river water conservation project in india ppt

8/13/2019 River Water Conservation Project in India PPT

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Rivers have been used as a source of water, for obtaining food, for transport, as a defensive mhydropower to drive machinery, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste.

Rivers have been used for navigation for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of navigati

Valley Civilization, which existed in north-western Pakistan around 3300 BC. Riverine navigatiomeans of transport, and is still used extensively on most major rivers of the world like the AmNile, the Mississippi, and the Indus. Since river boats are often not regulated, they contributeglobal greenhouse gas emissions, and to local cancer due to inhaling of particulates emitted b

In some heavily forested regions such as Scandinavia and Canada, lumberjacks use the river todownstream to lumber camps for further processing, saving much effort and cost by transportlogs by natural means. Rivers have been a source of food since pre-history.

River can provide a rich source of fish and other edible aquatic life, and are a major source of be used for drinking and irrigation. It is therefore no surprise to find most of the major cities o

the banks of rivers. Rivers help to determine the urban form of cities and neighbourhoods and their corridors ofte

opportunities for urban renewal through the development of foreshore ways such as River waan easy means of disposing of waste-water and in much of the less developed world, other wa

Fast flowing rivers and waterfalls are widely used as sources of energy, via watermills and hydEvidence of watermills shows them in use for many hundreds of years such as in Orkney at Do

In the 1890s the first machines to generate power from river water were established at placesNorthumberland.

The coarse sediments, gravel and sand, generated and moved by rivers are extensively used inof the world this can generate extensive new lake habitats as gravel pits re-fill with water.


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Most of the Indian rivers and their tributaries viz., Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, KrisDamodar and Brahmaputra are reported to be grossly polluted due to discharge o

disposal and industrial effluents directly into the rivers. These wastes usually contorganic and inorganic pollutants including solvents, oils, grease, plastics, plasticizemetals, pesticides and suspended solids. The indiscriminate dumping and release the above mentioned hazardous substances into rivers might lead to environmentwhich could be considered as a potential source of stress to biotic community.

As for example, River Ganges alone receives sewage of 29 class I cities situated on industrial effluents of about 300 small, medium, and big industrial units throughoof approximately 2525 kms. Identically Yamuna is another major river, has also be

pollution in Delhi and Ghaziabad area. Approximately 5,15,000 kilolitres of sewagereported to be discharged in the river Yamuna daily. In addition, there arc about 1small industrial units which also contribute huge amounts of untreated or partiallythe river Yamuna every day.

Similarly many other rivers were surveyed during past two decades with respect tstatus. In addition to domestic and industrial discharge into the rivers, there were run off of agricultural areas, mines and even from cremation on the river banks. Aover 32 thousand dead bodies were cremated at the major burning Ghats per year

in the year 1984.


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The pollutants include oils, greases, plastics, plasticizers, metallic wastes, suspended solids, toxins, acids, salMany of these pollutants are not easily susceptible to degradation and thus cause serious pollution problemwater and fish-kill episodes are the major effects of the toxic discharges from industries. Discharge of untreaeffluents leads to number of conspicuous effects on the river environment. The impact involves gross changereduction in dissolved oxygen and reduction in light penetration thats tends loss in self purification capabilit

Environmental implications of the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents S.N.FactorPrincipal environmental effectPotential ecological consequencesRemedial action 1. High biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) caused by bacterial breakdown of organic matte

Reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration

Elimination of sensitive species, increase in some tolerant species; change in the community structure

Pre-treatment of effluent, ensure adequate dilution

Partial biodegradation of proteins and other nitrogenous material

Elevated ammonia concentration; increased nitrite and nitrate levels Elimination of intolerant species, reduction in sensitive species

Improved treatment to ensure complete nitrification; nutrient stripping possible but expensive

Release of suspended solid matter

Increased turbidity and reduction of light penetration

Reduced photosynthesis of submerge plants; abrasion of gills or interference with normal feeding behavior

Deposition of organic sludges in slower water

Release of methane and hydrogen as sulphide matter decomposes anoxically, Modification of substratum by

Elimination of normal benthic community loss of interstitial species; increase in the species able to exploit in


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The Ganga Basin, the largest river basin of the country, houses about 40 perceof India. During the course of its journey, municipal sewages from 29 Class-I c

population over 1,00,000), 23 Class II cities (cities with population between 501,00,000) and about 48 towns, effluents from industries and polluting wastesnon-point sources are discharged into the river Ganga resulting in its pollutionrecords, as mentioned in audit report, put the estimates of total sewage genealong river Ganga and its tributaries as 5044 MLD (Million Litres per Day). AccCentral Pollution Control Board Report of 2001, the total wastewater generatbasin is about 6440 MLD.

Many towns on the bank of the Ganga are highly industrialised. Most of the iinadequate effluent treatment facilities and dump their wastes directly into tconcentration of tanneries in Kanpur has further aggravated the situation. Bechemical and textile industries, Kanpur has 151 tanneries located in a cluster the southern bank of the Ganga with an estimated waste water discharge of 5litres per day. Out of 151 tanneries in Jajmau, 62 tanneries use exclusively theprocess, 50 tanneries use vegetable tanning processes, and 38 tanneries use bvegetable tanning. The Indian government under the Ganga Action Plan (GAP

several schemes for the abatement of pollution of the Ganga by tanneries


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Projects worth Rs2,600 crore sanctioned to save Ganga, Government :- Projects worth Rs2,600 crore have been sanctioned by the government to ensure that by 2020

and industrial effluent flow into the Ganga river, siad Lok Sabha.

The projects will be implemented and supervised by National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGset up the government to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of Ganga approach.

In a written reply, Environment and Forest Minister Jayanthi Natarajan said, "The NGRBA has Mission Clean Ganga it will be ensured that by 2020 no untreated municipal sewage and indusGanga."

Projects amounting to nearly Rs2600 crore have been sanctioned so far under the NGRBA for networks, sewage treatment plant, electric crematoria, community toilets and development oUttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

"A World Bank-assisted project to be implemented over a period of eight years at an estimatehas also been approved for conservation and restoration of water quality of the river Ganga,"

Replying to a question on efforts to check pollution in Yamuna river, she said an expenditure obeen incurred under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) till date.

"YAP-II was approved in 2003 at an estimated cost of Rs624 crore with major items of works ssewerage network and sewerage treatment plants," she said.

Observing that Yamuna has not shown the desired improvement due to gap between generatsewage as also the lack of availability of fresh water in the river during the lean period, she sa

river is also because of bathing ghats, open defecation and run off from catchment areas.


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The Ganga action plan was, launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of

with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve the water quality by Interce

treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and industrial chemical wastes from id

polluting units entering in to the river. The other objectives of the Ganga Action Plan are

Control of non-point pollution from agricultural run off, human defecation, cattle wallow

unburnt and half burnt bodies into the river.

New technology of sewage treatment like Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and

through afforestation has been successfully developed.

Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles for pollution abatement of river have been demon

useful.

Resource recovery options like production of methane for energy generation and use of

revenue generation have been demonstrated.

To act as trend setter for taking up similar action plans in other grossly polluted stretche

The ultimate objective of the GAP is to have an approach of integrated river basin mana

the various dynamic inter-actions between abiotic and biotic eco-system.

Under NRCP scheme the CPCB had conducted river basin studies and had identified 19 g

stretches and 14 less polluted stretches along 19 rivers, which include 11 stretches situaM.P.


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Daily Mail: When it comes to conservation of river Ganga, the government seems to be movin

Even 10 months after issuing a notification to declare 135 km stretch of the river from its origisensitive zone (ESZ), the ministry of environment and forests has failed to finalise it. The three

period for receiving comments and suggestions on the draft expired in October last year but thnotification is yet to be published.

The notification was issued in response to agitation by environmental and social groups in Uttthe effort to restore ecology of the river from Gaumukh to Uttarkashi, work was stopped on thydroelectric dams coming up in this stretch. But now the notification has not only been stallerestarting the work on shelved dams have also resurfaced. The notification was aimed at mainenvironmental flow and ecology of the river.

The zone would cover 100 metres area on either banks and restrict or prohibit activities like d

industrial activities, mining, stone quarrying and crushing, discharge of waste and industrial eBJP government in Uttarakhand opposed the notification saying it would hinder developmentgroups were unhappy because construction of hydropower plants upto 25 MW capacity was pproposed zone.

Environment minister Jayanthi Natarajan this week assured environmental groups that final vnotification would be prepared keeping in mind suggestions made by them.However, she may find it tough to do so because the new Congress government headed by Vijlike the BJP governments of the past, is a votary of new power projects on the Ganga.

Meanwhile, G.D. Agrawal former IIT professor now known as Swami Gyan Swaroop Sanand

to press for his demand to scrap all hydropower projects in the hills. He had broken his fast lasthat the National Ganga River Basin Authority headed by the Prime Minister would discuss his


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river water conservation project in india ppt

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