rice information

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Rice has fed more people over a longer period of time than any other crop. As far back as 2500 B.C. rice has been documented in the history books as a source of food and for tradition as well. Beginning in China and the surrounding areas, its cultivation spread throughout Sri Lanka, and India. It was then passed onto Greece and areas of the Mediterranean. Rice spread throughout Southern Europe and to some of North Africa. From Europe rice was brought to the New World. From Protugal it was brought into Brazil and from Spain to Central and South America. Rice could be taken to many parts of the world due to its versatility. It is able to grow in the desert conditions of Saudi Arabia, in the wetland deltas of Southeast Asia in the flooded rice plains which we are most familiar with. Two species have emerged as our most popular cultivated rice. Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima, of these two species the more widely produced is O. sativa. From an early history in the Asian areas rice has spread and is now grown on all continents except Antarctica. Being able to grow in this wide spectrum of climates is the reason rice is one of the most widely eaten foods of the world. There are two types of Rice in the world 1-Japonica Rice (Round shaped Grains) 2- Indica Rice (Long Grains) Femweb.blogspot.com

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Page 1: Rice information

Rice has fed more people over a longer period of time than any other crop. As far back as 2500 B.C. rice has been documented in the history books as a source of food and for tradition as well. Beginning in China and the surrounding areas, its cultivation spread throughout Sri Lanka, and India. It was then passed onto Greece and areas of the Mediterranean. Rice spread throughout Southern Europe and to some of North Africa. From Europe rice was brought to the New World. From Protugal it was brought into Brazil and from Spain to Central and South America. Rice could be taken to many parts of the world due to its versatility. It is able to grow in the desert conditions of Saudi Arabia, in the wetland deltas of Southeast Asia in the flooded rice plains which we are most familiar with.    Two species have emerged as our most popular cultivated rice. Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima, of these two species the more widely produced is O. sativa. From an early history in the Asian areas rice has spread and is now grown on all continents except Antarctica. Being able to grow in this wide spectrum of climates is the reason rice is one of the most widely eaten foods of the world. 

There are two types of Rice in the world1-Japonica Rice (Round shaped Grains)2- Indica Rice (Long Grains)

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Page 2: Rice information

* Indica Pakistani Varieties of Rice1-Basmati Rice ( Aromatic rice)2-Non Basmati rice (Non Aromatic Rice)Basmati Varieties in Pakistan: Basmati370, kernel Basmati 6129, super basmati , Basmati 385,Basmati 2000,B515,DR198.Non Basmati:Irri 9, Irri6,KS282,KS133,PK386, Supri, Supra, Super Fine,KT-1121,5015,007.Classification of RiceExtra Long Grain 7mm or more thanLong Grain 6 To 6.99mmMedium Grain 5To 6mm and Short Grain 4To5mm.

WHITE POLISH RICE: BROWN RICE: PADDY:

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Page 3: Rice information

RICE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS & EXPORT

RICE HISTORY, CULTIVATION, CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSING, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS, &

HISTORY  &  INTRODUCTION

The history of Rice is as old as mankind, but probably not older than 2,800 B.C. as known to

the historians. Originally Paddy was a self growing plant in the low lying areas adjoining

sea shores and river banks. In the sub continent, Rice grain botanically known as “oryza

stiva“ is the staple food of almost half of the mankind. Its coarse varieties are consumed by

low-income people while the fine and improved types with varying recipes occupy the

important place at elite class dinning tables. No formal or informal occasion can afford to

skip this important food item at homes or restaurants, hence consumed in huge quantities

all over the world. It is relished by the majority of people irrespective of class, rich or poor.

Rice, being the most enriched food grain, is grown all over the world and is a

comprehensive food consisting of the followingFemweb.blogspot.com

Page 4: Rice information

For a conventional grain crop there are three major factors for its

raising viz. fertile soil (land), desired water requirements and

fertilizers (mineral constituents), but rice is a crop which requires a

warm, humid and damp climate from the period of its sowing

(transplantation) till its ripening and this factor rather becomes

imperative for fine varieties of rice. The moist atmosphere during this

period helps in making the rice grain longer in size, transparent &

lustrous in texture, aromatic and palatable in taste. These typical

environments prevail in Punjab where world’s finest varieties of

Basmati Rice are grown in fertile lands of Punjab irrigated by snow

fed rivers of Himalayas. The “Kallar Tract”, a bowl-shaped region in

Punjab known to produce Basmati has further premium over Basmati

from other regions.Femweb.blogspot.com

Page 5: Rice information

CULTIVATION OF RICE CROP

Rice crop grown in Pakistan on just over 2.5 million hectares not only meets the domestic

requirements but also a sizeable surplus becomes available for export. Basmati rice, grown

largely in Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Narowal, Gujrat, Lahore and Sahiwal districts of

the Punjab province, is quite famous in the world for its peculiar taste and aroma. ‘Super’ and

‘Basmati 385’ are the two Basmati varieties of Pakistan which are quite popular across the

world. Non-basmati varieties, also known as coarse rice, largely come from Larkana,

Jacobabed, Dadu, Sukkur, Thatta, Badin, and Hyderabad districts of the Province of Sindh.

These varieties are non – aromatic and richer in starch as compared to Basmati varieties.

Export consignments of non – Basmati consists of large quantities mainly because these are

procured by governments to ensure availability of food for their population. This rice is also

procured by welfare organization for distribution amongst the people in calamity stricken

areas. The non – basmati varieties exported from Pakistan include: IRRI – 9, KS – 282 & IRRI-6.Femweb.blogspot.com

Page 6: Rice information

BASMATI – The superior quality rice

The Basmati Rice is one of the most favorite cereals consumed by people around the globe. The word

Basmati was derived from combination of two words i.e., BAS means fragrance and MATI means soil

(earth). The grains are longer & straight in look, but there seems to be a curve at the bottom of grain

& near to its tip. Some of the grains are not pointed and the tips appear to be round besides, if the

grain is looked at from its head, the portion of lower end from where it grows, seems to be little

broken. The smaller grains show visible curve and are little thicker at their tips and slightly thinner at

head. Some of the grains are translucent. Aged Rice is 1 – 2 years old and as the moisture

evaporates, the naturally present oil spreads throughout the grain delivering its distinct flavor. The

cooking of aged Basmati rice yields long grain rice, which grows twice its length giving nice aroma

and excellent taste. Each grain of rice is a complete package of nutrition, which provides health and

energy. It is no wonder that more than half of the world’s population is dependent on rice as their

staple diet. In fact, rice alone is capable of supplying 80% of the body’s daily nutritional

requirements. The healthful and gluten free grain is one of the best source of complex

carbohydrates, the high energy fuel that powers the body. Although rice lacks a few essential amino

acids to make it a complete protein rich diet, yet this deficiency is compensated when eaten with

small portion of animal or vegetable protein. Rice is a light food and is easy to digest.       Femweb.blogspot.com

Page 7: Rice information

VALUE ADDITION & BLENDING

Rice sells on varied prices depending on its variety and grade. The supreme varieties

of Pakistan Basmati, Super and Kernel, sell on highest prices followed by Basmati –

385. Varieties of rice are sub – divided into grades based mainly in the proportion of

broken rice on a consignment. Moreover, a consignment may contain different

varieties under an agreement between buyer and seller. This nature of trade is prone

to temptation for unreasonably excessive mixing of inferior varieties to extract

exorbitant profits from unwary consumers. This malpractice leads to distortion in the

image of rice because Pakistani Basmati rice is renowned the world over for its

distinctive aroma and other cooking qualities like elongation and non – stickiness of

grains in cooking. The mixing of inferior rice in basmati varieties has marring effect

on these characteristics and unbridled mixing of inferior varieties can result in loss

of popularity of superior varieties, which, in turn, would inflict irreparable damage to

the export of rice.

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OLD IS GOLD

Rice is a food item which if stored raw having excessive moisture percentage (over

16% for brown and over 14% for white) Perishes or gets damaged, but certainly

the extra moisture should be exhausted through aging process in specified

conditions in ventilated stores. The proper aging means the grain should lose the

extra moisture and come to the normal moisture contents of 10 – 12%. Anything

less than 9%, the grain becomes brittle and breaks. In- fact this is the moisture

content in which the grain has the ability to sustain its form and germinate if sown

(paddy grain). Hence rice grains keep on loosing moisture and improve cooking

quality from 1-2 years, get stable and nearly after three years should start loosing

their cooking quality. So we can safely say that its shelf life could be maximum 3

years or so.

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Page 9: Rice information

SHELF LIFE

Rice is a food item which if stored raw having excessive moisture percentage (over

16% for brown and over 14% for white) gets damaged, but certainly the extra

moisture should be exhausted through aging in specified conditions in ventilated

stores. The proper aging means the grain should loose the extra moisture and come

to the normal moisture contents of 10-12%. Anything less than 9%, the grain

becomes brittle and breaks. In- fact this is the moisture content in which the grain

has the ability to sustain its form and germinate if sown (paddy grain). Hence rice

grains keep on loosing moisture and improve cooking quality from 1-2 years, get

stable and nearly after three years should start loosing their cooking quality. So we

can safely say that its shelf life could be maximum 3 years or so.

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Page 10: Rice information

EXPORT OF RICE FROM PAKISTAN

After textile, rice is the largest foreign exchange earner. Pakistani Basmati rice has

established its good reputation and credibility in the rice consuming countries due

to its peculiar character traits, shape and palatability. Pakistan’s major Basmati

rice export markets are U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, UK, Yemen, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait,

Malaysia, and USA and major non – basmati markets include Afghanistan, Iran,

Ivory Coast, Dubai, Bangladesh, Kenya, Malagasy, Iraq, Indonesia, Morocco,

Malaysia, Cameroon, Kuwait, Mauritius, Nigeria, Portuguese Guinea, Qatar, Benin,

South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Oman, and Togo. 

Our competing countries in case of non – basmati rice include Thailand, India,

Vietnam and Myanmar. In case of Basmati rice the only competing country is India.

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Page 11: Rice information

Share in World Rice Export22-Sep-09• Pakistan shares 14% of world trade

Thailand30%VietnamPakistan 18%14%OthersUruguay 11%3%China4%India9%

United States11%ThailandVietnamPakistanUnited StatesIndiaChinaUruguayOthersWorld RiceExport2009

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Page 12: Rice information

POLISHIt is a state of whiteness / polish and not the variety of rice. It is the

processing of rice wherein 6-7 layers of bran are removed through

abrasive action of Polishers and mutual friction of rice grains. The rice

grains are passed through series of 3 to 4 Polishers for gradual whitening

of rice. These grains are further passed through wet/jet Polishers wherein

rice grains are passed through compressed air / water around stainless

steel roller to give a cosmetic / silky effect on rice. What we could gather

is that double polish is better than silky polish, It may be true as in the

double polish state of rice, less grain nutrients are removed as compared

with silky polish, hence it may be more nutritive and more palatable, of

course Basmati Super is better than Basmati pk-385.

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COOKING METHODOLOGY

The ratio of rice versus water for all rice varieties is almost similar i.e.,

one for rice and 1.5 to 1.75 for water. For fresh crop (6 months to 1 year

old) 1.5 and for older than one year 1.75 of water is required.

Rice grains contain 0.2 to 0.4% oil contents and basmati rice is richer in

oil contents than Irri 9 / Irri 6 (coarse variety) All rice varieties are

(boiled rice) easily digestible if consumed in the recommended quantity

i.e., leaving at least 1/4th of belly empty.

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OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION Paddy

Height of the plant  :           115cm.Time of sowing nursery :    20 May to 07 JuneTime of transplanting         :           20 June to 07 JulyTime of harvesting  :           20 Oct to 07 NovMaturity Period                    :           120 days

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Page 15: Rice information

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR PAKISTANI RICE

The standard Specification were adopted by the Pakistan Standard Institute on 25-01-

1993 after the draft finalized by the Cereal Pulses and their products Sectional

Committee approved by the Agricultural and Food Products Divisional Council. All

quantities in this Standard have been given in International system of units. Rice

standard means the quality of rice which is set according to its varieties and grades.

The quality is determined by the types of grains, grain composition as well as milling

degree set for each variety and grade of rice. The quality of rice may differ from

season to season and thus for the sake of comparison, standard rice samples will be

established from time to time. Rice Crop in Pakistan not only meets the domestic

requirements of food and fodder, but also the major source of foreign exchange

earning. The foreign exchange earning due to rice exported abroad from Pakistan has

also been increasing every year with increase in production.

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Page 16: Rice information

The quality of rice is determined according to the combination following criteria:

a)              Grain Length Classification

b)              Milling process

c)               Variety or Type of rice

d)              Grade

e)              Milling degree

The quality is determined by the combination of all above factors.

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Page 17: Rice information

DEFINITIONS

RICE Means milled rice which includes cargo rice, white rice, glutinous rice, and par-boiled rice, whether it be whole grain, head rice, big broken, broken, or small broken.

CARGO RICE

(BROWN RICE, HUSKED RICE) means rice obtained from paddy which has been husked and milled white by removing its bran layers. This includes its whole grain, head rice, big broken, broken, and small broken.

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WHITE RICE

Means rice obtained from paddy which has been husked and milled white by removing its bran layers. This includes its whole grain, head rice, big broken, broken, and small broken.

PARBOILED RICE

May be husked or milled rice processed form paddy or husked rice that has been soaked in water and subjected to a heat treatment so that the starch is fully gelatinized, followed by a drying process.

 GRAIN CLASSIFICATION 

Means the proportional mixture of rice of different classes to form up a grade. Rice kernel is divided into four classes, namely

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Page 19: Rice information

 EXTRA LONG GRAIN 

shall be the head rice/whole grain having the average grain length of 7.00 mm or more.

LONG GRAIN

 shall be the head rice/whole grain having the average grain length of more than 6.00 but not more than 6.9 mm.

 MEDIUM GRAIN 

shall be the head rice/whole grain having the average grain length of more than 5.0 mm but not more than 5.9 mm.

 SHORT GRAIN 

shall be the head rice/whole grain having the average grain length of 5.00 mm or less.

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Page 20: Rice information

Parts of KernelThe whole kernel is divided into ten equal parts for the purpose of classification of red rice and broken rice.

 Sizes of Kernel:Whole grain: (kernel) is divided into six sizes, namely:

Head riceMeans the kernel that retains the length of 8/10th or more of the average length of the unbroken kernel as specified for that particular class rice.

 ¾ BrokenMeans the broken kernel that has 7.5/10th length of the average length of the unbroken kernel as specified for that particular class of rice.

 ½ BrokenMeans the broken kernel that has 5/10th length of the average length of the unbroken kernel as specified for that particular class of rice.

¼ Broken Means the broken kernel that has 2.50/10th length of the average length of the unbroken kernel as specified for that particular class of rice.

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Small BrokenMeans the broken kernel that has 2/10th or less length of the average length of the unbroken kernel as specified for that particular class of rice.

MoistureMeans condensed vapor in the rice which is measurable.

Damaged Kernel Means the kernel which is 25% or more distinctly discolored or damaged by heat, water, disease, insects or other means.

 Yellow Kernel Means the kernel of which 25% or more of the surface area has turned yellow in color.

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Page 22: Rice information

Chalky Kernel Means the kernel of which 50% or more of the surface area is white like the color of chalk. The core whiteness of Basmati-385 variety shall not be the considered as chalky grain while completely chalk like grain of this variety shall be the considered chalky kernels.

Red Strip Kernel Means the kernel of which 25% or more of the surface area is covered with outer red bran layer.

Shriveled Kernel Means the kernel which is spear like in shape and whose width is distinctly thinner than normal.

Green Rice Means the kernel of green color in Cargo (Brown) rice which when broken is also green in color from inside or in the endosperm.

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Split Kernel Means a kernel that breaks lengthwise into parts. The parts with 8/10 or more of its whole area shall be regarded as head rice and the lesser part as broken.

PaddyMeans rice encased in its husk.

Foreign Matter Means all material other than kernel, bran or paddy.

Foreign Grains: means seeds other than rice such as wheat pulses etc.

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Page 24: Rice information

Under Milled Rice Means milled rice which is not equal to the milling requirements for “Extra Well Milled” ,”Reasonably Well Milled” and “Ordinary Milled”  as defined under Grades of Milled Rice for milling degree.

Un gelatinized Grains Hole or broken grains of parboiled rice with distinct white or chalky areas due to incomplete gelatinization of the starch.

Contrasting Variety Is defined for Basmati rice as all non-Basmati varieties including Kashmira rice variety in all grades of Pakistan Basmati rice shall be considered as contrasting variety whether Brown rice, Milled white rice  or parboiled (Sela) rice.

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Page 25: Rice information

Grade of Milled Rice

The milling degree of rice is divided into three, namely:

Extra Well MilledMeans the milling of paddy from which the husk, the germ, and the outer bran layers together with the inner ones (cargo and white meal) have been completely removed (to the extant that the appearance of the kernel is translucent).

Well Milled Means the milling of paddy from which the husk, the germs, and both of its outer and inner bran layers (cargo and white meal) have been entirely removed to a degree that the translucence of the kernel is slightly less than that of extra well milled rice.

Ordinary MilledMeans the milling of paddy from which the husk and certain parts of germ and the whole part of its outer bran layers (cargo meal) have been removed with some part of its bran layers (white meal) remain intact. The degree of its translucence is moderate and being less than that of reasonably well milled rice.

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Page 26: Rice information

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The moisture content shall not be greater than 14% (m/m). The

maximum contents of extraneous matter and defective kernels in

husked and milled rice, whether or not parboiled, and determined in

accordance with the method described in Pakistan Standard

Specification manual. All commercial contracts should show clearly

the total percentage of broken kernels permitted, classified

according to the agreed categories and relative proportions of each

category, and the total percentage of extraneous matter and of

defective kernels, determined in accordance with the method

described in Pakistan Standard Specification manual.Femweb.blogspot.com

Page 27: Rice information

*Paddy

*Pre-Cleaner

*D-Stoner

*Husker

*Paddy separator

*Abrasive Polisher

*1st Grading

*Wet Polisher

*Sortex

*Final Grading

*Bagging

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Page 28: Rice information

IngredientsNutritional value per 100 grams (Energy 350 Calories)

1.Protein                     : 6.4 grams

2.Carbohydrates        :  79 grams

3.Dietary Fiber          : 2.4 grams

4.Fat                            : 0.4 grams

5.Calcium                   :  09 ml grams

6.Iron                          :  04 ml grams

7.Thiamine                 : 0.21 ml grams

8.Riboflavin               : 0.05 ml grams

9.Niacin                      : 03.8 ml grams

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