ROEVER ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR DEPARTMENT OF CSE

CS1014 – USER INTERFACE DESIGN

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN COMPUTER INTERFACE

1. Define user interface? What are the 2 components in user interface? User interface is a collection of techniques and mechanisms to interact with

something. It has essentially 2 components Input and Output. Input is how person communicate his or her needs to the computer. Output is how the computer conveys the

result of its computations and requirement to the user. 2. What is meant by Human computer interaction?

Human computer interaction is the study, planning and design of how people and

computer work together so that a person’s needs are satisfied in the most effective way. 3. What are the benefits of good design?

To improve screen clarity and readability.

It reduce the decision making time.

Training costs are lowered because short period of training.

Identifying and resolving problems during the design and development provide economic benefits.

4. Mention any 2 advantages of graphical system?

Symbols recognized faster than text

The symbols can be recognized faster and more quickly than text and that the graphical attributes quickly classifying the objects.

Faster learning.

Graphical, pictorial representation aids learning and symbols can also be easily learned.

5. What are visually presented elements in a graphical system?

The meaningful interface elements visually presented to the user in a graphical system include.

Windows

Menus

Icons

Screen based controls

Mouse pointer and cursor.

6. Define pick and click interaction?

Pick: To identify an element for a proposed action. Click: The signal to perform an action.

7. Define Visualization.

It is a cognitive process that allows people to understand information that is difficult to perceive, because it is either too voluminous or too abstract.

8. What is object? Explain its types.

Object is an entity. It can be manipulated as a single unit. Ex. Document. Object can be classified into 3 types.

Data object. It presents information. This information either text or graphics.

Container object. It holds other objects. They are used to group 2 or more related objects for easy access and retrieval.

Device object. It represents physical objects in the real world such as printers, trash baskets.

9. Define property / Attribute specification? Explain its sequence.

Property / Attribute section action establish or modify the attributes or properties of objects.

1. The user select an object (ex) several words of text.

2. The user then selects an sction to apply to that object such as action Bold. 3. The selected words are made and will remain bold until selected and changed again.

10. Define concurrent performance of functions.

Graphic system may do 2 or more things at one time.

Multiple programs may run simultaneously.

The system may divide the processing power into time slices and allocate portion

each application. 11. What are the goals of web interface design?

It is to build a hierarchy of menus and pages that well structured.

It is a navigation environment where people move between pages of information.

It is graphically rich environment.

12. What are the similarities between GUI and web interface design?

Both are software design.

Both are used by people.

They are intractive.

Both are heavily visual experiences presented through screens.

Both are composed of many similar components.

13. What is meant by web interface design?

It is essentially the design of navigation and the presentation of information. Proper interface design is a matter of properly balancing the structure and relationships of

menus, content and other linked documents or graphics. 14. Write any 2 differences between GUI and webpage design?

GUI DESIGN WEBPAGE DESIGN

1. In GUI design the characteristics of interface devices such as monitor

and modem are well designed and screen appear exactly as specified.

2. GUI users navigate through structured menus, lists, screens, and

dialogs and wizards. It is weekly established concept.

1. In web design, user devices may range from handheld mechanism to high

end work station. It will be greatly influenced by both the hardware and

software. 2. Web user navigates through links, book marks and typed URLs. It is a

significant and highly visible concept.

15. Write any 2 differences between Printed pages versus WebPages?

Printed pages Web pages

1. Printed pages are presented as complete entities and their entire

contents are available for reading or review immediately.

2. Printed page layout is precise. 3. Navigating printed materials is page turning and interactions

between pages are rare.

1. Web page elements rendered slowly depending upon transmission speeds and

page content.

2. Webpage layout is approximation. 3. Navigating the web requires many possible links and interaction between

pages immediately.

16. Differentiate the term Internet, Intranet and Extranet.

Internet: Within organization internal network over a shared infrastructure using

dedicated connections. Intranet: It is a huge network of computer networks. Extranet: An extranet is a special set of intranet that can be accessed by

authorized persons from outside an organization or company.

17. Explain the types of compatibility.

User compatibility- Design must be appropriate and compatible with the

needs of the user or client.

Task and job compatibility- The organization of a system should match

the tasks a person must do to perform the job.

Product compatibility- While compatibility across products must always

be considered in relation to improving interfaces, making new systems compatible with the existing systems.

18. Write a note on consistency?

Consistency is important because it can reduce requirements for human leaving by allowing skills learned in one situation to be transferred to

another like it.

It is also aids learning of the system’s mental model.

19. What are the benefits of flexible system?

It provides multiple ways to access application functions and perform tasks.

It increases the user control.

Permit people to choose the method of interaction.

20. What is meant by Transparency?

Permit the user to focus on the task or job, without concern for the mechanics of

the interface i.e working inside the computer should be invisible to the user.

UNIT-II USER INTERFACE DESIGN PROCESS

1. What are the common pitfalls in the design process? The common pitfalls are

No early analysis and understanding of the user’s needs and expectations.

Little or no creation of design element prototypes. No usability testing

No common design team vision of user interface design goals.

Poor communication between members of the development tem.

2. Define usability. The usability describes the effectiveness of human performance. It can be defined as “the capability to be used by humans easily and effectively”.

Easily = to a specified level of subjective assessment. Effectively = to a specified level of human performance.

3. What are the common usability problems? * Ambiguous menus and icons. * Highlighting and selection limitations.

* Unclear step sequence. * Complex linkage between and within applications.

* Inadequate feedback and confirmation. 4. Identify human characteristics in design? The important human characteristics in design are perception, memory, visual

acuity, foveal and peripheral vision, sensory storage, information processing, learning skill, and individual differences. 5. What is meant by visual acuity?

The capacity of the eye to resolve details is called visual acuity. Visual acuity is approximately halved at a distance of 2.5 degrees from the point of eye fixation.

6. What are the direct methods in requirement analysis? * Individual face to face interview * Telephone interview or survey

* Traditional focus group * Facilitated team work shop

* Observational field study * Requirements prototyping * Usability laboratory testing

7. What are the indirect methods in requirement analysis? * Paper survey

* Electronic survey * Electronic focus group * Marketing and sales

* Support line * Email or bulletin board.

* System testing 8. Define mental model? It is an internal representation of person’s current conceptualization and

understands of something. Mental model are gradually developed in order to understand, explain and do something.

9. What are the guidelines for designing conceptual model? * Reflect the user’s mental model. * Provide action response compatibility

* Provide proper and correct feedback * Provide design consistency

* Provide documentation * Promote the development of both novice and expert mental models.

10. What are the system training tools? System training will be based on users’ needs, system conceptual design, sys tem learning goals and system performance goals. Training may include tools such as video

training, manuals, online tutorials, reference manuals, quick reference guides and online help.

11. What are goals of interface design? * Reduce visual work * Reduce intellectual work

* Reduce memory work * Reduce motor work

* Minimize or eliminate any burdens 12. What is test for a good design? IT simply involves the use of display techniques, consistent location of elements,

the proper use of “white space” and groupings and an understanding of visually pleasing composition. The best interface makes everything on the screen easily seen.

13. How to achieve clarity?

Clarity is influenced by a multiple factors, such as consistency in design, visually pleasing composition, a logical and sequential ordering, and the presentation of the

proper amount of information, groupings and alignment of screen items. 14. What are the qualities in visually pleasing composition? Visually pleasing composition contains following qualities such as Balance,

Symmetry, Regularity, Predictability, Sequentially, economy, unity, proportion, simplicity and groupings.

15. What are the perceptual principles used to functional groupings? The most common perceptual principle proximity used to aid visual grouping. The incorporation of adequate spacing between group of related elements enhances the

“togetherness” of each grouping. The similarity principle can be used to call attention to grouping by displaying them in different color, front style. The closure and matching

pattern principle involve using lines, borders and unique symbols to identify information. 16. What are the elements of screen? Elements of a screen include control captions, the data or information displayed

on the screen, headings and headlines, instructional information and the screen’s title. 17. What is meant by Completion Aid?

Completion aids are a form of instruction but they are directed to the content of specific entry field control and the content’s format. As with instructions, the decision whether or not to include text entry control completion aids will be dependent upon the

experience of the user, the frequency of the screen use and the nature of information itself.

18. What is known as Tabbing? When a screen is first presented, the cursor must be positioned in the first field or control in which information can be entered. Tabbing order must then follow the flow of

information as it is organized on the screen. 19. What are the features of Auto skip?

Auto skip is a feature that causes a cursor to automatically move to the beginning of the next entry control field once the previous field is completely filled. It imposes

decision making and learning requirements. 20. What are the guidelines for browsing?

* Facilitate scanning * Provide multiple layers of structure * Make navigation easy

* Respect the user’s desire to leave * Upon returning, help the user reorient themselves.

21. What are the components of a statistical graphic? Graphics have at least 2 axes, 2 scales, an area to present the data, title, legend and key.

22. Mention the type of statistical graphics?

The various types of statistical graphics are:

Curve and line graphs.

Surface charts

Scatter plots

Bar graphs.

Histograms

Segmented or stacked bars.

Pie charts.

23. What are the structures of menus?

Menu structures define the amount of control given to the user in performing a task. The most common structures are:

Single menu

Sequential Linear menus

Simultaneous menus

Hierarchical menus

Connected menus

Event trapping menus.

24. What are the functions of menu? Menu can be used to perform several functions such as:

Navigate to new menu

Execute an action or procedure

Display information

Data or parameter Input.

25. What is meant by verbal linkage and spatial linkage?

* Verbal linkage and spatial linkage both may be used to provide navigation feedback.

* Verbal linkage involves providing on the current menu screen, a listing of choices made on previous menus that have led to this position.

* Spatial linkage can be accomplished by graphic methods. Each succeeding menu screen can be displayed overlapping the previous menu screen so a succession of choices can be seen in a single view.

26. What is necessary for ordering? A meaningful ordering is necessary to

Facilitate search for an item.

Provide information about the structure and relationship among items.

Provide compatibility with the user’s mental model of the item

structure.

Enhance the user’s ability to anticipate a choice’s location.

27. What are the guidelines for menu title?

* Main Menu * Create a short simple, clear title describing the purpose of choices. * Sub menu

* The title must be worded exactly the same as the menu choice. * General Menu

* Locate the title at the top of the listing choices. * Spell out the title using either an uppercase font or mixed case font. 28. What is meant by keyboard accelerators?

* Keyboard equivalent have meaningful associations with their corresponding choice will be more easily learned and remembered.

* To facilitate keyboard selection of menu choice, each menu item should be assigned a keyboard equivalent mnemonic. 29. What is meant by keyboard accelerators?

The accelerator may be one function key or a combination of keys. For frequently used items, provide a key board accelerator to facilitate keyboard selection.

30. What is the purpose of mask Toggles? * It is used to designate menu item or feature is active or inactive over a relatively long period of time.

* When it is active an indicator is displayed adjacent to the item description. * For nonexclusive choice, a check mark is displayed.

* For mutually exclusive diamond or circle is displayed. * When the item is no active, no mark or symbol will appear. 31. What are the Navigation goals?

* A well designed navigation system facilitates quick and easy navigation between components whose structure and relationship are easily understandable.

* Navigation tool will minimize the problem associated with mental overload and feelings of disorientation. 32. What are menu navigation aids?

* Menu navigation aids menu navigation and learning and provide an easily accessible.

* It include Menu maps, look-aheads and navigation history.

* Menu map or overview of the Menu Hierarchy. * It improves learning and performance and reduces feeling of disorientation.

33. What are the various Graphical Menus? * Menu bar

* Pull down menu * Pop up menu * Cascading Menu

* Tear off menu * Iconic menu

* Pie menu 34. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Menu bar? Advantages:

Menu bar easy to locate consistently on the screen.

Menu bar not hidden by windows and dialog boxes.

It allow for use of keyboard equivalents

Disadvantages:

They consume a full row of screen space

The menu options are smaller than full size buttons, slowing, selection time.

Horizontal orientation is less efficient for scanning and limits the

number of choices that can be displayed.

35. Define Pull down menu?

* Pull down are first level menus used to provide access to common and frequently used application action, that take on a wide variety of different windows. * Selection of an alternative from the menu bars result is the display of the exact

actions available to the user. These choices are displayed in a vertically arrayed list ing that appears to pull down from the bar.

36. What are the advantage and disadvantage of cascading menu? Advantages:

The top level menus are simplified because some choices are hidden.

Move first letter mnemonics are available because menus posses fewer

alternatives.

High level command browsing is easier because sub topics are hidden.

Disadvantages:

Access to submenu items requires more steps and a change in pointer movement direction.

Exhaustive browsing is more difficult.

37. What are the advantages of pop-up menus? * They appear in the working area.

* They do not use window space when not displayed. * Vertical orientation is most efficient for scanning and grouping.

* They allow for both keyboard equivalents and keyboard accelerators.

38. What are the features of default menu items? * It will reduce design time and encourage interface consistency.

* System learning time will also be reduced.

UNIT – IV TEXT FOR WEB PAGES & ACCESSBILITY 1. What type of words used in effective communication?

* Short familiar words. * Standard alphabetic characters. * Complete words.

* Positive terms * Simple action words

* Consistent words 2. What are the guidelines followed for sentence and message? Sentence and message must be

Brief and simple

Directly and immediately useable

An affirmative statement

In an active voice

3. Define message? What are the types of messages?

Messages are communication provided on the screen to the screen viewer. A message should possess the proper tone and style and be consistent within itself. Various types of messages:

System message

Status message

Informational messages

Warning messages

Critical messages

Question messages

4. What is meant by instructional message? * Provide instructional information at the depth of detail needed by the user.

* Locate instructions at strategic points on screens * Display instructions in a manner that visually differentiates from all other screen elements.

5. What is meant by response time? Feed back to a user for an action must occur within certain time limits. System

should match the speed and flow of human thought processes. 6. What is the use of progress indicator?

A progress indicator is a long rectangular box that is initially empty but filled as the operation proceeds. Dynamically fill the bar with a color or shade of grey. Fill the

bars from left to right or bottom or top. 7. What is known as earcons? Sounds some times called earcons, are useful for alerting the user

To minor and obvious mistakes.

When something unexpected happens.

Where visual attention is directed away from the screen and immediate attention is required.

When a long process is finished.

8. Differentiate between slip and mistake? Slip:

A slip is automatic behavior gone wrongly.

A slip can be reduced through proper application of human factors in

design.

Mistake:

A mistake results from forming a wrong model or goal and then acting

on it.

Mistakes can be reduced by eliminating ambiguity from design.

9. What are the ways to prevent errors?

Errors can be reduced in a number of ways.

Disable inapplicable choices

Design screen using selection controls instead of entry controls.

Accept common misspelling whenever possible

Before an action is performed, permit it to be reviewed

Provide a common action mechanism

Provide an automatic and continuous save function.

10. What is meant by contextual Help.

* It provides information within the context of a task being performed or about a specific object being operated.

* Common kind of contextual help include Help command buttons, status bar messages and tool tips.

11. What is the purpose of hints?

* To provide a few important contextual, but specific items of information related to a displayed screen.

* It is more easily accessible and relevant to the current situation. * The objective is to quickly get the user back on track when confusion occurs. 12. What is meant by internalization?

It is the process of isolating culturally specific elements form a product. The German text of a program developed in Germany for example is

isolated from the program itself. 13. What is meant by localization? Localization is the process of infusing a specific cultural context into previously

internalized product. (ex) Translating German Screen Components and message into English for

American users. 14. What is meant by Accessibility? Accessibility means a system must be designed to be usable by an almost

unlimited range of people. It can be defined as providing easy access to a system for people with disabilities.

15. What are the various types of disabilities? Disabilities can be grouped into several categories.

Visual

Hearing

Physical movement

Speech or language impairments

Cognitive disorders.

Seizure disorders.

16. What is meant by icon? Icons are used to represent objects and action with users can interact with or that they can manipulate.

Icon may stand alone on a desk top or in a window

Icon is to reinforce important information, a warning icon in a dialog message box.

17. What are the categories of Icons? Icons:

A true icon is something that looks like what it means.

Index: A sign that was caused by the thing to which it refers. Symbol:

A sign that may be completely arbitrary in appearance. 18. What are the various kinds of icon?

Resemblance – An image that looks like what it means. Symbolic -- An abstract image representing something

Exemplar -- An image illustrating an example or characteristics of something Arbitrary -- An image completely arbitrary in appearance whose meaning must be learned

Analogy -- An image physically or semantically associated with something 19. What are the characteristics of an icon?

An icon posse the technical qualities of syntactic, semantic and pragmatics. And it determines an icons effectiveness and usability.

Syntactic refers to an icons

Semantics is the icons meaning

Pragmatics is how the icons are physically produced and depicted.

20. What are the factors influence an icon’s usability. * Familiar

* Clear and legible * Simple

* Consistent * Efficiency * Discriminable.

21. How to choose images? The following factors consider for choosing images.

Use existing icons this will promote consistency across systems.

Use images for nouns, it is much easier to represent pictorially than an

action or verbs.

Use traditional images; it is better than newer ones.

Consider user cultural and social norms.

22. Differentiate between static icon and dynamic icon.

Static Icon: Its appearance is unchanged over a period of time and changes only at the

moment that a system event occurs. Dynamic Icon: Its movement is independent of a system event, changing appearance to

represent functions, process, states and state transitions. 23. What are the uses of Audition?

Sounds of convey information about many events in computer systems. It may be well suited to providing following information:

About previous and possible interactions.

Indicating ongoing processes and modes

Useful for navigation

To support collaboration.

24. What are the guidelines for images of web pages? * Minimize number of images, otherwise increase the download time.

* Minimize size of images. * Restrict single images to 5k. * Restrict page images to 20k

* Provide thumb Mail size images. * Minimize animated images.

* Do not present unrelated images. 25. What is meant by image maps? And mention its advantages. Image map:

It is a complete image containing individual segments with navigation links to other content.

Advantages:

It can be arrayed in a meaningful and clear structure.

Faster to load than separate images.

26. Mention the 3 properties of a color. Color possesses 3 properties are Hue, chroma or saturation, value or intensity.

Hue: It is the spectral wavelength composition of a color. Saturation: It is purity of a color in a scale from gray to the most vivid version of the color.

Value or intensity: It is the relative lightness or darkness of a color in a range from black to white.

27. What is meant by dithering? If pixels of different colors are placed next to each others, this tremor combines the 2 colors into 3rd color. This is referred to as dithering.

28. What is known as protanopia, deuteranopia and tritanopia. These are color viewing deficiencies.

Red viewing deficiencies is called protanopia.

Green viewing deficiencies is called deuteranopia.

Blue viewing deficiencies is called tritanopia.

UNIT – V WINDOW LAYOUT & KINDS OF TEST 1. What are the principles of good screen design? * Present the proper amount of information on each screen.

* Providing an ordering that is logical, sequentia l and rhythmic, to guide a person’s eye through the display.

* Keep the proportion of the window devoted to information, no more than 30 to 40 percent of the window’s entire area. * Always leave a sufficient margin around all screen elements, between elements

and the screen border. * Maintaining a top to bottom, left to right flow.

* Efficiency in navigation. * A visually pleasing composition achieved by means of balance, groupings and alignment.

* The proper emphasis of element.

2. How to create groupings? * Provide groupings of associated elements.

* Create groupings as close as possible to 5 degrees of visual angle. * Groupings can be made visually clear through liberal use of white space.

* Example- Elements of a radio button or check box control. 3. What is use of borders? * Grouping can be enhanced through the use of borders.

* Inscribe line borders around elements of a single control such as a radio button or check box and group of related controls or fields.

* Individual control borders should be visually differentiable from borders by describing grouping of fields or controls. 4. Differentiate control and section borders.

Control border: Incorporate a thin single line border around the elements of selection

control. Section border: Incorporate a thicker single line border around group of related entry or

selection control elements. 5. How to format the web page?

Formatting the web page, use the following guidelines:

To enhance readability and organization, allow a sufficient amount of

white space on each page.

For easier reading, restrict textual lines to no more than the length of

alphabets.

Keep text and any related graphics close to each other.

Provide sufficient horizontal spacings so that groupings of information

are clear.

6. What are the guidelines to be followed for home page? * Keep the home page to one screen. * It should clearly identify the web site’s content and purpose.

* Elements to include on the home page are site overview, navigation links and some useful content.

7. What is the purpose of usability testing? * Usability testing serves a two hold purpose. 1. It establishes a communication bridge between developers and users.

2. Testing is used to evaluate the product. It validates design decisions. 8. What are the importances of usability testing?

A through usability testing process is important for many reasons. Including all of the following:

Developers and users possess different from models.

It is impossible to predict usability from appearance.

Design standards and guidelines are not sufficient.

Informal feedback is inadequate.

There is no average user.

9. What is meant by prototypes? * A prototype is a simulation of an actual system that can be quickly created.

* A prototype is primarily a vehicle for exploration, communication and evaluation.

10. Mention the type of prototypes? 1. Hand sketches and scenarios. Screen sketches created by hand

2. Interactive paper prototype. Interface components such as menu, window and screens constructed of

common paper technologies. 3. Programmed façade. To provide a realistic surface view of a real program and to illustrate some

of the program’s functioning, a programmed façade can be created. 11. What are the advantages of hand sketches?

* It can be used very early in the development process. * It is suitable for use by the entire development team. * No large investment to time and cost.

* No programming skill needed. * Easily portable.

* Fast to modify and iterate. * Easier to comprehend than functional specifications. 12. What are the disadvantages of interactive paper prototype?

* They are only rough approximations. * They are demonstrations and not exercises.

* They are driven by a facilitator not the user. * Limited usefulness for usability testing. 13. What is meant by heuristics evaluation?

A detailed evaluation of a system of the interface design specialists to identify problems.

14. What are the disadvantages of Heuristics evaluation? * Evaluators must possess interface design knowledge. * Evaluators may not possess an adequate understanding of the tasks and user

communities. * Difficult to identify system wide structural problems.

* Difficult to uncover missing exits and interface elements. 15. What is meant by cognitive walk through? In a cognitive walk through, developers walk through an interface in the context

of representative user tasks. Individual task actions are examined and the evaluator try to establish a logical reason why the user would perform each examined action. Actions are

compared to the user’s goal and knowledge. 16. What are the advantages of cognitive walk through? * Walk through permit a clear evaluation of the task flow early in the design

process. * Do not require a functioning prototype.

* Low cost * It can be used to evaluate alternate design solutions. * It can be performed by developers.

17. What is meant by think aloud evaluation? In a think aloud evaluation, users perform specific tasks while thinking out load.

The objective is to get the user to talk continuously. 18. What are the advantages of usability test?

* Utilizes an actual work environment * Identifies serious or recurring problems.

19. Define focus group? In a focus group, a small group of knowledgeable users and a moderators are

brought together to discuss an interface design prototype or proposed design tasks. The discussion is loosely structured but must be focused on specific topics. 20. What is the purpose of retest?

* The testing process continues in an iterative manner until all problems are satisfactorily solved and all criteria are met.

* The prototype is complete and all code are written, a final system test must be performed to assure no software bug exist and performance meet all specifications. 21. What are the 4 phase frameworks to clarify user interfaces for textual search?

* Formulation * Action

* Results * Refinement 22. What are the various searches used in the multimedia document?

* Photo search * Map search

* Design or diagram search * Sound search * Video search

* Animation search

23. Define Visualization? Visualization is cognitive processes that allow people to understand information that is difficult to perceive, because it is either too voluminous or too abstract. Convey

most relevant information. 24. What are the various data types of TTT?

Seven data types are:

One dimensional Linear data

Two dimensional Map data

Three dimensional data

Temporal data

Multi dimensional data

Tree data

Network data

25. Mention the various task of TTT?

Seven tasks

Overview

Zoom

Filter

Details on demand

Relate

History

Extract

26. What is meant by Hypermedia? Hypermedia is used to convey the inclusion of other media especially sound and video.

27. What are the golden rules of hypertext? * There is a large body of information organized into numerous fragments.

* The fragments relate to one another. * The user needs only a small fraction of the fragments at any time. 28. Define WWW.

World wide website design is a matter of balancing the structure and relationship of menu or home pages and individual content pages or other linked graphics and

documents.

29. What are the ways to categorizing the web? * Primary way of categorizing the web sites is by the originator’s identity

* Second way of categorizing the web sites is by goals of the originators. * Third way of categorizing website is by the number of pages or amount of information that is accessible

30. What are the benefits of menu trees? * menu trees are powerful as a specification tool since they show users, managers,

implementers and other interested parties the complete and detailed coverage of the system. * It shows high level relationships and low level details.

* Many application a menu selection tree is an excellent selection style because of the simple structure that guides designers and users.

31. What are the demerits of menu tree? * Menu tree are incomplete because they do not show the entire structure of possible user actions such as returns to the previous menu, jumps to the starting menu.

32. What are the features of user interface building tools? * User interface independence

* Rapid prototyping * Methodology and notation * Rapid prototyping

33. What is the purpose of paragraphs? Paragraph allows users to edit, execute, debug and make changes during

execution with flowchart like visual programming tools that emphasis data flow and have a deeply nested structure. 34. List some software tools useful for user interface design.

* User interface model can be created with slide show presentation software such as Adobe persuasion, Microsoft- power point.

* Apple Hyper Card, Macro mind director or A symmetric tool book used for creating multimedia applications. * Visual programming tool paragraph provide direct manipulation.

UNIT – III WINDOWS 1. Define Window? A window is an area of the screen, usually rectangular in shape, defined by a

border that contains a particular view of some area of the computer. It can be moved and rendered independently on the screen.

2. What are the components of a window? The various elements of a window are:

Frame

Title bar

Title bar icon

Window sizing buttons

What is this? Button

Menu bar

Status bar

Scroll bar

Split box

Tool bar

Command area

Size grip

Work area

3. What is known as split box? * A window can be split into 2 or more pieces or panes by manipulating a split

box located above a vertical scroll bar or to the left of a horizontal scroll bar. * A window can be split into 2 or more separate viewing areas * Splitting a window permits multiple views of an object

* It allow the user to examine two parts of a document at the same time * It also allows the user to display different view of the same information.

4. Write a note on size grip? * A size grip is a Microsoft windows special handle included in a window to permit it be resized.

* When the grip is dragged the window resize following the same conventions as the sizing border.

* 3 angled parallel lines in the lower right corner of a window designate the size grip. 5. What are the presentation styles of windows?

* Tiled windows * Overlapping window

* Cascading windows. 6. What are the advantages of Tiled windows?

* The system usually allocates and positions windows for the user, eliminating the necessity to make positioning decisions.

* Open window are always visible, eliminating the possibility of them being lost and forgotten. * Every window is always completely visible, eliminating the possibility of

information being hidden. * They are easier for novice or inexperienced people to learn and use.

7. What is known as cascading window? * A special type o overlapping window has the window automatically arranged in a regular progression.

* Each window is slightly offset from others. 8. What are the different features of tiled & overlapping windows?

Tiled window used for

Single task activities

Data that needs to be seen simultaneously.

Tasks requiring little window manipulation.

Novice or inexperienced users.

Overlapping windows used for

Switching between tasks

Tasks necessitating a greater amount of window manipulation.

Except or experienced users.

Unpredictable display contents.

9. What are the various types of windows?

* Primary window- It is the one that appears on a screen when an activity or action is started.

* Secondary window * They are supplemental windows. It may be dependent or independent of primary window

* A secondary window can be modal or modeless * Modal- It will not permit interaction with another window

*Modeless- It will permit interaction with another window. 10. Differentiate between cascading and unfolding. Cascading-

A cascading is used when advanced options at a lower level in complex dialog must be presented.

Present the additional dialog box in cascading form.

Provide no more than 2 cascades in the given path.

Unfolding-

To provide advanced options at the same level in a complex dialog

Provide a command button with an expanding dialog symbol(>>)

11. What are the various window management schemes? * Single document interface

* Multiple document interfaces * Workbooks

* Projects 12. What is meant by windows project? * A project is a similar to MDI, but does not visually contain child windows.

* The objects held within the project window can be opened in primary windows that are peers with the project window.

* Each opened peer window must possess its own menu bar and other interface elements. 13. How window is organized?

* Organize window to support user tasks. * Support the most common tasks in the most efficient manner or fewest steps.

* Use primary windows to perform major interaction. * Use secondary windows to obtain or display supplemental information related to the primary windows.

* Use dialog boxes for needed information 14. What are the advantages of frames in web systems?

* They decrease the user’s need to jump back and forth between screens, there by reducing navigation related cognitive overhead. * They increase the user’s opportunity to request, view and compare multiple

sources of information. * They allow content pages to be developed independently of navigation pages.

15. List some example for device based controls. Device based controls called input devices are the mechanism, through which people communicate their desires to the systems.

Example-

Track ball

Joysticks

Graphic tablet

Light pen

16. How to select the proper device control? Based on the characteristics, of the task, the device will be selected.

Keyboard is used for heavy text entry and manipulation

For graphical tasks, the pointing devices will be used

o Mouse is used for pointing, selecting, drawing and dragging

tasks.

o Track ball is used for pointing and selecting and tracking

o Joystick is used for selecting and tracking

o Touch screen is used for pointing and selecting

o Graphic tablet is used for pointing, selecting, drawing and dragging

17. What is meant by graphic tablet? * A graphic tablet is a device with horizontal surface sensitive to pressure, heat,

light or the blockage of light. * It may lie on the desk or may be incorporated on a keyboard and it is operated.

* The screen pointer imitates movement on the tablet. 18. Mention the various screen based controls. The various screen based controls are:

Buttons

Text entry / read only controls

Selection controls.

Combination entry / selection controls.

Specialized operable controls.

19. What are the three styles of button?

* Push button * These buttons are rectangular in shape with text that indicates the action

to be taken when they are selected or pressed. * Tool bar * It is a square or rectangular is shape with an icon or graphic inside.

These buttons may appear singly or be placed in groupings. * Symbol button

* It is square or rectangular in shape with a symbol inscribed inside. 20. What are the advantages of command buttons? * It is always visible, reminding one of the choices available.

* They provide convenient and can be logically organized in the work area. * They can provide meaningful descriptions of the actions that will be performed.

* Large size generally provides faster selection target. * It can possess 3D appearance. * It adds pleasing style to the screen

* It permits the use of keyboard equivalents and accelerators. * Faster than using a 2 step menu bar / pull down sequence

21. What are the advantages of Radio button? * With radio buttons all alternatives are always visible. * It is easy to access choices.

* It is easy to compare choices. * It is preferred by users.