rising china’s growing presence in south asia and the indian ocean

7/22/2019 Rising Chinas growing presence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean.

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LAKF 4 Ks. M. P. N. Uhysa

UVGDFE^ 4 Uhutm Asbal Utunbfs

U^VNFL^ LH 4 ZON/17/A/52/F

IFE^VWFU LAKF 4 Nr. Ublmarada ^akkbta Nfiohna

AUUBOLKFL^ LH 4 :1 (_rbttfl)

^HZBE 4 Wbsblo Emblas orhwblo prfsflef bl Uhutm Asba aln tmf

Blnbal Hefal. _bii tmbs a``fet Blnbal mfofkhly bl tmf

rfobhl8

AEANFKBE RFAW 4 7:11/7:17 (G)


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Wbsblo Emblas orhwblo prfsflef bl Uhutm Asba aln tmf Blnbal Hefal.

_bii tmbs a``fet Blnbal mfofkhly bl tmf rfobhl8

^mfrf bs lh nhugt tmat tmbs efltury bs tmf Asbal Efltury aln supfr phwfr erhwl bs trals`hrkblo

`rhk _fst th tmf Fast aln erhwl bs ìhatblo bl gftwffl Embla aln Blnba. Embla wbii tacf hvfr VUA bl

7:1= as tmf whrins iarofst fehlhky, saysal fehlhkbe oakf pugibsmfn bl Nfefkgfr 51stfnbtbhl h`

tmf fehlhkbst. Blnba bs lhwmfrf lfar tmf twh3 bltfrfstbloiy at ifast, lhwmfrf lfar Embla. ^mf

Fehlhkbe garhkftfr bs phbltblo thwarns a Emblfsf fehlhkbe whrin lh iatfr tmal 7:7:.1 Aln bt bs

bkphrtalt as ghtm h` tmf ehultrbfs arf `blnblo staln up aoablst _fst. Gy tmf tbkf bt wbii nfebnf

wmftmfr bt bs Embla hr Blnba gut as al Asbal latbhl wf eal gf bl mbom spbrbts gfeausf at tmf fln h` tmf

nay bt bs alyway Asba.

Embla aln Blnba mavf ehkf ihlo way sblef 1207, `huomt `hr grbf` gharnfr war. Ghtm ehultrbfs arfrapbniy orhwblo tmfrf fehlhkbfs, lht hliy tmat gut aish tmfy arf blerfasblo kutuai tranf aln

gbiatfrai rfiatbhls. Ghtm ehultrbfs mavf nb``frflt phibtbeai systfks, Blnba bs tmf whrins iarofst

nfkheraey aln Embla bs stbii ulnfr ehkkulbst ohvfrlkflt ehltrhi. Embla aln Blnba, as tmf àstfst-

orhwblo h` tmf GWBE fehlhkbfs aln kacblo sugstaltbai aln rapbniy orhwblo hut put th tmf whrin.

7.> gbiibhl pfhpif hr >:% h` tmf whrin phpuiatbhl ibvf bl Blnba aln Embla aln wbtm suem a mukal

phwfr ghtm ehultrbfs arf ifanblo th gfehkf tmf whrin phwfrs.

Embla bs tmf `hurtm iarofst ehultry gy ialnkass aln mas a phpuiatbhl h` 1.5 gbiibhl pfhpif. Bt washrboblaiiy a satf-rul fehlhky, gut a`tfr tmf nfatm h` Kah Tfnhlo, Nflo ]bahpblo bltrhnuefs kadhr

fehlhkbe trals`hrk tmat emalofn bt `rhk a statf-rul fehlhky th a khrf eapbtaibst fehlhky. Aln

tmbs blìuflef Embla bl kaobeai way hr bts nfvfihpkflt.

Embla bs tmf whrins àstfst-orhwblo kadhr fehlhky, wbtm al avfraof orhwtm ratf h` 1:% `hr tmf

past tmrff nfeanfs yfars. (_bcbpfnba)

ONZ (puremasblo phwfr parbty)4 VU$2.=?7 trbiibhl (7:1: fst.)

ONZ oihgai ralc 4 #5 (gfmbln tmf Furhpfal Vlbhl aln tmf V.U.)ONZ, rfai orhwtm ratf 4 1:.5% (7:1: fst.)

ONZ, pfr eapbta 4 VU$?,>:: (7:1: fst.)

Iaghr href 4 =12.6 kbiibhl (7:1: fst.), #1 oihgai ralcblo

Zhpuiatbhl gfihw tmf phvfrty iblf4 7.=%

S Uhuref4 EBA _hrin @aet Ghhc, aeefssfn 7:11 [

1Gbsmwadbt Hcrak. Blnba vs. Emblatmf fifpmalt eal lht ìy tmf nraohl ulifss wblofn, 17 Daluary 7:17


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@bourf :14 ONZ (bl trbiibhl), Uhuref _hrin Galc4 EBA @aet ghhc 7:1:

As smhwl bl tmf `bourf :1, bl 7:::, Embla thppfn Btaiy th gfehkf tmf whrins sbxtm-gboofst fehlhky. Bl 7::6,

Embla hvfrthhc @ralef th gfehkf tmf `b`tm-iarofst. Bl 7::0, bt khvfn up aoabl gy clhecblo h`` tmf V.C. Bl 7::?,

Embla gfeakf tmf tmbrn-iarofst fehlhky gy thppblo Ofrkaly. Nurblo 12?=-7::0, Embla aembfvfn al avfraof

alluai orhwtm h` 2.0% bl rfai ONZ. ^wh nb``frflt ways arf eurrfltiy usfn th kfasurf ONZ4 bl lhkblai nhiiars

usblo h``bebai fxemalof ratfs aln bl ZZZ nhiiars usblo tmf aetuai guyblo phwfr h` eurrflebfs. Kfasurfn bl ZZZ

nhiiars, Emblas ONZ bl 7::0 was $1:.6 trbiibhl, ehkparfn wbtm $17.2 trbiibhl hr tmf VU, $15.: trbiibhl hr tmf FV,

$>.1 trbiibhl `hr Dapal, $5.2 trbiibhl `hr Blnba, $7.0 trbiibhl `hr Ofrkaly aln $1.2 trbiibhl `hr tmf VC. Embla bs tmf

tmbrn iarofst fehlhkbe gihe a`tfr tmf FV aln tmf VU aln tmf sfehln iarofst fehlhky a`tfr tmf VU.7

Embla bs tmf whrins iarofst ehlsukfr aln prhnuefr `hr kaly blnustrbai aln aorbeuiturai prhnuets suem as stffi,

efkflt, ehai, tfifvbsbhl, eihtm, ehtthl aln fte. Embla mas a nrastbe nfvfihpkflt bl bl`rastrueturf nfvfihpkflt

aln fnueatbhlai sfethr as wfii. ^h nfvfihp a ehultry àr khst bkphrtalt tmblo bs th blvfst bl ehultrbfs

fnueatbhl systfk. Bl 12?= Embla man hliy 62= Vlbvfrsbtbfs aln bt was hliy su``bebflt th àebibtatf :. .> Kbiibhl

stunflt, gut bl 7::0 bt man 1,=:: ulbvfrsbtbfs aln fibobgif th àebibtatf hvfr 6 kbiibhl stunflt aln sflnblo

alhtmfr 17:,::: stunflts agrhan.

7Umudbf Rah, Eal Embla Wfaiiy Gfehkf tmf Lfxt Uupfr Zhwfr, ^mf Vlbvfrsbty h` Lhttblomak, Embla Zhibey

Blstbtutf, Aprbi 7::?
http://www.china-mike.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/china-world-gdp_growth-chart-forutne-2011.jpg


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@bourf :74 ^hp tmrff ehultrbfs gy tmf Fehlhkbe nhkblalef

Khst h` tmf fehlhkbst arf prfnbetblo aln `hrfeastblo tmat tmf Embla wbii hvfr tacf VU fehlhky phwfr bl tmf

lfar ùturf aln wbii gf tmf fehlhkbe obalt bl tmf whrin. Aeehrnblo th tmf Arvbln Uugrakalbal h` tmf Zftfrshl

Blstbtutf `hr Bltfrlatbhlai Fehlhkbes aroufs tmat Embla's fehlhkbe kbomt wbii hvfrsmanhw Akfrbea's shhlfr

tmal pfhpif tmblc. As pfr Arvbln Uugrakalbal bl 7:5: Emblas fehlhkbe phwfr wbii gf fquai th tmf VU

fehlhkbe phwfr was bl 12?5 aln Blnbas fehlhkbe phwfr wbii katemfs tmf Dapals was bl 7:1:.

Blnbal Hefal

Blnbal Hefal bs tmf Fastfrl ghulnary h` tmf A`rbeal ehltblflt rfaemfs hut th tmf Kbnnif Fast gy tmf

Zfrsbal Oui` wasmfs tmf smhrfs h` tmf Blnbal sug-ehltblflt aln iblcs up wbtm tmf Uhutm Embla Ufa.

^mfrf bs lh sferft tmat tmf Orfat Oakf h` tmf efltury bs piayblo aln wbii piay bl tmf Blnbal Hefal

aln `hr tmf Blnbal Hefal. Ghtm fkfroblo supfr phwfrs arf tryblo th nhkblatf tmfbr phwfr bl tmf

Blnbal Hefal th oabl tmf kaxbkuk gflf`bt h` bt. Gut, wmy Blnbal Hefal8 Blnbal Hefal bs tmf cfy th

tmf sfvfl sfas. Blnbal Hefal mas trfkflnhus ofh-stratfobe bkphrtalef. Bts tmf ib`fiblf h`

bltfrlatbhlai tranf aln iblcs Atialtbe wbtm tmf Zaeb`be Hefals aln erbtbeai `hr oihgai fehlhkbe

prhspfrbty. Bt earrbfs tmf mai` h` tmf whrins ehltablfr smbps, 1/5 h` guic earoh tra``be aln 7/5 h` tmf

whrins hbi smbpkflts. Ghtm Blnba aln Embla arf rullblo tmfrf tranf wbtm mbom vhiukf wbtm tmf

supphrt h` Blnbal Hefal. Blnbas kfrealtbif tranf bs ehlefrlfn aikhst 2:% h` bt gy vhiukf aln ??%

h` bt gy vaiuf earrbfn gy sfa.

Emblas rapbniy orhwblo fehlhky mas kanf bt blerfasbloiy nfpflnflt hl `hrfbol bkphrts h` ùfi aln

htmfr raw katfrbai. Embla gfeakf tmf lft hbi bkphrtfr bl 1225, sfehln iarofst ehlsukfr hbi bl 7::5,

aln tmf iarofst bkphrtfr h` hbi gy 7::>.5

5Frbea U. Nhwls aln Df``rfy A. Ganfr, Hbi-Mulory Embla Gfihlos at tmf Gbo âgif, Grhhcblos Blstbtutbhl,

Ufptfkgfr =, 7::0, at mttp4//www.grhhcblos.fnu/hpblbhls/7::0/:2:=emblaXganfr.aspx


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Bl 7:1:, Emblfsf hbi bkphrts arf fxpfetfn th thtai 71: kbiibhl thls, a 6.6% blerfasf hvfr7::2

bkphrts.>Kuem h` tmbs hbi bs grhuomt th embla gy talcfrs `rhk Zfrsbal Oui` vba tmf Blnbal Hefal aln

tmf Utrabt h` Kaiaeea. Uh tmf Blnbal Hefal bs gfehkblo khrf bkphrtalt th Emblfsf fehlhky aln

sfeurbty bltfrfst. Utrabt h` Kaiaeea wmbem ruls `hr 0:: kbifs gftwffl ^mabialn, Kaiaysba aln

Ubloaphrf th tmf fast aln Uukatra th tmf wfst bl Blnhlfsba. Uhkf fstbkatfs tmat khrf tmal 6:,:::

smbps pass tmrhuom tmf Kaiaeea strabt alluaiiy, tralsphrtblo 5:% h` tmf ohhns tranfn bl tmf whrin

bleiunblo hbi `rhk tmf Zfrsbal Oui` th kadhr Fast Asbal latbhls ibcf Embla, Dapal aln Uhutm Chrfa. As

kaly as 7: kbiibhl garrfis h` hbi a nay pass tmrhuom tmf Utrabt h` Kaiaeea, al akhult tmat wbii hliy

blerfasf bl tmf lfar ùturf. Khrf tmal 6:% h` Blnbals tranf wmbif khrf tmal =:% h` Emblas hbi

lffns oh tmrhuom tmf Kaiaeea Utrabt3 tmbs kacfs tmf Utrabt hlf h` tmf whrinskhst vbtai stratfobe

watfr passaofs.6

@bourf :54 Utrblo h` Zfaris

Embla bs blth tmf stratfoy h` Utrblo h` Zfaris wbtm tmf kbssbhl h` th prhtfet bts fehlhky aln sfeurbty

bltfrfst aln as wfii as th gaialef tmf rbsblo Blnba. ^mbs strblo h` pfaris (@bourf4 :5)stratfoy h`

gasfs aln nbpihkatbe tbfs bleiunfs tmf Owanar phrt bl Zacbstal, lavai gasfs bl Gurka, fifetrhlbe

bltfiiboflef oatmfrblo àebibtbfs hl bsialns bl Gay h` Gfloai, ùlnblo ehlstruetbhl h` a ealai aerhss tmf

Cra Bstmkus bl ^mabialn, a kbibtary aorffkflt wbtm Eakghnba aln gubinblo up h` `hrefs bl tmf Uhutm

>Embla fxpfets 6% Orhwtm h` Lft Hbi Bkphrt bl 7:1:, Embla Nabiy, Karem 77, 7:1:, at

mttp4//www.emblanabiy.ehk.el/embla/7:1:-:5/77/ehltfltX2076710.mtk6Dhmallfs Nraosgafcs Uemkbnt, Blnba Embla Wbvairy aln Ehkpftbtbhl bl Uhutmfast Asba at

mttps4//nhes.ohhoif.ehk/vbfwfr8a;v&q;eaemf4NQAzxQlv_OsD4vgl.aau.nc/`bifs/011>51>6/BlnbaXEmblaXWbvair

yXalnXEhkpftbtbhlXblXUhutmfastXAsbaXprfsXblXNfimb.vglXvfrsbhl.nhex+blnba+embla+rbvary+aln+ehkpftbtbhl+bl+shutmfast+asba&mi;fl&oi;ic&pbn;gi&srebn;ANOFFUmfWVHhEpywF:yETDK2ZgvrFIpgXnHTmx0sBDWRlrOZFdb

arWi>lQbAzio>261DX^rn=nZK=e-=oBtÌ?@cFTG_5ItqlKG-yZ]flpà_0-dER-Wth-F?:_Efvfa^H-

wwp1z?`lM&sbo;AMBFtgUMCzrk0mEIE5biXX75Gb=q5M_DxA
http://www.japanfocus.org/data/3379_1.png


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Embla Ufa.0^mfsf pfaris arf th mfip th gubin bltfrehllfetbhl wbtm sfvfrai ehultrbfs aihlo tmf sfa

iblfs `rhk Kbnnif Fast th tmf Uhutm Embla Ufa bl hrnfr th strflotmfl tmf stratfobe tbfs bl gftwffl

Embla aln htmfr rfiatfn ehultrbfs as wfii as th prhtfet Emblas sfeurbty hgdfetbvfs aln flfroy

bltfrfst. Embla bs gubit hr gubinblo wmhif ralof h` phrts ulnfr tmf rbk h` tmf Blnbal Hefal. Aii tmfsf

phrts arf bl tmf Blnbal Hefal aln kfft Blnbal Hefal. Uh Embla fvfltuaiiy tmrhuom gubinblo tmfsf

phrts, wbii oabl tmf ehkkfrebai karbtbkf aeefss aihlo tmf rhuln h` tmf Blnbal Hefal aln tmfy grblo

tmf flfroy, hbi aln laturai oas `rhk tmf Kbnnif Fast aii tmf way th Asba. Embla kanf a wbsf nfebsbhl

wbtm blvfrtblo bl Owanar phrt (bl Gaihembtal) wmbem ehuin ehllfet embla wbtm hbi rhutfs bl _fstfrl

Zacbstal. Zacbstals mbomway bl Carachrak prhvbnfs tmf smhrtfst rhutf `rhk Owanar th tmf wfstfrl

rfobhls h` embla. ^mbs rhutf bs smhrt, sa`f aln eal sfrvf as aitfrlatbvf th tmf sfa rhutf tmrhuom tmf

pbratf prhlf Utrabt h` Kaiaeea, wmfrf eurrfltiy Embla tralsphrts khst h` bts erunf hbi bkphrts.

Emblas orhwblo prfsflef bl Uhutm Asba

As a rfsuit h` Utrblo h` Zfaris stratfoy h` Embla, bt mas bkprhvf tmf blvhivfkflt aln prfsflef bl tmf

Blnbal Hefal rbk ehultrbfs. Bt bs a ofh-phibtbeai as wfii as a ofh-fehlhkbeai stratfoy. Embla bs

bkprhvblo bts tranf aln blvfstkflt rfiatbhls wbtm Uhutm Asbal ehultrbfs tmrhuom trfatbfs aln

gbiatfrai ehhpfratbhl. Ehultrbfs ibcf Zacbstal, Galoianfsm, Kainbvfs, Gurka aln Urb Ialca arf

fspfebaiiy mfbomtfn ulnfr tmf Emblas rfiatbhls wbtm Uhutm Asba.

Ublh - Zacbstal

Zacbstal fstagibsmfs bts `hrkai nbpihkatbe rfiatbhls wbtm Embla bl 126:, aln Zacbstal bs tmf vfry `brst

ehultrbfs th rfeholbzf tmf Zfhpifs Wfpugibe h` Embla ratmfr tmal tmf Wfpugibe h` Embla. Ublef 126:s

UblhZacbstal rfiatbhlsmbp stbii rfkabls bl a stagif patm. Hlef Ublh Blnbal rfiatbhls nftfrbhratfn,

Embla aln Zacbstal man a urtmfr rfashl th grblo blth iblf aoablst tmfbr ehkkhl flfky.

_mbif tmf twh statfs mavf lht `hrkaiiy aibolfn aoablst Blnba, ghtm sbnfs eifariy gflf`bt `rhk a

rfiatbhlsmbp tmat eal tbf nhwl sbolb`bealt Blnbal assfts aihlo kuitbpif `rhlts aln `href Blnbal

piallfrs th nbvbnf tmfbr attfltbhl. ^mus tmfrf arf rfphrts tmat, bl tmf kbnst h` tmf 1206 Blnh-

Zacbstalb _ar, Embla rfpfatfniy emarofn Blnbal wbtm vbhiatblo tmf Emblfsf ghrnfr lfar Ubccbk, at tmf

htmfr fln h` tmf Ublh-Blnbal ghrnfr `rhk Zacbstal, rabsblo tmf spfetfr h` al arkfn rfsphlsf.?Embla

bs al arks suppiy `hr kaly Asbal ehultrbfs aln sh bl a sakf way Embla mfipfn Zacbstal wbtm arks

0@hr a nftabifn fxpibeatbhl h` tmf sfeurbty rakb`beatbhls h` tmf Emblfsf strblo h` pfaris stratfoy, sff Ourprfft

Cmurala, Emblas Utrblo h` Zfaris bl tmf Blnbal Hefal aln Bts Ufeurbty Bkpibeatbhls, Utratfobe Alaiysbs, Phi.57, Lh. 1 (Daluary 7::=), pp. 1-77.?@hr fxakpif, sff Eiaunf Arpb, 1206 _ar4 ^mf Embla Giu``, Wfnb``, Ufptfkgfr 5:, 7::6, at

mtt4//www.rfnb``.ehk/lfws/7::6/sfp/5:war.mtk


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nfvfihpkflt aln aeefss. Embla mas prhvbnfn tmf Zacbstalb kbibtary ralof h` kbibtary systfks,

bleiunblo talcs, lavai ehkgatalts aln ehkgat abrera`t. @hr fxakpif, embla aln Zacbstal eurrfltiy eh-

prhnuef tmf C-= trablfr aln tmf D@1? ^mulnfr/@E1 ]bahihlo. Khrf tmal tmat Emblfsf assbstalef

wbtm kbssbif aln lueifar wfaphls arf bl th tmf orfatfr ehlefrl. Embla mas suppibfn Zacbstal wbtm

tmf K-11 sfrbfs h` smhrt ralof gaiibstbe kbssbifs. Embla mas mfipfn Zacbstal gubin twh lueifar rfaethrs

at tmf Emaska sbtf bl tmf Zuldag Zrhvblef aln bs ehlsbnfrblo gubinblo twh khrf lueifar rfaethrs at

tmf sakf sbtf.

Hlf h` tmf `brst pialcs h` Ublh-Zacbstalb rfiatbhls was fehlhkbe, wbtm tranf rfiatbhls startfn bl 126:.

Embla aln Zacbstal sbolfn a @rff ^ranf Aorffkflt (@Â) bl 7::0, as wfii as htmfr lukfrhus

aorffkflts aln KHVs, bleiunblo Gbiatfrai Blvfstkflt ^rfatbfs (GB^) th blerfasf tmf kutuai tranf

aln blvfstkflt gftwffl twh ehultrbfs. Zacbstal prhvbnfs embla wbtm emfap raw katfrbais aln tmf

usf h` Zacbstalb phrts bl rfturl `hr aeefss th Emblfsf karcfts tmrhuom prf`frfltbai trfatkflt ulnfr

@Â. Gy 7::7, gbiatfrai tranf akhultfn th shkf $ 1.= gbiibhl, aln mas sblef orhwl th shkf $? gbiibhl

as 7::=.=Uakf tbkf embla prhvbnfn ghtm `blaleblo aln iaghr `hr tmf Owanar phrts nfvfihpkflt.

(@urtmfr nbseuss bl tmf lfxt sfefssbhl). Zacbstal mas a phtfltbai th gfehkf a mug bl tmf rfobhl aln

embla kay oft khrf hpphrtulbty th orag tmf gflf`bt rhk tmat.

UblhUrb Ialca

Embla aish mas a ihlo mbsthry h` pfaefùi rfiatbhls wbtm Urb Ialca. Urb Ialca was hlf h` tmf `brst lhl-

ehkkulbst ehultrbfs th fstagibsm rfiatbhls wbtm Embla gy sbolblo tmf Wuggfr Wbsf aorffkflt

(1267). Bl 7::6 Embla aln Urb Ialca sbolfn a Dhblt Ehkkulbqu th ùrtmfr gbiatfrai rfiatbhls aln

prhvbnf faem htmfr Khst @avhrfn Latbhl (K@L) trfatkflt.

Bt bs lht surprbsblo tmat Embla mas prhvbnfn Urb Ialca wbtm kbibtary aln phibtbeai supphrt nurblo war

fra, bleiunblo sbolb`bealt suppibfs h` `bomtfr abrera`t, lavai ehkgatalts aln a varbfty h` htmfr kbibtary

fqubpkflts. Embla mas h``frfn Urb Ialca ùlns bl tmf `hrk h` Abn aln Zrf`frfltbai erfnbt `hr varbhus

nfvfihpkflt purphsfs. Embla bs tmf `brst `hrfbol ehultry th mavf al fxeiusbvf fehlhkbe zhlf bl Urb

Ialca aln bs blvhivfn bl a ralof h` bl`rastrueturf nfvfihpkflt prhdfets (ehlstruetblo phwfr pialts,

khnfrlbzblo rabiways, prhvbnblo `blalebai aln tfemlbeai assbstalef bl iaulemblo h` ehkkulbeatbhl

satfiibtfs). Embla bs tmf ifanblo blvfsthr bl Urb Ialca aln blvhivfn bl gubinblo mbomways, grbnofs, a

lfw smbppblo phrt aln abrphrt as wfii as a mbom tfem tmfatfr. Bl tmf phst war pfrbhn, bkprhvfkflts

=Zfhpifs Wfpugibe h` Embla, Kblbstry h` @hrfbol A`àbrs, Embla Zacbstal Wfiatbhls, Embla Nabiy , Lhvfkgfr

1>, 7::0, at mttp4//www.emblanabiy.ehk.el/embla/7::0-11/1>/ehltfltX?57607.mtk


8/12=

bl bl`rastrueturai nfvfihpkflt aln blvfstkflts `rhk Embla bl Urb Ialca mavf gffl sffl th blerfasf.

^mfsf ehkkfrebai tralsaetbhls mavf erfatfn a wbl-wbl nfai `hr ghtm ehultrbfs. Ubolb`bealtiy, Gfbdblo

mas nfebnfn th oralt Urb Ialca nbaihouf partlfr status bl tmf Umalomab Ehhpfratbhl Hroalbzatbhl

(UEH) (Orhwblo Emblfsf blìuflef bl Urb Ialca, ^mf Latbhlai, = Dulf 7:11). Embla mas gffl

ehltbluhusiy bl fehlhkbe ehhpfratbhl as wfii. ^wh kabl hlohblo prhdfets arf Lhrhememhiab Ehai

Zhwfr Zrhdfet aln ehlstruetbhl h` a iarof ehltablfr phrt at Makgaltmhta, wbtm $ 5:: kbiibhl bl

ùlnblo `rhk Emblas Fxphrt Bkphrt Galc. Fquaiiy bkphrtalt, Emblfsf supphrt mas tmf annfn

attraetbhl tmat Gfbdblo nhfslt bltfr`frf bl tmf nhkfstbe a`àbrs h` tmf latbhl rfefbvblo tmf abn. ^mbs

appfai mas gffl at whrc lht hliy bl Urb Ialca, gut aish bl Zacbstal aln Gurka.2

Wfiatbhlsmbp wbtm Htmfr Uhutm Asbal Ehultrbfs

Embla aln Galoianfsm, ghtm ehultrbfs oraltfn faem htmfr Khst @avhrfn Latbhl (K@L) trfatkflt bl

12=>. Embla nhfslt mavf a @Â wbtm Galoianfsm. Embla prhvbnfs nuty-`rff aeefss th a ibst h`

Galoianfsmb prhnuets ulnfr tmf Asba-Zaeb`be ^ranf Aorffkflt, aln Galoianfsm man h``frfn hbi

fxpihratbhl rbomts th embla at Garacpurba. Embla man aish oablfn lavai aeefss th tmf Galoianfsmb

Embttaohlo phrt, wmbem wbii grblo embla eihsfr th Kyalkar hbi `bfins aln tmf sfas arhuln Blnba.1:

Embla mas ehlstruetfn sbx `rbflnsmbp grbnofs, hlf h` tmf grbnofs ehkpiftfn bl 7::=, bs vfry bkphrtalt

gfeausf bt ehllfets tmf lhrtmfrl aln shutmfrl part h` Galoianfsm.

Embla bs hlf h` tmf `fw statfs wmh arf wbiiblo th supphrt Gurka. Gurkas Brrawanny Paiify mas gffl

a stratfobe patm th Embla. Khrf tmal tmat Gurka mas phtfltbai hbi aln laturai oas rfsfrvfs. ^mf

agbibty th aeefss tmhsf hbi rfsfrvfs whuin oabl ibkbt Emblfsf vuilfragbibty th bltfrnbetbhl h` bts sfa

iblfs. Lht surprbsbloiy, embla bs mfipblo th ehlstruet hbi pbpfiblfs aerhss Gurka aln blth Embla. Bt bs

aish mfipblo th ehlstruet lfw phrt àebibty bl Ubttwf, Nawfb aln Kfroub.11 Embla mas gffl floaofn bl

lukfrhus sfeurbty ehhpfratbhl kfasurfs bl Gurka aln Embla bs tmf iarofst shuref h` arks `hr

kbibtary, suppiyblo a varbfty h` systfks, bleiunblo truecs, artbiifry aln ehkkulbeatbhl fqubpkflts.

Gurka bs iyblo th tmf fast h` Blnba aln hlf h` tmf phtfltbai arfa th whrry aghut tmf blvhivfkflt h`

Embla.

2Nfal Emflo, Emblas vbfw h` Uhutm Asba aln tmf Blnbal Hefal, Mfrbtaof Ifeturfs, Zugibsmfn gy tmf Mfrb taof

@hulnatbhl, Auoust 51, 7:1:1:

Zravacar Uamhh,BFO aln Lbsma âlfda, BEWBFW, Emblas orhwblo prfsflef bl Blnbas lfbomghrmhhn, Fast Asba

@hruk, @fgruary 6,7:1: at mttp4//www.fastasba`hruk.hro11Uutbrtmh Zatralhgbs, Embla Erfatfs a Zfar bl Urb Ialca, Mblnustal ^bkfs, Ufptfkgfr 10, 7::2, at

mttp4//www.mblnustaltbkfs.ehk/spfebai-lfws-rfphrt/Lfws-@ffn/Embla-erfatfs-a-pfari-bl -UrbXIalca/Artbeif-

>6>0>>.aspx


9/122

Blnba bs mbomiy ehlefrlfn aghut emblas orhwblorfiatbhls wbtm Uhutm Asbal ehultrbfs gfeausf Blnba

`ffis bt as a tmrfat `hr tmfbr dhurlfy thwarns tmf supfr phwfr. ^mfrf was al fra tmat Blnba was sffl

as tmf ouarnbal wmh whuin ifan Uhutm Asba th tmf orhwtm gut lht alykhrf. Uhkf h` tmf Uhutm Asbal

ehultrbfs mavf ulshivfn bssufs aln prhgifks wbtm Blnba. Fspfebaiiy Zacbstal aln Galoianfsm mavf

ulrfshivfn bssufs rfoarnblo kuitbiatfrai tranf aln fehlhkbe rfiatbhls. Uhkf h` tmf bssufs arf

ofhorapmbeai, ibcf ialn gharnfr smarblo hr tfrrbthrbai watfr bssufs aln shkf arf phibtbeai. As al

fxakpif Urb Ialca mas kaly bssufs wbtm Blnba, suem as tfrrbthrbai watfr bssuf, âkbi Lanu àethr aln

aish bt bs lht a sferft tmat Blnba supphrtfn I^^F bl kaly ways nurblo tmf war pfrbhn. Aish tmfrf arf

shkf fehlhkbe bssufs gftwffl Blnba aln bts lfbomghrs. Ehultrbfs ibcf Galoianfsm aln Urb Ialca mavf

aeeusfn Blnba h` erfatblo garrbfrs aoablst tmfbr fxphrts. Aitmhuom Urb Ialca mas al @Â wbtm Urb Ialca,

Urb Ialca mas bssufs wbtm Blnba hvfr fasbfr fltry, eaps hl bkphrts aln Wuifs h` Hrbobl. Galoianfsm

aeeusfs Blnba h` lhl-tra``be garrbfrs th tranf aln prhtfetbhlbst alt-nukpblo kfasurfs aoablst bts

fxphrts. Galoianfsm aish ehkpiabls aoablst rfstrbetbhls hl tranf nuf th aiihttblo nf`frflt ohhns th

spfeb`be phrts `hr Eusthk eifaralef, as wfii as nbserbkblatbhl aoablst Galoianfsm at Zftraphif.17Uh

bts eifar tmat Blnba mas ulshivfn bssufs wbtm bts lfbomghrs aln bt kacfs lfoatbvf bkpaet thwarns

Blnba s rfiatbhls bl Uhutm Asba aln nbrfetiy bt kacfs phsbtbvf bkpaet thwarns Embla. Kay gf as a

rfsuit h` tmat Emblas tranf wbtm Uhutm Asbal ehultrbfs mas gffl rapbniy orhwblo up tmhuom bt was

Blnba wmh mas gffl tmf kadhr tranblo partlfr wbtm bts lfbomghrs tranbtbhlaiiy.

17Zravacar Uamhh, BFO aln Lbsma âlfda, BEWBFW, Emblas orhwblo prfsflef bl Blnbas lfbomghrmhhn, Fast As ba

@hruk, @fgruary 6,7:1: at mttp4//www.fastasba`hruk.hro


10/121:

Ehleiusbhl

Blnba aln Embla ghtm rbsblo phwfrs h` tmf 71st efltury gfihlo th tmf Asba, ghtm struooiblo th

nhkblatf tmfbr phwfr bl tmf Blnbal Hefal. As khtbhlfn aghvf Blnbal Hefal bs piayblo tmf khst

bkphrtalt rhif bl tmf efltury. Blnbal Hefal bs tmf cfy h` sfvfl sfas. Tmah Lalqb, `hrkfr NbrfethrOflfrai, Oflfrai Ihobstbes Nfpartkflt h` tmf Zfhpifs Ibgfratbhl Arky(1225) _f eal lh ihlofr

aeefpt tmf Blnbal Hefal as al hefal hliy h` tmf Blnbals. Aeehrnblo th tmf ofhorapmbeai sbtuatbhl at

a oialef alyhlf whuin `ffi Blnbal Hefal as a part h` Blnba hr prhpfrty h` Blnba. Bt bs truf tmat tmf

khrf tmal 7/5 h` tmf Blnbal ialn bs hpfl aln thuemblo tmf Blnbal Hefal. Gut bt nhfslt kfal tmat

Blnbal Hefal bs a prhpfrty h` Blnba. Wfefltiy, al Asbal semhiar gasfn bl tmf _fst (Nr.^hsmb Rhsmbmara)

alaiyzblo Emblfsf wrbtblos hl Blnbal Hefal statfs tmat bl Embla Kamal bs quhtfn as mavblo sabn

_mhfvfr ehltrhis tmfBlnbal Hefal nhkblatfs Asba. ^mbs hefal bs tmf cfy th tmf Ufvfl Ufas. Bl tmf

71st efltury tmf nfstbly h` tmf whrin wbii gf nfebnfn hl bts watfrs.

Embla bs airfany bl th tmf orfat oakf wbtm tmf ohai h` nhkblatblo tmf phwfr h` Blnbal Hefal. ^mfy

mavf a ofh-phibtbeai aln ofh-fehlhkbeai stratfoy `hr tmat. ^mbs wbii a``fet Blnbal mfofkhly bl tmf

rfobhl. Bt bs truf aln prhvfl tmat shkf h` tmf Asbal ehultrbfs, ibcf Zacbstal, Urb Ialca aln Gurka

mavf kaly ulrfshivfn bssufs wbtm Blnba. ^mf skaiifr latbhls (Urb Ialca, Lfpai aln Gmutal) lffn

Blnbas assbstalef wbtm nfvfihpkflt aln shivblo bltfrlai prhgifks, gut b` Blnba nhfslt prhaetbvfiy

assukf ifanfrsmbp bl tmbs arfa, aln ehltblufs th prhtfet bts blnustrbfs aln gusblfsskfl `rhk

bltfrlatbhlai tranf, tmbs hpphrtulbty wbii sibp away aln spur Emblfsf bltfr`frflef bl tmf rfobhl. 15 Uh

as a rfsuit h` tmat Embla bs sueefssùiiy `biiblo tmf vaeuuk. Gy gubinblo tmf pfaris bl tmf Blnbal

Hefal Embla bs nferfasblo bts nfpflnfley bl Utrabt h` Kaiaeea. Aln aii tmfsf skaii latbhls arf

orhwblo tmfbr ohhn mfart thwarns tmf Embla. Khrf bkphrtaltiy Embla bs lht lhrkaiiy blvhivfn bl

nhkfstbe phibtbeai bssufs wmfl shkftbkf Blnba vbhiatblo. Uh tmfsf skaii latbhls mavf tmf `rffnhk th

gfmavf arhuln tmfrf nhkfstbe phibtbeai arfla. Hlf h` tmf faribfst stratfobe alaiysts clhwl `hr mbs

clhwifnof aln ulnfrstalnblo h` Blnbal mbsthry, C K Zallbcfr, wrhtf bl tmf fariy 12>:s, gf`hrf Blnba

aembfvfn bts blnfpflnflef, tmat tmf pflblsuiar emaraetfr h` tmf ehultry aln tmf fssfltbai

nfpflnflef h` bts tranf hl karbtbkf tra``be whuin obvf Blnbal Hefal a prfphlnfralt blìuflef hl

bts nfstbly, aln tmf fehlhkbe ib`f h` Blnba wbii gf ehkpiftfiy at tmf kfrey h` tmf phwfr w mbem

ehltrhis tmf sfas. Mf aish mfin tmat Blnba lfvfr ihst mfr blnfpflnflef tbii smf ihst tmf ehkkaln h`

tmf sfa bl tmf `brst nfeanf h` tmf sbxtffltm efltury, aln tmus tmf ùturf h` Blnba whuin nfpfln lht

hl bts ialn `rhltbfrs gut hl tmf hefalbe fxpalsf wmbem wasmfs tmf tmrff sbnfs h` Blnba. Asmhc C.

Gfmurba, Ehhpfratbhl bl Blnbal Hefal4 Al Blnbal Zfrspfetbvf, Oaiif Nbaiho, Nfefkgfr 1>, 7:17

15Zravacar Uamhh, BFO aln Lbsma âlfda, BEWBFW, Emblas orhwblo prfsflef bl Blnbas lfbomghrmhhn, Fast Asba

@hruk, @fgruary 6,7:1: at mttp4//www.fastasba`hruk.hro


11/1211

Blnbal Hefal bs shrtfn as tmf _hrins flfroy bltfr-statf aln Embla wbii mavf karbtbkf prfsflef aln

pfrmaps fvfl lavai prfsflef. Bl aii tmfsf Asbal ehultbfs khst h` tmfk Zacbstal, Kyalkar aln Urb

Ialca, Emblfsf mavf obvfl sbolb`bealt akhult h` kbibtary abn aln fehlhkbe abn as wfii as gubinblo

aghvf kfltbhlfn phrts. As Embla wbii fvfltuaiiy mavf vfry eihsf rfiatbhlsmbp wbtm tmfsf ehultrbfs

aln sh tmf Gfbdblo Lavy eal kacf rfouiar phrt vbsbts aii h` tmfsf ehultrbfs aln khst h` tmf tbkfs

Emblfsf wbii agif th usf tmfsf phrts karbtbkf ehkkfrebai `aebibtbfs. ^mbs wbii obvf Embla twh Hefal

prfsflef tmf _fstfrl Zaeb`be aln tmf Blnbal Hefal.

Blnba bs stbii gfmbln tmf Embla aln ihlo way th oh th surpius bl Embla as Embla aish bkprhvblo bts

phwfr nay gy nay. Emblas fehlhky bs rhuomiy 5.6 tbkfs gboofr tmal tmat h` Blnba aln Embla bs lhw

Blnbas lukgfr hlf tranblo partlfr wbtm gbiatfrai tranf blerfasblo `rhk ulnfr $ 5 gbiibhl bl 7::: th

aikhst $ 67 gbiibhl bl 7::=, aln bs orhwblo aikhst tmrff tbkfs tmf ratf h` VU- Embla ^ranf (Maiiblal

7:1:). Aish Blnba bs nfpflnblo hl Embla, bt bs rfaiiy bkphrtalt `hr Blnba th gaialef tmf Emblas rbsblo

phwfr. Bt bs a lhrk tmat th tacf shkftmblo yhu mavf th obvf shkftmblo. Embla bs sprfanblo bts arks aii

hvfr tmf Asbal rfobhl, spfebaiiy tmf Blnbal Hefal rbk ehultrbfs. Uh wmfl tmf tbkf ehkfs tmfrf bs a

khrf prhgagbibty `hr Embla th tacf tmf gflf`bt h` sprfanblo tmf ohhn rfiatbhls akhlo tmf Asbal

rfobhl. ^mbs bs a tmrfat `hr Blnbas mfofkhly.Bt bs mbomibomtfn tmat Blnba mas ihst bts ohhn malnsmacf

wbtm khst h` tmfsf Emblfsf `rbflniy ehultrbfs. Bt bs a ohhn fxakpif tmat tmf nfebsbhl h` Kyalkar th

sfii tmf oas `rhk `bfins wmfrf Blnba mas kanf al blvfstkflt. Bt kanf Blnba rfaiiy nbsapphbltfn

akhlo bts hwl rfobhl. Blnba man hliy gffl ihhcblo at tmf phssbgbibty h` rhutblo tmf pbpfiblf tmrhuom

tmf Lhrtmfast Wfobhl.

Mfofkhly bs nfpflnblo hl tmf phwfr, pfrefptbhl aln tmf ifanfrsmbp. ^mfrf bs lh nhugt tmat Embla

mas airfany oabl tmf phwfr3 fehlhkbe, kbibtary aln flfroyaln th gf tmf supfr phwfr bl tmf whrin.

Bl shkf easfs Blnba aish nfpflnblo hl Embla. As khtbhlfn faribfr orfat oakf h` tmf efltury bs

piayblo bl tmf Blnbal Hefal aln wmh fvfr nhkblatf tmf phwfr bl tmf Blnbal Hefal wbii gf tmf

wbllfr. Gy sprfanblo tmf `rbflniy arks Embla airfany aequbrf tmf ohhn pfrefptbhl aii arhuln tmf

whrin fspfebaiiy `rhk tmf Asbal rfobhl aln aish Embla bs ifanblo gy stalnblo wbtm tmf skaii latbhls

wmfrf tmfy rfaiiy lffn tmf phwfr`ui maln wmfrf Blnba mbomiy bolhrfn. Uh wbtm tmf tbkf Embla wbii

nhkblatf bts phwfr wbtmbl tmf Blnbal Hefal wbtm tmf supphrt aln mfip h` tmf Uhutm Asbal `rbflniy

latbhls.


12/12

rising china’s growing presence in south asia and the indian ocean

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