHNCBusiness/Similar/NewManagers

Module:HumanResourceDevelopment

Preparedby:RahatKazmi

Lecture1) RoleoftheLearningCurveandtheImportanceofTransferringLearningto

theworkplace2) ContributionofLearningStylesandTheorieswhenPlanningand

DesigningaLearningEvent

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Aimsoftoday’slesson

ØExplain the role of the learningcurve and the importance oftransferring learning to theworkplace

ØAssess the contribution oflearning styles and theories whenplanning and designing a learningevent


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Learningcurve……….

• Recognize that progress may vary and may not becontinuous. Enable learners to consolidate theirlearning and introduce reinforcement periods intraining programmes to recognize the existence oflearning steps and plateaus.

(Armstong, 2009:707)


Learningcurveq The concept of the Learning Curve basically states that there is less

and less learning as more repetitive steps are taken. The BostonConsulting Group conducted some empirical studies and below arethe conclusions from that study

q The time required to perform a task decreases as the task isrepeated,

q The amount of improvement decreases as more units are produced,and

q The rate of improvement has sufficient consistency to allow its useas a prediction tool.


• Tosuggesttypicalpatterns• Toillustratetheprogressofagiventrainee’slearning

• Toplanthesizeof‘chunks’tobetaughtinonesession

Alearningcurvemaybeused…..


LearningCurves

þ Based on the premise that people and organizations become better at their tasks as the tasks are repeated

þ Time to produce a unit decreases as more units are produced

þ Learning curves typically follow a negative exponential distribution

þ The rate of improvement decreases over time


LearningCurveEffectCo

st/timeperrepetition

Numberof repetitions(volume)0


LearningCurveExamples

ExampleImproving

ParametersCumulative Parameter

Learning-Curve Slope

(%)Model -T Ford

productionPrice Units produced 86

Aircraft assembly

Direct labor-hours per unit

Units produced 80

Equipment maintenance at GE

Average time to replace a group of parts

Number of replacements

76

Steel production

Production worker labor-hours per unit produced

Units produced 79


LearningCurveExamples

ExampleImproving

ParametersCumulative Parameter

Learning-Curve Slope

(%)Integrated

circuitsAverage price per

unitUnits

produced72

Handheld calculator

Average factory selling price

Units produced

74

Disk memory drives

Average price per bit

Number of bits 76

Heart transplants

1-year death rates Transplants completed

79


UsesofLearningCurves

Internal: labor forecasting, scheduling, establishing costs and budgets

External: supply chain negotiationsStrategic: evaluation of company and

industry performance, including costs and pricing


LimitationsofLearningCurves

þ Learning curves differ from company to company as well as industry to industry so estimates should be developed for each organization

þ Learning curves are often based on time estimates which must be accurate and should be reevaluated when appropriate


LimitationsofLearningCurves

þ Any changes in personnel, design, or procedure can be expected to alter the learning curve

þ Learning curves do not always apply to indirect labor or material

þ The culture of the workplace, resource availability, and changes in the process may alter the learning curve


Definition – Transfer of Learning

• Transfer of learning is the ability to apply knowledge learned in one context to new contexts.

• Transfer of learning occurs when the learner– recognizes common features among concepts,

skills, or principles;– links the information in memory; and– sees the value of utilizing what was learned in

one situation in another.


Examples

• Knowledge of French may help student learn Spanish

• Learning to drive a car helps a person to later drive a truck

• Learning mathematics prepares students to study physics

• Learning to get along with siblings may prepare one for getting along better with others


Why is it important? (cont.)

• If we did not transfer some of our prior knowledge, then each new learning situation would start from scratch.

• Assumption of education: what is taught in a course will be used in relevant situations in other courses, in the workplace and out of school


FactorsthatAffectTransfer

• Initial acquisition of knowledge is necessary for transfer. – Rote learning (memorizing isolated facts) does

not tend to facilitate transfer, learning with understanding does

– Transfer is affected by degree to which students learn with understanding

• Context plays a fundamental role.– Knowledge learned that is too tightly bound to

context in which it was learned will significantly reduce transfer


Factors that Affect Transfer (continued)

• Knowledge that is overly contextualized can reduce transfer; abstract representations can promote transfer (Bransford, 41).

• Attempts to cover too much too quickly may hinder transfer.

• Motivation affects the amount of time people are willing to devote to learning.– People are more motivated when they can see

the usefulness of what they are learning


Positive vs. Negative

• Positive transfer: when learning in one context improves performance in some other context– Speakers of one language find it easier to learn

related rather than unrelated second languages• Negative transfer: when learning in one

context has a negative impact on performance in another context– Contrasts in vocabulary, pronunciation, and

syntax create difficulties – Typically causes problems only in the early stages


Near vs. Far• Near transfer: transfer between very similar

contexts– When a mechanic repairs an engine in a new

model of car, but with a design similar to prior models

– Much better prospects than far transfer• Far transfer: transfer between contexts that

seem alien to one another– A chess player may apply basic strategies to

investment practices or policies


Teaching for Transfer• In many situations, transfer will

take care of itself – students face instances of

reading outside of college-newspapers, books, and so on- print provides a stimulus to call to mind reading skills

• In other contexts of learning conditions for transfer are less promising– If social studies is not taught

by including actual practice in looking at current events with a historical perspective

– If social studies instruction does not encourage learners to reflect upon the eras they are studying and dig up widely applicable questions or conclusions


The more understanding, the better the transfer.


LearningStyles

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I81rGBunsdoVARK

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VJiKBCZO_c&list=PLE9E5A755CDF7F52CKolb

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cf-1zx58CU

HoneyandMumford

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHSZ3_VMgjUMyersBriggs


ClassDiscussion

WhatistheLearningStylesFortheNetGeneration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzX21oQx94w&list=PLE9E5A755CDF7F52C&index=6


• Stage1:Unconsciousincompetence(notawareofwhatyoudon’tknow)

• Stage2:Consciousincompetence(Youbecomeawarethatyoudon’tknow)

• Stage3:Consciouscompetence(Youworkatknowing)

• Stage4:Unconsciouscompetence(Youdon’thavetothinkaboutknowing)

Stagesoflearning


Learningcurve

• Graphical representation of the common senseprinciple that more one does something thebetter one gets at it.

• Learning curve shows the rate of improvement inperforming a task as a function of time, or therate of change in average cost (in hours or moneyunit) as a function of cumulative output. Used inresource requirements planning.http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/learning-curve.html, 2013


New&traditionallearningcurves


References

Bransford, John. How People Learn. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999.

Ip, Y.K. “Transfer of Learning.” Ideas on Teaching. February 2003. Center for Development of Teaching and Learning. http://www.cdtl.nus.edu.sg/Ideas/iot18.htm

“Learning Theories and Transfer of Learning.” [Online] http://otec.uoregon.edu/learning_theory.htm#transfer

Mestre, Jose. “Transfer of Learning: Issues and Research Agenda.” [Online] National Science Foundation. 21 March 2002. http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03212/nsf03212.pdf

Perkins, David. “Transfer of Learning.” [Online] 2 September 1992. http://learnweb.harvard.edu/alps/thinking/docs/traencyn.htm

“Transfer of Learning.” http://education.calumet.purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy6/edpsy6_transfer.htm


• Bpp Business Essentials Human Resourcedevelopment and Employee Relations Chp 1

• http://www.businessballs.com/traindev.htm

References


role of learning curve - by: rahat kazmi

Education