rice state wise andhra pradesh

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Directorate of Rice Research,

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RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Status Paper on Rice in Andhra Pradesh

Dr. C. Cheralu

Principal Scientist (Rice Breeding)

Regional Agricultural Research Station,

ANGR Agricultural University,

Warangal 506 007, AP, India

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Introduction

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India accounting for 9 and 8 per cent of the country’s area

and population, respectively. The state has agriculturally prosperous area in the coastal districts (9 districts),

an economically and socially backward area in Telangana (10 districts), a drought prone area in Rayalaseema

(4 districts) and a fairly extended tribal belt, along the Northern and North-Eastern regions. Andhra Pradesh

has three major river basins (Krishna, Godavari and Pennar) and five other smaller ones drains in to the Bay

of Bengal. The state has 972 km long coastal line, generally even, along its eastern border, abutting the Bay

of Bengal.

Rice is the Principal food crop cultivated throughout the state providing food for its growing

population, fodder to the cattle and employment to the rural masses. Any decline in its hectarage and

production will have a perceivable impact on the state’s economy and food security. In A.P rice is mostly

cultivated under irrigated eco-system under canals (52%), tube wells (19.31) tanks (16.2%), other wells (8.8%)

and other sources (3.7%).

III. Zonal information

a. Climate

By virtue of its location and climate, Andhra Pradesh represents a transition from tropical to sub

tropical zone of the country. The climate is predominantly semi arid to arid, except for the coastal region on

the east coast which has humid to sub humid climate. Hot weather (summer) prevails from March to May,

South West mansoon June to September, North east mansoon-October to December and winter December

to February. Temperature ranges from 8oC to 46

oC .

b. Soil type/Nutrient management

Andhra Pradesh is endowed with a wide variety of soils, ranging from less fertile coastal sands to

highly fertile and productive deltaic alluvia (enti soils/verti sols) of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar rivers

and the red (alfisol) and black (verti sols) soils, developed from different parent materials. The six major soil

groups present in the state are red soils (Alfi sols 65%), black soils (verti sols 25%), alluvial soils (Entisols and

verti sols 5%) Coastal sands (Enti sols 3%), laterite and lataitic soils (Oxisols) and problem soils (Alfi sols &

Incepti sols 1%) including saline, saline alkali and non saline-alkali soils.

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c. Rainfall and its distribution pattern

Rainfall of Andhra Pradesh is influenced by both South West and North-East mansoons. The average

rainfall of the state is 925 mm, varying from about 520 mm in Anantapur district to 1160 mm in Vizianagaram

and East Godavari districts. In some years, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari, Adilabad and Khammam

districts have recorded 1400 to 1500 mm rainfall.

The distribution of annual rainfall in the state as a whole is about 69% during South West monsoon,

22% during North-East mansoon and 9% during winter and hot weather months.

d. Agro climatic zones

Andhra Pradesh state has been divided into 9 Agro-climatic zones based on the amount and

distribution of rainfall pattern.

1. North Coastal Zone: Consists of most parts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam districts

with regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Anakapalli as regional centre. This zone receives

1000-1100mm rainfall and possesses 12.6% of rice area..

2. Godavari Zone: Comprising East and West Godavari districts with regional Agricultural Research

Station (RARS), Maruteru as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from 800-1100 mm and has 46.5%

of rice area of the state..

3. Krishna Zone : Consists of Krishna, Guntur, Parts of Prakasham, Krammam and Nalgonda with Regional

Agricultural Research Station, (RARS), Lam as regional centre. Important soil groups are deltaic

Alluvium, red soils with clay base, black cotton soils, red loamy coastal sands and saline soils.

4. Northern Telangana Zone: Comprising Adilabad, Nizamabad and Karimnagar with Regional Agricultural

Research Station, (RARS), Jagtial as regional centre. Rain fall varies from 900-1150 mm and rice

occupies 16% of rice area of the state.

5. Central Telangana Zone: Consisting of Warangal, Medak and Khammam with Regional Agricultural

Research Station (RARS), Warangal as regional centre.

6. Southern Telangana Zone: Comprising the districts of Hyderabad Rangareddy, Mahboobnagar,

Nalgonda with Regional Agricultural Research Station, (RARS) at Palem as regional centre. This zone

receives 700-900 mm rain fall and has 9.3% of rice area of the state.

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7. Southern Zone: Includes the districts of Nellore, Chittoor Cadapah with Regional Agricultural Research

(RARS), at Tirupathi as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from

700-1000 mm and has about 12.6% of rice area of the state.

8. Scarce rainfall zone: Consisting of the districts of Kurnool, Anantapur, Prakasham parts of Cudapah

and Mahboobnagar with Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) at Nandyal as Regional Centre

. This zone has 3.8% of rice area. The average annual rainfall ranges from 500-700mm.

9. High Altitude and Tribal area zone: Covering areas lying along the Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,

Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Khammam district with Regional Agricultural Research Station,

Chintapalli as Regional centre. This zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm.

e) Rice and cultural heritage in the state :

Rice has a great cultural heritage . Many preparations viz., payasam,paravannam, ondrallu, arshalu,

laddulu etc., are prepared and offered to the God at the time of worshipping. Rice is one among

Navadhanyalu at the time of construction of houses (Bhoomipooja) and navagraha pooja.Rice is used

as THALAMBRALU and AKSHANTHALU while mixing in turmeric powder and also used as

VADIBIYYAM.Rice flakes (palalu) are used at the time of taking the deadbody to graveyard. Basumathi

rice is a geographical indicator .

IV. Rice production Scenario

• Area: Area under rice mostly depends on the mansoon pattern and availability of water in reservoirs.

Area under rice was high during 2008-09 (43.87 l.ha) and lowest is in 2002-03 (28.22 l.ha) Table-1.

There is no scope for increasing area under rice and rice area is replaced by some profitable dry crops

due to in sufficient water. Rice is grown in 28% of gross cropped area and 50% of area under food

crops round the year in all the districts. Though there is a rise and fall of area and production of rice

based on water availability, but there is a constant increase in productivity. In the context of food

security such decline in area and production is not good to meet the future rice requirement. In the

coastal districts the area under rice is declining because of aquaculture activities.

• Production: Rice production depends up on the seasonal conditions prevailing during that particular

year. Sofar highest production was realized (140.10 l.t) during 2008-09 and lowest (73.29 l.t) during

2002-03. In the basal production, contribution of superfine varieties is 62% followed by 25% of fine

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varieties and the rest from common varieties. It is expected that about 20 lakh tones of fine rice

would be exported from the state. More rice is produced in East Godavari (17.01 l.t), West Godavari

(16.71 l.t), Krishna (11.42 l.t), Karimnagar (10.87 l.t), Guntur (10.27 l.t) and lowest in Ranga Reddy

(1.04).

• Productivity, Ecosystem wise : In A.P rice productivity is 3333 kg/ha compared to 2001 kg/ha (India)

and 4112 kg/ha (world). Rice productivity is highest in Nellore district (4473kg/ha) followed by East

Godavari (4028 kg/ha), West Godavari (3928 kg/ha) and lowest in Vishakhapatnam (2075 kg/ha). The

crop is grown in three ecosystems viz., irrigated ecosystem (50.6%), rainfed low land (43.8%) and

rainfed uplands (5.6%) . In A.P realized yields are above state average in 9 districts i.e., Nellore (4473

kg/ha), East Godavari (4028 kg/ha), West Godavari (3928 kg/ha), Prakasham (3779 kg/ha),

Nizamabad (3629 kg/ha), Nalgonda (3555 kg/ha), Adilabad (3878 kg/ha), Guntur (3468 kg/ha),

Khammam (3376 kg/ha) and in 13 districts yields are less than the state average and lowest in

Vishakhapatnam district (2075 kg/ha).

• Yield gap and its reasons: Most of the varieties already released and recommended are capable of

yielding 4.0 to 5.0 t/ha of rice under field conditions against the average yield of 3.43 t/ha being

achieved by the state. Thus, there still exists an yield gap of 0.5 to 1.5 t/ha even with the available

varieties and technologies.

To achieve the yield potential already created, farmers have to necessarily adopt recommended

package in totality. Farmers are adopting the improved variety and a part of the package not giving adequate

attention to the remaining component particularly the correction of soil problems, nutritional disorders and

water management to some extent. Over 5000 litres of water is required to produce 1 kilogram of rice. Most

if it is used for soil preparation and weed suppression. To make rice farming more profitable, water use

efficiency has to be improved a lot in addition to other factors.

Though the yields are increasing over the years to varying degree they are not proportionate to the

increase in production cost. The factor productivity which is on decline should improve. Therefore, the

research and extension efforts will have to focus on the efficient use of inputs, reduction in the costs of

production, minimizing input losses and maximize output through scientific crop production and protection

technologies like Maintance of optimum population, water, soil test based integrated nutrient management,

integrated pest management, in addition to sustainable soil management, harvest and post harvest

management.

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The state being one of the highest fertilizer and pesticides consuming regions in the country, the key

factor leading to the difference in rice yields between A.P on one side and Punjab and Tamilnadu on the

other is the proportionate share of groundwater irrigated area which is 62% in Punjab, 45% in Tamilnadu

compared to 35% in A.P while Punjab and Tamilnadu developed 99% and 60% of their ultimate ground water

potential respectively. A.P developed less than 20% of its ground water potential. Ground water

development, thus, appears crucial for stepping up rice yields.

Another crucial factor in this regard is the extent of irrigated rice area in Andhra Pradesh. Although

rice is said to be irrigated to an extent of 95% of the area planted in the state, 50% is under tanks, wells and

tube wells which in turn depend on the rainfall and good mansoon. How dependable is this source is known

to every one. Thus, only 50% of the rice area gets assured irrigation water through canals under major

projects.

A third and major factor which is pulling down the rice yields in the state is damage due to frequent

cyclones and floods which are common at the time of harvest. Biotic and abiotic stresses are the other

factors greatly influencing the yield gaps apart from others.

e. Major contributing factors in different ecologies:

Under Irrigated transplanted ecology assured water, intensive cultivation with high inputs using high

yielding varieties and adoption of plant protection measures -are the major contributing factors for higher

productivity. Cyclones, floods , weeds , sub-mergens of the crop at critical stages and rodents are the yield

reducers.

In Rainfed lowland ecology high rain fall, fertile soils, availability of suitable varieties, high input use,

scope for giving irrigation at critical (later stages i. e., from tillering onwards) stages ,need based plant

protection are the factors for higher yields. Drought, planting of overaged seedlings, intermittent dryspells

during crop growth period and inadequate fertilizer application and Plant protection measures are the

reasons for low yields.

In rainfed ecology, uncertainity of rainfall, intermittent dry spells, weeds and lack of suitable high

yielding varieties with production technology are the reasons for low yields.

f) Contribution to the GDP: Andhra Pradesh contributes 16-18% towards rice production from an area

of about 10% of country’s rice area.

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V. Region wise/District wise rice Ecosystems

In Telangana region: Irrigated ecosystem

Rainfed low land eco system

Coastal Andhra Pradesh: Irrigated eco system

Submergence conditions

Rainfed lowland eco system

Rayala Seema : Irrigated ecosystem

Irrigated ecosystem: Rice crop is mostly grown under different sources of irrigation under puddle conditions

by growing dry or wet nurseries. Field is prepared with desi plough drawn by he buffaloes or by tractors.

Transplantation is mostly done by contract labour by random planting method called “Chikku natu” where

plant population is low.

Rainfed low land eco system: In Kothaguda, Mulugu agency area of Warangal district, Bhadrachalam area of

Khammam district and also is some parts ofr North Coastal area, dry nursery is raised with the on set of

mansoon. The field is bunded so that the rain water from upper area gets accumulated in the field and crop

resembles as if it is grown as a translplanted crop. Sometimes after dry sowing, the field is converted to wet

cultivation as and when water is available. This practice is common in Visakhapatnam and Sri Kakulam

district.

Rainfed eco system:In some North Coastal districts and Telangana area rice is cultivated as a rainfed crop.

Varieties grown under this condition are Akasavari, MTU-9992, MTU-17, mettasannalu, Varalu and all these

varieties have drought resistance. They are sown behind the plough or seed drill. Some times redgram or

hibiscus is taken as an intercrop. Rainfed rice varieties face intermittent drought spells. They have very good

ability to recover from drought in seedling stage and maximum losses occur, if the drought prevails at

flowering stage.

VI. Rice production and economic analysis

VII. Rice and rice based cropping systems – zone wise

Godavari Zone : Rice-Rice-Pulses

Rice-Rice

Rice-Green manures

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Rice-Vegetables

Rice-Maize

Rice-Rice-Green manure/Rice-Green manures

Krishna Zone: Rice-Rice

Rice-Pulses (Greengram/blackgram)

Rice-Zero tillage, Maize

Rice-Vegetables

Rice-Rice-Green manure

North Coastal zone: Rice- Rice

Rice- Pulses

Rice- Sugarcane

Rice- Millets

Rice- Green manures

Northern Telangana Zone : Rice- Rice - rice

Rice- Rice

Rice- Sunflower/Maze

Rice- Fodders

Rice- Greenmanures

Central Telangana Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice

Rice- Rice

Rice- Greenmanures

Rice- Maize

Southern Telangana Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice

Rice- Rice

Rice- Vegetables

Rice- Greenmanures

South Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice

Rice- Groundnut

Rice- Rice

Rice- Rice

Scarce rainfall Zon: Rice- Groundnut

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Rice- Sunflower

Rice- Greenmanure

High Altitude and Tribal Zone: Rice- Rice

Rice- Oilseeds

Rice- Pulses

VIII Rice growing seasons of different regions

Region First crop Second crop Third crop

Coastal Andhra

Pradesh

Saarva (Kharif)

June - November

Dalva (Rabi season)

November - March)

-

Telangana Aabi (Kharif season)

June – November

Taabi (Rabi season)

15th

November –April

Kathera (Summer)

April – July

Rayalasema Vanakaru (Kharif)

June – December

Endakaru (Rabi)

November - March

Mokkadugu(Summar)

February- May

Edagaru(Early Kharif

May – August

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IX. Recommended package of practices

a) Varieties/hybrids : Recommended varieties or hybrids for different situations

Seasons

/

Situa-

tions

High

altitude

and tribal

zone

Scarce

rainfall

Zone

South

Telangana

zone

Central

Telangana

Zone

Northern

Telangana

Zone

South

zone

North

Coastal

zone

Godavari

zone

Krishna

Zone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Early

Kharif

-

- Pushpala,

Cottondora

Sannalu,

Bharani,

Nidhi,

Shravani,

Somasila

Swarna,

Samba

mahsuri,

Phalguna

Swarn

a,

Samba

mahsu

ri,

Phalgu

na

Vijeth

a

-

- Pushkal

a,

rabi

IR.64

Normal

planting

Swarna,

Chaitanya,

Krishna

veni,

Deepthi,

Prathibha,

Surya,

Bapatla

Swarna,

Chaitan

ya,

Krishna

ve

Ni,

Prathib

a,

Srikakulam

Sannalu,

Swarna,

Chaitanya,

Vasundhara

Sonamah

suri

Penna,

Simhapuri

,

Tikkana,

Pinakini

Savithri,

Sriranga,

Vedagiri,

Bhadrakali

Kavya,

Shiva,

Warangal

Samba,

Warangal

Sannalu

Bhadr

a

kali

Kavya,

Shiva,

Waran

gal

Samba

Samba

Mahsuri,

Sagarsa

mba,

Earlysam

ba

Rajavadl

u,

Samba

mahsuri

Sonamah

suri,

Depthi,

Nandyala

sannalu

Srikakul

am

sannalu,

Phalghu

na,

Suraksh

a,

Vijetha,

Vasund

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sannalu,

Indhra,

for

Prakasham

District;

Sriranga,

NLR-9674,

Pardiva,

Swarna

mukhi

Surya,

Tolakari

,

Amara

Srikurma,

Vijetha.

Pardhiva,

NLR 9674

Keshava,

Ramappa,

Polasa

Prabha,

Jagityala

Sannalu,

Jagityala

Samba,

Manerson

a

Indursamb

a

Vijetha,

cotton

Dorasanna

lu

Palalavadl

u,

,

Waran

gal

sannal

u

Kesha

va,

Ramap

pa

Polasa

prabh

a,

Jagitya

la

Sannal

u,

Jagitya

la

Samba

,

Maner

sona

Indur

samba

Vijeth

a,

Chandan,

Kavya,

Salema,

Satya,

Erramall

elu,

Tellaham

sa,

Sumathi,

Taramat

hi,

Suganda

mathi

hara

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cotton

Dora

sannal

u

Over

aged

seedling

planting

Swarna,

Indhra,

Bapatla

sannalu,

Amara

Swarna,

Chaitan

ya,Indh

ra,

Amara

Srikakulam

sannalu,

Swarna

Simhapuri

,Tikkana,

Sri Ranga,

Swarna

Mukhi,

Pardhiva,

Swarna,

Warangal

Samba,

Warangal

Sannalu

Samba

mahsuri

Polasa

prabha

Swarn

a,

Waran

gal

Sannal

u,

Waran

gal

samba

Samba

mahsu

ri

polasa

prabh

a

Swarna,

Phalguna

Surekha,

Kavya,

Samba

mahsuri

Samba

Mhsuri,

Sona

mahsuri

Sonama

hsuri

BPH

Prone

areas

Chaitanya,

Krishnaven

i,Deepthi,

Indhra and

Amara.

Chaitan

ya,Krish

na

veni,

Deepthi

,

Indhra

Godava

Chaitanya,

Deepthi,

Vijetha

Deepthi,

Vijetha,

Vijetha

cotton

dora

sannalu

Vijeth

a

cotton

dora

sannal

u

Vijetha,

cotton

dora

sannalu

Deepthi Deepthi

, Vijetha

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ri,

Indhra

Submer

gence

areas

Bapatla

sannalu,

Swarna,

Krishnaven

i Indhra

Badava

Mahsur

i,

Indhra,

Swarna

Srikakulam

sannalu,

Badava

mahsuri

Badava

Mahsuri

Savithri

_ _ _ _ Swarna

Seasons/

Situa-

tions

High

altitude

and tribal

zone

Scarce

rainfall

Zone

South

Telangana

zone

Central

Telangana

Zone

Northern

Telangana

Zone

South

zone

North

Coastal

zone

Godavari

zone

Krishna

Zone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Saline

soils

Deepthi,

Vikas,

Vedagiri,

Somashila

Deepthi Deepthi,

Vikas,

Somashila

Vedagiri,

Swarna

mukhi,

Somashila

Vikas Vikas Vikas - -

Late

plantings

Swarna,

Chaitanya,

Vijetha,

Cottondora

sannalu

Swarna,

Chaitan

ya

Vijetha,

Cotton

Vasundhara

Suraksha,

Vamshi,

cotton

Dora

Swarna

Mukhi,

Swathi,

Shravani,

Sathya,

Keshava,

Pothana,

Indur

samba,

Erramallel

Erramall

elu

Pothana

Ramapp

a jagtial

sannalu

keshava

Surekha,

Kavya,

Erramall

eluSatya,

Tellaham

saKrishn

Samba

mahsuri,

Sona

mahsuri,

Nandyala

-

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Dora

sannalu

sannalu

Apurva u

Ramappa

Jagtial

sannalu-

3844

JGL-

3844

Indursa

mba

a Hamsa,

Rajavadl

u

sannalu,

Sathya,

Swathi,

Somashil

aShravan

i

Rainfed

situation

MTU-9993,

Maruteru

sannalu

Varalu

MTU-

9993

Maruter

u

sannalu,

Varalu

Pushkala,

MTU-9993,

Maruteru

Sannalu

Varalu,

Srisatya

- MTU-

9993,

Rudrama,

Varalu

- - - MTU-

9993,

Maruteru

sannalu

Pushkala,

Srisatya

Irrigated

dry

condi-

tions

Swarna,

MTU-9993,

Maruterru

sannalu,

Swarna

mukhi,

Cotton

Dora

Sannalu,

Vijetha

Swarna,

MTU-

9993,

Maruter

u

sannalu,

Cotton

Dora

Sannalu,

Vijetha.

Swarna,

Sona

mahsuri,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Vijetha

Thikkana,

Swarna

mukhi,

Vijetha

Varalu Varalu Swathi,

Nandyala

sannalu

- -

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SUITABLE VARIETIES FOR RABI SEASON

Normal

sowings

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Vijetha,

IR. 64,

Jagityala

Sannalu,

Nelluru

mahsuri

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Vijetha,

Prabhat

h,

IR. 64,

Jagityal

sannalu,

Nelluri

mahsuri

Pushkala ,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Vijetha

Swarna

mukhi,

Swathi,

Vijetha,

Apurva,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Jagityala

sannalu,

Nelluru

mahsuri

Erramallel

u,Indursa

mba,

Warangal

Sannalu,

Warangal

samba

Erramall

elu,War

angal

samba,

Warang

al

sannalu,

Indur

samba,

Manair

samba,

manair

sannalu

Keshava,

Tellaham

saSatya,

Taramati

,

Erramall

elu

Swathi,

sathya,

Rasi,

Nandyala

sanallu,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Nelluru

mahsuri

Pushkala,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu,

Vijetha

Late

sowings

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Pushkala,

Cotton Dora

sannalu

Swathi,

Shrawani,

Sathya,

Somashila

,Vijetha,

cotton

Dora

sannalu

Tellahams

a,

Sathya,

Rasi,

Keshava,

Varsha,

Pothana,

IR. 64

Tellaha

msa,

Rasi,

Keshava

,

Varsha,

Sathya,

Potana,

I.R. 64

Erramall

eluPrasa

nna

Rasi,

Pothana,

I.R. 64,

Krishna

hamsa

Swathi,

Shravani

Sathya,

Rasi

Pushkala,

IR.64,

Abhaya,

Rasi

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BPH

Prone

areas

Vijetha,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Vijetha,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Vijetha,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Deepthi,

Vijetha,

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Cotton

Dora

sannalu

- Cotton

Dora

sannalu

Seasons/

Situa-

tions

High

altitude

and tribal

zone

Scarce

rainfall

Zone

South

Telangana

zone

Central

Telangana

Zone

Northern

Telangana

Zone

South

zone

North

Coastal

zone

Godavari

zone

Krishna

Zone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Salt

Prone

areas

Somashila - Somashila Somashila Vikas Vikas Vikas - -

HYBRIDS APHR-1,

APHR-2,

KRH-2,

PHB-71,

PA-6201.

PA-6444,

DRRH-2,

DRRH-3,

Suruchi,

US-312,

RH-204

APHR-1,

APHR-2,

KRH-2,

PHB-71,

PA-6201.

PA-6444,

DRRH-2,

DRRH-3,

Suruchi,

US-312,

RH-204

APHR-1,

APHR-2,

KRH-2, PHB-

71, PA-

6201. PA-

6444,

DRRH-2,

DRRH-3,

Suruchi, US-

312, RH-204

Somashila Vikas Vikas Vikas - -

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b) Management inclusive of mechanization:

1. Seed treatment: For dry nurseries treat the seed with 3g per kg of seed and broadcast after 24hr.

while for wet nurseries use 1g per liter of water and soak the seed for 24hr and allow it to sprout for

another 24 hr and broadcast in the well prepared seedbed.

2. Breaking dormancy: For varieties having seed dormancy, treat the seed with 6.3ml of concentrated

Nitric acid dissolved in 1 lit of water and for strong dormant seeds use 10ml of concentrated Nitric acid per

1ml of water and soak for 24hr and then allow it for sprouting.

3. Seed rate: 50 to 70 kg/ha for transplanted crop.

50 to 75kg/ha. for broadcasted crop.

40 to 50kg/ha. for drilling behind the gorru

4. Tips for growing healthy nurseries:

• Plough the soil thoroughly 3 to 4 times and level it perfectly. Make channels for irrigation water and

drainage.

• For 5 cents of nursery bed apply 2kg. Nitrogen(1kg at the time of broadcasting the seed and another

after 12 to 14 days) 1kg P2O5 and 1kg Potash. In cold prone areas apply double dose

• Broadcast the sprouted seed 5kg /cent of soil.

• Allow it to dry for some time and give slight irrigation at first leaf stage.

• If zinc deficiency is noticed spray 2g ZnSO4 dissolved in 1 liter of water. In case of dry nursery if Iron

deficiency is noticed spray 2% Ferrous sulphate solution.

• Apply Carbofuran 3G granules 10 days after broadcasting the seed per cent of nursery @160g or

Monocrotophos 1.6ml or Cloripyriphos 2.0 ml per liter of wate. Apply Carbofuran 3g granules @160g

per cent of nursery week days before uprooting the nursery

5. Preparation of main field: Ten to fifteen days before transplantation plough the soil thoroughly and

submerge in 5-10cm standing water. Add 2-3 t/acre of green manure and incorporate it by puddling. Then

level the soil perfectly. In soils, having more than 8.5 pH apply 100-150 kg zypsum/acre.

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Four to five leaf stage , uproot the nursery , trim the tips of seedlings and transplant, by leaving 20 cm

alley ways for every 2 meters in the following way.

Duration of the variety Spacing Number of hills per square meter

Long duration (150 days and more) 20 x 15 cm 33

Medium duration ( 135 days ) 15 x 15 cm 44

Short duration (125 days ) 15 x 10 cm 66

Control the weeds by hand weeding twice . Apply weedicide ( Butaclore 1.0l or Anilophos 500ml or

Pritilaclore 500ml etc., ) with in weak days in standing water. Drain out the field 24hrs before and top dress

with urea at tillering , panicle initiation stage. Add potash also at panicle initiation stage. In soils of excessive

percolation use neem coated urea or tar coated urea. Maintain 2-5 cm water throughout the growing season.

Control rat menace with poison bait viz., Aluminium phosphate or Bromodiolen on community basis.

Prevent pre-harvest sprouting in cyclones. Immerse panicles in 2% common salt solution (20g in one liter of

water ).

MANAGEMENT OF OVERAGED SEEDLINGS :

Age of seedlings and varieties-

1. Long duration up to 60 days Samba mahsuri, Swarna

2. Medium duration up to 50 days Surekha, Warangal samba, Polasa prabha

3. Short duration up to 40 days Ramappa, Jagityalasannalu, Nellore sannalu

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X Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) specific to the state

@ Collection and incorporation of green matter ( Calatrophus, sunhemp, glyricidia, neem leaf, pongamia

etc.,) before transplantation to enrich soil fertility and reduce the harmfull effects of soil inhibiting

micro-organisms.

@ Use of neam products for reducing the effect of BPH.

@ Oddu (Artificial bund ) across agentle basin slope with or without weir to control and make the water

to stay at one place.

@ Sheap/goat penning for insitu nutrient management.

@ Application of FYM to build the productivity/nutrient status of the soil.

@ Bueshening leads to green manuring. Criss cross ploughing in a standing rice crop of 30-50 days after

seeding when 10-15 cm depth of water stands in the fields. This is followed by laddering and seedling

re-distribution. Some times weeding is also takenup. This improves water retension, aeration,

nutrient uptake, reduces insect pests, improves tillering and plant vigour and reduces competition.

XI Byproducts / extended use of rice specific to the state :

a) Use and consumption

b) Market value

c) Milling products:Rice husk,rice bran, broken rice, rice floor, rice milk, rice pudding, rice starch, rice

paper,brown rice, white rice, raw rice, paraboiling rice

d) Rice based food products:Rice starch, rice used in bewerage making, rice glue, rice cakes, rice

venegre, rice soymilk

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XII Rice and commerce (exports and revenue generation )

XIII Special development programmes in rice sector of the state

The National Food Security Mission for rice and pulses launched as a centrally sponcered scheme

funded by Central Government. In Andhra Pradesh NFSM on rice is being implemented since rabi 2007-2008.

The main aim is to increase production through area expansion and productivity enhancement on

sustainable basis so as to ensure food security. Pattern of assistance for components of NFSM are INM,

IPM,HYV/Hybrids, hybrid seed production, demonstrations on SRI, supply of cono weeders, markers,

popularization of modern equipment etc.,

V Status of rice production technologies

a) SRI: System of rice intensification method of cultivation has sensitized the farmer on lesser use of

seed/ acre and use of less water for rice cultivation. This programme was intensively popularized by

the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by extending subsidies on rotary weeders and markers which are the

kee components for implementation of SRI. Farmers realized higher yields also but due to difficulty in

running the rotary weeders the method is not spreading horizontally. This system needs to be

targeted only under wells where water control is feasible. There is an urgent need for designing the

power weeders/ weeders that can work in paddy fields with very less drudgery

b) Hybrid rice: Farmers have realized the advantages of growing hybrid rice and the area is slowly

increasing particularly in rabi season. The spread of hybrids are low due to lack of hybrids having

medium slender grain without aroma with good cooking quality attributes in different maturity

groups. 80% of hybrid rice seed is produced in Andhra Praesh.

c) Aerobic rice / conservation agriculture: Aerobic rice/traditional agricultural is practiced in some of

the tribal areas in primitive way. Efforts are underway to develop production technology for

popularization and adoption by farmers.

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d) Biotechnological intervations / golden rice: Improved Samba mahsuri, resistant to bacterial leaf

blight, developed by biotechnological procedures is under demonstrations and is being popularized in

areas where BLB is a problem. Swarna sub-1 is another outcome from MAS and it is getting popular in

submergence areas in the place of swarna. Golden rice is still in research stage at DRR, Hyderabad.

e) IPM/ IDM: This is widely adopted by the farmers due to publicity through polam body , NFSM,

programmes. IPM components are practiced in one or the other way i.e., seeds treatment, alleys

formation, keeping field bunds neatly and other components.

f) INM : Priority is given to this aspect by supply of green manure seeds under subsidy programme.

Most of the farmers are adopting this technology.

Any other: Programme on agricultural implements,

XV Organisations: State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural University, AP State Seed Development

Corporation, National Seed Corporation, Electricity, Banking, irrigation Department, Directorate of rice

research, ICRISAT and others

XVI Constraints in rice production : Biotic and abiotic constraints are limiting the rice production in

Andhrapradesh. Different constraints operating are presented here under.

a) Biotic stresses:

i. Insects : The insect pests attacking the rice crop are BPH, gallmidge, stemborer, cutworm, leaf folder,

Gandhi bug and rice hispa. New and emerging pests are panicle mite and thrips.

Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is a major pest of rice particularly in coastal Andhrapradesh.

But in the recent past it has spread through out the state. In adition to BPH, White backed plant hoppers

(WBPH) incidence also observed and they are occurring in mixed population and causing sever damage

(hopper burn) to the rice crop. Losses due to the incidence of this pest was reported to be 10 to 100%.

Gallmidge (Orseola oryzae) is an important pest of Telangana region and also North coastal

districts. Its damage results in to formation of galls(silver shoots with out panicles).

Losses due to the pest was reported to be to the tune of 10 to 70%. In the begening biotype-1 prevailed but

due to continuous growing of biotype-1 resistant varieties new biotypes have eveloved i.e., biotype-3 in

Northern Telangana zone, biotype-4 in North Coastal Zone and biotype-4m in Central Telangana districts.

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Stem borer ( Scirphophaga incertulas) a major pest of rabi season but also occurs in kharif season. Its

damage manifests in the form of dead heart at tillering phase and white ear at grain filling stage. Yield loss

due to this pest was reported to be 10 to 50%.

Leaf folder (Naphalocrosis medinalis) incidence will be seen in shade areas and also in fields where

more nitrogenous fertilizers were applied. Its intensity is more under humid climate at boot leaf stage. Larva

after hatching from the egg folds the leaves longitudinally and feeds within. In case of severe infestation the

leaf margins and tips dryup.

Rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera) is a minor pest but some times attains status of a major pest. Both

adults and grubs feed on leaves. In severe epidemics, leaves dry up and the crop gives scorched appearance.

Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa oratorius and L. acuta) some times appears in epidemic form and causes severe loss.

The adults and nymphs suck milk from the developing grains and results formation of black spot and illfilled

as wellas chaffy grains.

In the recent past panicle mite (Staenotarsonemus spinki) has attained has an important pest

particularly in telangana region in kharif season and in rabi in coastal Andhra Pradesh. Panicle mite causes

paralle rust like streaks near the leaf mid rib and brown to black discolouration on leaf sheath of boot leaf.

Microscopic mites suck the sap from the developing panicles, eat pollen. Desication of pollen grains leads to

spikelet sterility,partial filling of grains and due to scraping discolouration of grains takes place which fetches

less price in the market and such grain results in to more brokens at the time of milling.

Rice thrips(Stenchaetothrips biformis) is a minor pest and occurs in rainfed rice and

also in early transplanted rice crop. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves causing initially yellowish

streaks on leaves, later the leaves curl longitudinally from the margins inwards leading to sharply pointed tips

resembling that of needles, which finally wither. Infestation at panicle stage causes illfilled grains or sterility.

Diseases :

Blast (Pyricularia oryza) is one of the important disease of rice and it appears at nursery as well as

main field. It appears as leaf blast, nodal blast and neck blast .In Andhra Pradesh the disease occurs both in

kharif as well as in rabi seasons. Another important disease is sheath blight(Rhizoctonia solani) . The disease

reduces the vigour of the plant increases the percentage of empty grains in the panicle and also results in to

ill filled grains. Under high intensity disease spreads up to flag leaf resulting in to death of the plant.

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Sheath rot(Sarocladium oryzae) attacks the rice crop during heading to maturity stages affecting

uppermost leaf sheath enclosing the young panicle. Due to this panicle emergence is partly or completely

arrested. Most of the grains on the panicle become discoloured , partially filled or chaffy. Rice tungro virus

regularly occurs in Nellore tract . Affected plants are stunted, number of tillers reduced and leaves become

light yellow to orange from tip downwards. Infected plants have delayed flowering, panicles are small or not

completely exerted and become mostly chaffy or partially filled grains often covered with dark brown specks.

The disease is caused by rice tungro virus(RTV).The disease is transmitted by Green Leaf Hopper(GLH).

Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae) disease symptoms start as water soaked stripes

along the margins of the upper parts of the leaf blade. The lesions enlarge in length and width with wavy

margins and turn yellow within few days. In sever cases grains also gets affected and results in sever yield

loss. Other important diseases are false smut, stem rot brown spot and bacterial leaf streak.

iii Nematodes : Nematodes are tiny creatures which measure less than one m.m. They enter the tissue and

make small holes which will form entries to other harmfull organisms. White tip nematode or Leaf

nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi ) carried through seed. Adult lays eggs in the space available

between the kernel and husk. After hatching young ones enters in to the growing whoral and suck the

sap. Due to incidence the leaf become bronzed appearance and top leaf gets wrinkled. Due to

infestation, plants gets dwarfened with poor tillering. Under severe infestation, grains become chaffy.

Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus angustatus): This nematode suck the sap from the tender and growing

tips and also developing panicle. They will appear in clusters in middle of the panicle and boot leaf as a result

wrinkling of lemma and palea takes place at on emergence of panicle. Nematode effect is severe at 8-10

days old seedling stage and again at panicle emergence stage. At the time of harvest these nematodes

become white cottony or wool like structures and enter the soil and become dormant. Again they will enter

the rice stems when they are planted in the next season.

Root not Nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae): Nematode attacks the root system, as a result spindle

shaped nots are formed on roots which will inter fear with absorption of nutrients. 10 to 12 days after attack

of root system leaves will turn to yellow or bronzing from leaf edges to mid rib will takes. Attack of more

number of nematodes leads to stunting of plants, tillers gets withered. Losses due to attack of this nematode

is high.

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iv Rodents : From sowing to sale of the paddy rats cause enormous loss. Their population increases after

the floods or natural calamities. In nursery rats eats seeds and seedlings. In transplanted fields they cut the

tillers at 45 degree angle above the water surface. They eat stems and growing tips. Rats become very active

from tillering to harvesting stage by cutting panicles and taking them to rat holes. Panicles at milky stage and

soft dough stage are more palatable to them. They spoil the field bunds by making holes. Rats continue to

damage after harvest on paddy shieves, threshing floors, storage godowns and in houses.

Estimated loss to paddy in East godavary is 10-45 percent, West godavary 15-90 percent, Krishna 10-

42 percent, Guntur 8- 34 percent and in Nellore it is reported to be 2-10 percent. In houses and storage

godowns it is 2.5 percent. In Tellahamsa variety the reported loss was 18 percent, Surekha 7 percent,

Sambamahsuri and Rasi 3 percent and in Dhanya laxmi it was 19 percent.

iv. Weeds: Losses caused by the weeds are reduction in yield,loss of nutrients from the soil, poor quality of

produce, serve as alternate hosts for pests and diseases, compete for water and finally increases the cost of

cultivation. Estimated yield losses due to weeds in lowlands is 10-30%while it is 40- 60%in case of rainfed rice

In upland rice, weeds that infest are mostly grassy weeds such as Cynadon rotundus, Echinocholoa colona and

Panicum spp. Among the broad- leaved weeds Eclipta alba, Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus viridis, Acalypha

indica and Tridax procumbens are frequent. In transplanted fields , Echinocholoa colona, E. crusgalli,

Paspalum distichum, Cyperus iria and other broad- leaved infest the crop. In Krishna- Godavari delta, Ipomia

carnea and water hyacinth infest the crop heavily.

b) Abiotic stresses : Important abiotic factors reducing the rice crop yields are drought, water logging,

temperature, cold, zinc deficiency, salinity etc.,

i) Temperature : In Andhra Pradesh higher temperatures affect the rice crop grown during rabi and

Edagaru seasons. Higher temperatures causes protracted flowering,

drying/dedication of anthers/ pollen grains which leads to spikelet sterility (chaffy grains). It also leads to the

formation of ill filled grains.

ii) Cold : Cold injury has been identified as one of the major abiotic constraint limiting the yield potential of

rabi rice. In Telangana low temperature varies from 8o C – 16

oC from December to firs fortnight of February

during which rabi rice will be in vegetative phase. The common effects of cold injury during vegetative phase

will be low germination, slow growth of seedlings , leaf yellowing , stunted growth characterized by reduced

height and tillering. Temperature below 18oC from primordial intiation to maturity phase adversely affects

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the anthesis and pollination resulting in to delayed heading, incomplete panicle exertion, protracted

flowering and spikelet sterility (complete/ partial) etc., as a result there will be reduction in yield. The effect

of cold is directly proportion to severity and duration of cold period. It also leads in to increase in duration of

the crop. High humidity coupled with low temperature before flowerings results in spikelet sterility. A

temperature of 12o C in January at primordial initiation coupled with high nitrogen resulted in 50-80%

spikelet sterility and severe loss in yields during 1980’s.Varietal differences have been observed for cold

injury (Kulkarni et al. 1989).

iii) Drought: In Andhra Pradesh about 5.6 percent of rice area is under rainfed rice. Even the irrigated rice

depends up on filling up of tanks with rain water and availability of water in canals depends on the rainfall

received. The State has experienced drought many a time in the past. The important drought years in the

past are 1968, 1972, 1977, 1979, 1985, 1987, 1997, 2002, 2003 and 2004. Based on the intensity of drought

and its occurrence during critical stages of crop growth period , there will be change in loss of crop yields.

iv) Water logging : Water logged condition is mostly experienced in Coastal Andhra Pradesh in Kharif

season. Due to water logged conditions there will be poor drainage which leads to poor tillering, incidence of

BPH, sheath blight, blast etc., as a result there will be a heavy loss in yields. An estimated area of 1.1 m Ha

suffers from drainage congestion and water logging in Krishna- Godavari delta. In new command areas,

60,000 ha under Sriramsagar, 33,000 ha under NSP canal, 1,14,000 ha under NSP right canal and 30,000 Ha

under Tungabhadra are water logged.

v) Sodic :

vi) Saline problems : About 6.3 lakh ha. of land is affected by salinity in Andhra Pradesh. It is estimated that

salt affected soils reduce yield by 40-50 percent.Salinity is increasing every year in irrigated rice areas due to

lack of drainage facilities. Though technology for reclamation of salt affected soils is available, there is no

desired achievement. Reclamation using soil amendments needs community approach and co-ordination by

irrigation engineers, State Department of Agriculture and farmers. Soils contains free Na and other salts(Ca,

Mg), chlorides and sulphates. show extensive white grayish white salt depositions on surface in dry season.

Soil pH less than 8.5, electrical conductivity less than 4 ds/ m2 and exchangeable Na% less than 15.

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c) Institutional constraints: Non availability of sufficient budget and staff for effective and successful

implementation of different schemes formulated for desired improvement in the Department. Insuffient

funds for mobility for execution of different programmes being implemental.

At research stations non availability of sufficient land for experiments, particularly for basic seed

production. Dependency on farmers fields may leads to severl purity problems in due course of time. Lack of

sufficient scientific as well as supporting staff, mobility, well developed lands, lack of co-ordination between

different departments and allied departments.

c) Socio- economic constraints: Still many farm families are illiterate/ have low level of literacy, as a

result there is a less scope for knowing the developments in agriculture. They cultivate other crops also along

with rice crop which leads to divertion of concentration in attending the required operations. Many number

of times, timely availability of farm labour poses threat for cultivation of this crop. Low investment capacity

of farmers and non-availability of sufficient timely credit is another important constraint.

XVII. Economics of rice production in the state:

XVIII. Strategies and modern techniques to enhance rice production:

Following strategies are being adopted for increasing the productivity and observing 4% annual

agricultural growth.

@ Farming situation based and market oriented crop planning.Emphasis may be given on a cropping

system approach rather than a single crop approach.

@ Soil test based fertilizer application. Propagation of location specific crop production technologies in

different agroclimatic zones.

@ Soil health management through vermicompost, green manuring, application of gypsum, zinc

sulphate etc.,

@ Reduced cost of production by education the farmers on improved crop management practices like

INM, IPM, Post harvest technology, Water management, Polambadi.

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@ Ensuring supply of quality inputs. Replacement of low potential/ pest susceptible old varieties by new

high yielding varieties with high yield potential. Encourage hybrid rice cultivation in suitable areas by

conducting demonstrations and making seed available to the farmers.

@ Capacity building of extension staff and farmers.

@ Providing Farm implements and farm machinery for improving efficiency in farm operations and cost

of cultivation.

@ Provide access to the information by the farmers.

@ Management of natural resources and farming systems approach.

@ Weather based forewarming of pest and diseases and timely control.

@ Promote value addition and export oriented agriculture.

@ Access to credit.

XIX. Status of seed production of major varieties/ agencies involved, demand and supply :

Major agencies involved in seed production are A.P State Seed Development Corporation, National

Seed Corporation, Department of Agriculture Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Private Companies

and NGO organizations.

Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University is involved in Breeder seed production and Foundation

seed production to some extent. During 2009-2010, 7294 q of breeder seed was produced against the target

of 4237 q. Major varieties under breeder seed production are Samba mahsuri (2877), Cottondora sannalu

(2179), Vijetha (616), Warangal sannalu (4967), Warangal samba (49), Erramallelu (60), Surekha (27), Jagtyala

sannalu (203), I.R-64 (137), Sona mahsuri (132), Polasa prabha (86), RNR 10754 (200), RGL-2537 (60) NLR

33892 (47) and others .

Major varieties under foundation seed production during 2009-2010 were samba mahsuri (2767 q)

cotton dura sannalu (927 q) Vijatha (286 q) Amara (382 q), RG:-2537 (219 q) Nelluru mahsuir (898 q), NLR-

33892 (465 q), Swarna (76 a) etc.

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There are 25 seed Farms in the State and implementing Foundation seed Production Programme with a

concept to meet the foundation seed requirement of seed village programme. During 2007-2008, from 569

ha. 28450 q of foundation seed was produced.

XX. Modern agricultural implements used in rice production :Combined harvesters, Transplanters (in

popularization stage),rotary weeders, tractor drawn leveling blade, power tillers,laser guided levelers(in

popularization stage), threshers, harvesters, combined harvesters, serrated sickles, wetland leveler ect.,

XXI. Conclusion and way forward : In Andhra Pradesh, rice production has been increased by three folds

due to developments in production technologies and untiring efforts of farming community. Still there is a

difference between the potential yields and realized yields. New approaches and paradigm shifts are needed

in rice research to enhance the production and productivity to meet the future demand. Rapid advances in

molecular biology and biotechnology offers scope to utilize the gene technologies for facing the future

problems. In addition to the conventional approaches, research efforts are to be intensified to harness the

new technologies for enhancing production, productivity and nutritional qualities of rice.

There is no scope for increase of area under rice. Hence, there is a need to increase per unit area of

production. With the available as well as the technology to be generated in future and using the strengths

(Availability of good varieties and hybrids, strong research base, rice farming is easy and rice has good

internal and external market) and opportunities available in A.P weaknesses and threats existing in different

agro-climatic zones can be overcome and production can be increased not only to meet the state

requirement but can export to earn .

XXII. Future thrust in rice production technologies : To meet the future demand of rice and to make rice

farming more remunerative, there is a need to increase per unit area of production by adopting appropriate

production technologies. Based on the realized yields identify the areas as low, medium and high productive

areas. Our efforts should be to enhance the yields from low to medium, medium to high and high to further

high. Future thurst areas are

1. Genetic enhancement of yield and strengthening of quality seed production.

a) Enhancing production and productivity through hybrid rice.

b) Stabilizing yield through molecular breeding.

2. Enhancement of resource use efficiency with emphasis on water.

a) Water saving and yield enhancing strategies.

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b) Improving input use efficiency and soil health in rice and rice based cropping systems and enhancing

productivity.

c) Enhancement of rice productivity and value addition through mechanization.

3. Bio-intensive integrated pest management (IPM, IDM, IWM ).

4. Development of tools and machines for increasing efficiency and reducing drudgery.

5. Facilitating technology transfer utilizing Information and Communication Technologies for

accelerated dissemination of technologies.

Table -1: Area production and productivity of rice in A.P (2009-10 – 1956-57)

S. No Year Area (‘000

ha)

Production

(‘0000 t)

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 2009-2010 - - -

2 2008-2009 - - -

3 2007-2008 3930 1332.0 3340

4 2006-2007 3979 1326.0 3330

5 2005-2006 4104 1329.3 3230

6 2004-2005 3086 960.1 3110

7 2003-2004 2975 895.3 3000

8 2002-2003 2822 732.9 2590

9 2001-2002 3825 1139.0 2970

10 2000-01 4243 12458.1 2936

11 1999-2000 4014 10638.0 2710

12 1998-1999 4316 11878.0 2812

13 1997-1998 3500 8510.0 2431

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14 1996-1997 4011 10488.0 2615

15 1995-1996 3692 9014.0 2498

16 1994-1995 3997 9649.0 2414

17 1993-1994 3485 9397.0 2696

18 1992-1993 3524 8792.0 2495

19 1991-1992 3854 9249.0 2400

20 1990-1991 3953 9654.0 2442

21 1989-1990 4144 9959.0 2403

22 1988-1989 4129 10621.0 2572

23 1987-1988 3138 7087.1 2258

24 1986-1987 3378 6591.4 1951

25 1985-1986 3363 7613.5 2264

26 1984-1985 3418 6909.1 2021

27 1983-1984 4067 8790.7 2161

28 1982-1983 3558 7671.3 2156

29 1981-1982 3743 7867.8 2102

30 1980-1981 3521 7011.4 1991

31 1979-1980 3392 6306.9 1859

32 1978-1979 3897 7432.1 1907

33 1977-1978 3581 5604.6 1565

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34 1976-1977 3496 4929.7 1410

35 1975-1976 3893 6451.2 1657

36 1974-1975 3554 5700.3 1604

37 1973-1974 3377 5583.2 1653

38 1972-1973 2927 4256.4 1454

39 1971-1972 3041 4717.1 1551

40 1970-1971 3522 4786.4 1359

41 1969-1970 3469 4329.7 1248

42 1968-1969 2850 3508.4 1231

43 1967-1968 3398 4673.6 1375

44 1966-1967 3375 4415.1 1308

45 1965-1966 3138 3961.1 1262

46 1964-1965 3460 5006.8 1447

47 1963-1964 3505 4343.0 1239

48 1962-1963 3475 4243.5 1221

49 1961-1962 3395 4515.1 1330

50 1960-1961 2956 3660.5 1238

51 1959-1960 3080 3835.6 1245

52 1958-1959 3009 3764.8 1251

53 1957-1958 2833 3345.9 1181

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Table-2: Ecosystem wise rice cultivation in Andhra Pradesh

Ecosystem

Remarks

Irrigated

transplantedEco-

system

More than 85% of rice is grown under different sources of irrigation under

puddle condition. Rice is transplanted by random planting method where plant

population is inadequate

Rainfed low

land Eco-system

Around 10% of rice cultivated in high rainfall areas of Bhadrachalem,

Eturnagaram and in some parts of North coastal districts in under this situation.

Dry nursery in raised with the onset of monsoon and transplanted on a well

prepared field when there is a heavy rain. Field is bunded so that the rain water

from upper areas gets accumulated in the field and the crop resembles as if it is

grown as a transplanted crop. Some times after dry sowing, the field is

converted to wet cultivation as and when water is available. This practice is

common in Vishakhapatnam and Srikakulam district.

Rainfed Eco system Around 5% of area is under rainfed rice in Telangana, North coastal and parts of

Nellore districts under this system, some times crop is intercropped with

Redgram/hibiscus

54 1956-1957 2929 3406.9 1163

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Table-3: Popular and high yielding varieties grown in Andhra Pradesh

Sl.

No

Zone Varieties grown

1 Nortern Telangana Zone

(NTZ)

BPT-5204, JGL-384, JGL-1798, Surekha, Kavya,

WGL-32100, WGL-14, MTU-1001, MTU-1010, Swarna, Erramallelu,

IR-64

2 Central Telangana Zone

(CTZ)

BPT-5204, WGL-14, WGL-32100, Swarna, Surekha, Kavya,

Bhadrakali, MTU-1001, MTU-1010, IR-64, Erramallelu, JGL-384,

JGL-1798

3 Southern Telangana Zone

(STZ)

RNR-M-7, Sagar samba, Kavya, BPT-5204, WGL-14,

WGL-32100, JGL-384, JGL-1798, MTU-1010, MTU-1001, Swarna,

Tellahamsa, Erramallelu, IR-64

4 Southern Zone (SZ) NLR+33892, NLR-145, BPT-5204, JGL-384, JGL-1798, Tikkana, MTU-

1010, MTU-1001, NLR-34449

5 Krishna Zone (KZ) MTU-2077, MTU-1001, MTU-1061, MTU-1064, BPT-5204, Bapatla

Sannalu, MTU-1010, JGL-384, JGL-1798

6 Godavari Zone (GZ) Swarna, MTU-1001, MTU-1010, MTU-1061, MTU-1064, PLA-1100,

BPT-5204, IR-64, JGL-1798

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7 North Coastal Zone (NCZ) Srikakulam, Sannual, Swarna, Vasundara, Sonamahsuri, MTU-1001,

MTU-1010, IR-64

8 Scarce rainfall zone (SRZ)

BPT-5204, Sonamahsuri, Kavya, JGL-384, JGL-1798

9 High altitude tribal zone

(HATZ)

Srikakulam sannalu, Swarna, Pushkala, Vasundara, MTU-

1001, MTU-1010

Table 4: List of local germplasm having special features (Nutritional medicinal, pest, diseases etc)

S. No Name of local germplasm line Special feature

1 Godavari isukalu Short bold aromatic rice

2 Chittimutyalu Short, Aromatic rice

3 Kichidi sambar (HR-35) Excellent cooking quality and taste

4 Kakirekkalu Long grained scented rice with black husk

5 Molagolukulu Long slender grain with good cooking quality

6 Akkulu Quality grain

7 Rajhamsa -

8 Amritsari -

9 Tallavadlu Drought tolerant rain fed condition

10 Bail vadly Droudht, rainfed

11 Akasvari D rought, rainfed

12 Eswarakora Gallmidge resistance, redkernel

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13 Sethhsadi Very early, 70 days

14 Ghama Ghamalu Scented and quality grain

15 Telladlu Very early, 70 days

16 Royyapottu Scented with quality grain

17 Chinthapuvvu Rich in nutritive value( Iron)

18 Nallaregativodlu Rich in nutritive value(Iron)

19 Neeru Gummadi 150 days and grows tall as the water level increases

Table-5: Area under high yielding varieties in Andhra Pradesh (2008-2009)

.

No

Variety Kharif

area (ha)

% of

kharif

area

Rabi area

(ha)

% of

rabi

area

Total

area (ha)

% of total

area

Super fine varieties

1 BPT-5204-Samba Mahsuir 933108 32.82 94122 5.98 1027230 23.25

2 BPT-3291-Sona Mahsuri 99749 3.51 10468 0.66 110217 2.50

3 MTU-1010-Cottondora

Sannalu

384111 13.51 795775 50.55 1179886 26.71

4 WGL-48684-Kavya 4869 0.17 0 0.00 4869 0.11

5 WGL-20471-Erramallelu 3480 0.12 2320 0.15 5800 0.13

6 JGL-1798-Jagtial sannalu 70536 2.48 36564 2.32 107100 2.42

7 Nellore Molagolokulu 82900 2.92 84047 5.34 166947 3.78

8 IR-64 48970 1.72 127235 8.08 176205 3.99

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9 Other varieties 14064 0.49 0 0.00 14064 0.32

Total 1641787 57.75 1150531 73.09 2792318 63.21

Fine varietie

1 MTU-1001-Vijetha 170842 6.01 101890 6.47 272732 6.17

2 MTU-7029-Swarna 471800 16.59 6581 0.42 478381 10.83

3 MTU-2067-Chaitanya 25572 0.90 0 0.00 25572 0.58

4 MTU-2077-Krishnaveni 29291 1.03 4846 0.31 34137 0.77

5 Other MTU-varieties 121515 4.27 135106 8.58 256621 5.81

Total 81900 28.80 248423 15.78 1067443 24.17

Common varieties

1 Jaya 3261 0.11 0 0.00 3261 0.07

5 RPW 6-17 (Phalguna) 4777 0.17 0 0.00 4777 0.11

6 IET-1444 (Rasi) 4100 0.14 4810 0.31 8910 0.20

7 Tellahamsa 16972 0.60 38811 2.47 55783 1.26

8 Yerramallelu 0 0.00 5352 0.34 5352 0.12

9 Other varieties 353179 12.42 126243 8.02 479422 10.85

Total 382289 13.45 175216 11.13 557505 12.62

rice state wise andhra pradesh

Documents

waran gal sannal

cotton dora sannal

ill filled grains

plant protection measures

ranga agricultural university

cotton dora sannalu

annual rainfall varies

scarce rainfall zone