role and benefits of vertical gardens in sustainable ... · role and benefits of vertical gardens...

Role and Benefits of Vertical Gardens in Sustainable Tourism: Antalya Case

Res. Asst. Đdil KANTER OTÇU – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zuhal KAYNAKÇI ELĐNÇ

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIVING WALLS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

CONTEXT

• Introduction

• Tourism and Environmental Interaction

• Sustainable Tourism and Vertical Gardens

• Assessment of The Tourism of Antalya

• Conclusion and Suggestions

1. Introduction

Touristic cities which are veryrich on natural and culturalresources, only visited by manypeople for a short time for theholidays, also seen a rapidincrease in the tourism structureparallel with the increasingnumber of tourists.

INTRODUCTION TOURISM – ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – VERTICAL GARDEN ANTALYA SAPMLES CONCLUSION- SUGGESTION

Especially coastal cities are often preferred by tourists because of their amenitiessuch as sea-sand-sun. In these areas, the increasing number of tourists whichincrease tourism pressure, is caused structuring of shore and destruction of naturalareas. The most striking example of this case in Turkey is Antalya.

ANTALYA - TÜRKĐYE


Especially in Antalya,tourism structures whichare extremely luxurious,are developed withfocused customersatisfaction and servedwith these principles.


The tourism of Antalya is shaped with four important natural and cultural factorwhich are “warm Mediterranean climate, marine, the coastal, historicalheritage”. However, it is under intensive tourists pressure because of thepossibilities of «sea, sand, sun». So, tourism is developing day by day and hasbecome the ideal sector for the investment in Antalya.


ANTALYA - ALANYA

Club Hotel AnjeliqPrimasol Telatiye Resort Hotel

Alan Xafira Deluxe Resort & Spa Hedef Rose Garden Hotel

ANTALYA - KEMER

Queen Elizabeth Spa Hotel

Larissa Vista Hotel Armas Beach Hotel

Karmir Resort & Spa

ANTALYA - SERĐK

Cyrstal Waterworld Resort & Spa Titanic Deluxe Belek

Alanya Famous Resort Hotel Dionis Hotels Resort & Spa

ANTALYA - MANAVGAT

Horus Paradise Luxury Resort Side Star Resort

Club Magic Life Jacaranda Imperial Sunis Evren Beach Resort Hotel

The development of tourism and intensive use by tourists in a specific place, have negative effects on the natural enviroment. These effects are creating environmental pressures in the touristic cities and gradually it leads to less preferred.

2. Tourism and Environmental Interaction


With increased ecological awarenessin recent years, the adverse effectson the environment of the tourismsector has become a subject thattourists interested.

In the face of the new generation ofenvironmentally sensitive touristprofile, tourism companies areimplementing an environmentalfriendly development strategy. Inaddition to the services which theirprovide.


2.1 Negative impacts of Tourism on Environmental ValuesUncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areasaround the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts suchas:

• Water pollution

• Air pollution

• Noise pollution

• Visual pollution

• Overcrowded and congestion

• Field use problems

• Deterioration of the ecological balance

• Extreme use of resources (Kahraman and Turkay, 2012).


The incidence of the negative effects of tourism on the environment variesaccording to the different characteristics of tourism activities and differentecosystems. The success of a project in the tourism sector, is proportional tothe originality and quality of the man-made landscape design as much as thenatural and cultural landscape features of the place where the tourisminvestment to be made.

In this study, the role of vertical garden as an living design, that supports theecosystem in the settlement process were discussed.


3. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND VERTICAL GARDENS

In recent years, tourismcompanies are adoptingsustainable tourismapproach to minimize thenegative environmentalimpact of the sector andensure the efficient use ofnatural resources.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM


3.1 Sustainable Tourism Policy and Planning

Tourism, when it is well managed and properly located, should be recognized as apositive activity which has potential to benefit the host community, the localenvironment itself and the visitor alike. Sustainable tourism requires a balance to bestruck between the needs of the visitor, the place and the host community (Europa,2015).

‘Sustainable tourism’ is based on the principles of sustainable development. It isproposed as a way “minimising adverse impacts on local communities, our builtheritage, landscapes, water resources, habitats and species while supporting socialand economic prosperity” (Department of the Environment - Heritage and LocalGovernment, 1997).


4. Importance Of Vertical Garden Under The Scope Of Sustainable Tourism

Edgware Road Tube Station, London (UK)

Sustainable tourism entails increased provision of biodiversity and ecologicalsustainability. In this context, as a priority, to protect the amount of existing green spaceand urban green system, is the way of solution of many ecological problems. (Demirand Cevirgen, 2006).


� Vertical garden, helps to re-create theecological balance which wasdeteriorated because of the intensestructuring.

� Especially, preferred flowering plantsprovides biodiversity pulling on beesand butterflies.

4.1 Increase the biodiversity

New Street Square, Holborn (UK)

The rehabilitation of the plant species that existed naturally in the region andpromote by using in landscape design are the approaches of sustainable tourism.


� With the use of the plants existed naturally, vertical gardens provide thatwidespread use of these species and helps to feature the region's ecologicalcharacteristics.

� Further, to exhibit the decreasing endemic species in the vertical garden, isimportant in terms of providing a better recognition of the place.

4.2 Increase the use of natural vegetation

Within the scope of sustainable tourism, ecological and economic sustainabilityshould be targeted with resource management and effective usage (Demir andCevirgen, 2006).


� Living walls are important from the point of provide a natural environmentfor the structure and contribute to the economy by energy saving.

� Also, living walls which is forming a moderate micro-climate by airmoistening, has more practical application from the thermal claddingapplication.

4.3 Energy efficiency

The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimmingpools, golf courses and personal use of water for tourists. This can result inwater shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating agreater volume of waste water. Methods to reduce these problems should becreated for sustainable tourism.


� Vertical garden provides benefits to the ecological cycle by absorbingrainwater which is unable to meet the soil because of concrete and asphaltsurfaces of the city.

� Vertical gardens help to reduce flooding by cutting the speed of rain inheavy rains.

� Vertical garden decreases the amount of chemicals and pollutants reachingthe sea and rivers, by filtering out the contamination in the water.

4.4 Acquire rainwater into the ecological cycle

Intensive tourism activities and tourisim infrastructure development, increase theair pollution in the region. The basis of sustainable tourism is aimed to reduceair pollution by increasing the amount of green space.

� Vertical gardens contribute to the occurrence a healthier environment byabsorbing airborne dust and harmful substances with the help of herbalelements.

� Thanks to the cover crops on vertical gardens, contribute to the formationprocess of the fresh air that we need for life by turning carbon dioxide intooxygen.


4.5 Decrease the air pollution

Noise pollution is a major environmental problem in tourist town where circulation isintense. Within the scope of sustainable tourism, minimize the environmental problems ofthe settlement process has came to the fore.

� Vertical gardens help to lesstransport the sound of city trafficand noise to the interior bycovering the façade completely.

� Vertical gardens can be used onthe highway roadsides or theother outdoor walls as a noisescreen.


4.6 Decrease the noise pollution

Urbanarbolismo, Ibiza

The basis of sustainable tourism, durable and ecological materials should be preferred.Minimizing the structural maintenance and repair to avoid physical and chemicalcontamination is one of the sustainable tourism approach.

� Facade surfaces are areas that the firstimpact of the building's exteriorclimatic conditions. Therefore, mostsurface are affected by theclimatological changes.

� Vertical gardens, ensuring minimalimpact from external climaticconditions of the building facade, ishampering the tear.


4.7 Minimize the impacts of external climate on facades

Akasya Houses, Istanbul

• Visual pollution is one of the most important factors hindering the development oftourism. It is aimed at minimizing the poor Outlook of the city because of theintense structure with the scope of sustainable tourism.

� Vertical gardens decrease the imageconsisting of intense structuringcontamination result in tourist town.In this way, the ugly appearance ofbuilding gives up to live and anaesthetic appearance.

Padrinos Restaurant – Mexico City

4.8 Hide the unsightly appearance of buildings

The context of sustainable tourism, it is necessary to create environment-friendlyfacilities. For this purpose, operators aim to take international green building assessmentcertificates such as 'LEED, BREEAM, by fulfilling the necessary conditions. One ofthese conditions is to increase the amount of green space around the facility.


� In the structural scale, vertical gardens help creating green areas on the built’s façadeswithout loss of place.

� In this respect, the designers have discovered that the vertical garden has an importantrole in green building certification system.

4.9 Help to gain green buildings certificated

Vertical gardens have became apopular method amoungcompanies to reduce the effectsof environmental problems andpromote ecological awareness.


� By this purpose, it ispossible to create newvertical gardens on hotelsand holiday resort buildingsin the context of sustainabletourism.

4.10 Increase the ecological awareness

5. General Assessment for Antalya Tourism

In our country, with fastest growing of the tourismand hospitality, Antalya is the capital of the tourism(Mediterranean Union of Touristic Hoteliers andOperators, 2014). In this respect, Antalya is a touristtown which in experiencing the noise and airpollution with tourist circulation and increased eachyear hotel construction (Özkan, 2015).


In addition to accommodation buildings which is created by the result of thedestruction of the natural areas, urbanization is the other problem of Antalya citybecause of the migration. In that case, it is observed that the formation of urbanheat island increasing rapidly in Antalya.

Antalya Metropolitan Municipality is conducting various studies in order tominimize these problems in Antalya which is already in a warm climate. Toincrease the amount of urban green space and maintain the current system is themain things.

In this case, to provide an aesthetic appearance as well as to contribute to urbanecology, vertical gardens are created on some structures such as shoppingcenters and accommodation buildings.



There are examples of applied vertical gardens in Antalya, mediterranean temperate climatedominated city. Vertical gardens in Antalya, remains extremely healthy and vitality seamlesslyfor 4 years.

� 7.500 plants (1 m2 to 21 species) havebeen used on the façade of ErastaShopping Malls (350 m2).

ERASTA SHOPPING MALL

SENTIDO Zeynep Golf & Spa HotelAntalya - Türkiye

Eight different plant species havebeen used on the façade which iscovering an area of 461 m2 in total.


5. Conclusion and Suggestion

Although the economic, social and cultural benefits, in case of the tourism sector can notbe controlled well. Excessive use of natural resources and the wrong place selections maycause damage on natural areas, historical values and socio-cultural structure. Indeed, withthe growing tourism industry in our country, natural habitats give their place to modernholiday resorts and tourist facilities.

User pressure on the mediterranean coast had trebled, a large proportion of coast wasaltered by human intervention in last 30 years. On the other hand, when considering thecontribution to the national economy, if not possible to dispense entirely from masstourism, to minimize the environmental impact of tourism and for facilities which will bedesigned, environmental sensitivity for natural, social and physical aspects is veryimportant issue (Đnam, 2009).


CERTIFICATE OF CULTURE AND TOURISM MINISTRY OF FACILITIES DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT BY TYPE AND CLASS, 2012

Facility Type / Class Number of Facilities

1st Class Resort 45 Star Resort 404 Star Resort 45-Star Hotel 2194-Star Hotel 1663-Star Hotel 1282-Star Hotel 601-Star Hotel 15Motel 1Hostel 13Camping 1Extended Stay Hotel 1Detached Aparthotel 38Wellness Facility 1Golf Facility 11Private Accommodation Facility 19Boutique Hotel 2Tourism Complex 1Personel Training Facility 1TOTAL 725


There are 725 accommodations or hotel structurein the city of Antalya. In Antalya, almost the entirecoastline which is structured, for the recovery ofgreen areas which was destroyed because of thetourism buildings. If planting 20m2 areas on eachof one façade of these structures is compulsory bya regulation, 14.500m2 green areas will be createdin Antalya City.

This framework proposal which will determineecological health, economic development and thefuture of tourism in Antalya, was presented to theAntalya Metropolitan Municipality and is planned tobe implemented.

REFERENCES

• Department of the Environment - Heritage and Local Government, 1997. Sustainable Development: A Strategy for Ireland, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, p 116- 124, Dublin.

• Antalya Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate, 2012, Certificate Of Culture And Tourism Ministry Of Facilities Distribution Statement By Type And Class, 08.06.2012, Antalya.

• AKTOB, 2014. AKTOB (Mediterranean Union of Touristic Hoteliers and Operators) Araştırma Birimi Yayınları, Web Site: http://www.aktob.org.tr/pdf/arastirma2014.pdf, Access Date: 20.04.2015, p 57-65.

• Europa, 2015. Environmental Action Plan 2007-2009, Web Site: http://ec.europa.eu/ourcoast/download.cfm?fileID=1012, Access Date: 22.04.2015, p 13-14.

• Anonymous, 2015. Web Site: http://www.myplantconnection.com/green-wall-benefits.php, Access Date: 22.04.2015.

• Bramwell, B., Henry, I., Jackson, G., Prat, A. G., Richards, G. And Straaten J. V., Sustainable Tıurism Management: Principles and Ptactices, TilburgUniversity Press, The Netherlands, p. 36, 1996.

• Inam, E. A., 2009. Sürdürülebilir Turizm Gelişiminden Uzaklaşan Bir Bölge: BELEK TURĐZM MERKEZĐ, PhD Thesis, Department of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University.

• Demir, C. And Cevirgen A., 2006. Turizm ve Çevre Yönetimi Sürdürülebilir Gelişme Yaklaşımı, ISBN: 975-591-845-0, p 93 – 130.

• Kahraman, N. and Türkay O., 2012. Turizm ve Çevre, Detay yayıncılık, ISBN: 978-975-8326-90-7, p 13-167.

• Kınacı, B., Pehlivan, N. A. and Seyhan G., 2011. Turizm ve Çevre ( Çevre Koruma), Pegem Yayıncılık, ISBN: 978-605-364-118-6.

• Sayan, M. S., 1999. Antalya Kıyılarındaki Turistik Tesislerile Çevre Arasındaki Đlişkilerin Peyzaj mimarlığı Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi, Anatolia: Turizm Rresearch Journal, p 14- 20, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University.

• Ozkan, E., 2015. Web Site: http://gazetebir.com.tr/haber/cehennemi-yarattik--/, Access Date: 20.03.2015.

TEŞEKKÜR EDERĐM

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