rhetorical strategies review. rhetorical strategies i. description
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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
REVIEW
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
I. DESCRIPTION
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I. DESCRIPTION
o Relies upon SENSE DETAILS Sights Sounds Smells Tastes Touches (tactile impressions)
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I. DESCRIPTION
o And FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Describing the unknown by way of the known Similes
Using “like” or “as”
Metaphors Using or implying “is”
o She had black wires for hair.o Her eyes were as black as a shark’s.o Her nose was a ski slope.o She had a mouth like a trash compactor.
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I. DESCRIPTION
o And PROPER DICTION Keen, discriminating word choice The “right” words (descriptive)
adjectives, adverbs to modify ordinary, plain words
nouns, verbs the exact word, technical term, vocabulary
Sometimes a heart just “beats” But often, more descriptive words can be
utilized to help you make your point - Beats quickly, very fast, irregularly Pounds, throbs, drums, flutters, dances
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I. DESCRIPTION
o To support a DOMINANT IMPRESSION The atmosphere, setting A unifying impression or controlling aspect Links all of your sense details The first adjective that comes to mind when
you think about a particular place, object, person, or event
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I. DESCRIPTION
o Details are arranged SPATIALLY By space
(as opposed to chronology, reason, logic, or emphasis)
Left to right or right to left Top to bottom or bottom to top To “pan,” as with a camera
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I. DESCRIPTION
On the Job:o Reports of all kinds
Medical reports Police reports Accident reports Business reports
o Journalist’s or Reporter’s articleo Product descriptiono Construction site detailso Chemistry or Biology labs
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I. DESCRIPTION
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo Topic = abortion
“for” Describe the living conditions of the unwanted
child of a drug-addicted mother “against”
Describe the surgical procedure “Suction Aspiration” or “Dilation and Curettage”
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
II. NARRATION
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II. NARRATION
o Relies upon STORY ELEMENTS Plot Characterization Theme Setting
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II. NARRATION
o And DESCRIPTIVE ELEMENTS Sense Details Figurative Language Diction Dominant Impression (related to theme)
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II. NARRATION
o To relate a STORY Narrative Account, chronicle Tale, myth, legend
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II. NARRATION
o With a MORAL Message Point Meaning Theme
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II. NARRATION
o Details are arranged CHRONOLOGICALLY By TIME
(as opposed to space, reason, logic, or emphasis)
Beginning, Middle, End Linear progression No flashbacks, no circling, no juxtaposition
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II. NARRATION
On the Job:o Recording witness testimonyo Lab reportso Experiment noteso Journalistic accountso Workman’s Compensation Accident reports o Meeting minuteso Troubleshooting explanation
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II. NARRATION
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo Narration as evidence
Eye-witness or expert testimony Lab reports Journalistic accounts Historic accounts
o Topic = Depression Case studies Your personal account with the disease
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
III. ILLUSTRATION
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III. ILLUSTRATION
o Employs various means of EVIDENCE EXAMPLES
Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
concrete and specific details statistics, facts, figures specific people, places, objects anecdotes
brief informative stories to help develop ideas; like instances or occurrences
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III. ILLUSTRATION
o To support a SPECIFIC CLAIM Argument Point Issue Thesis
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III. ILLUSTRATION
o That is clearly stated in the
THESIS STATEMENT Clear, emphatic Argumentative Topic + Main Idea + Support Located at the end of the Introduction
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III. ILLUSTRATION
o Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY Save the “best” for last
Most common, important, significant, demonstrative
By reason, logic, or emphasis (as opposed to chronology, space)
Build “emphasis” Move toward climax
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III. ILLUSTRATION
o Persuasive When done correctly Not overtly persuasive
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III. ILLUSTRATION
On the Job:o Case studieso Demographic statisticso Graphs, charts, tables, figureso Product specificationso Crime scene detailso Legal precedents, case lawo Recommendations from past customers or
employers
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III. ILLUSTRATION
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo Illustration as evidence
EXAMPLES Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
Illustrative narrative (anecdote) concrete and specific details statistics, facts, figures specific people, places, objects
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
IV. DIVISION and CLASSIFICATION
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
o DIVISION “divides” a topic into Roles Subgroups Subdivisions “1 into many”
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
o CLASSIFICATION groups into Types Groups Classifications Classes Categories “many into 1”
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
o Each uses EXAMPLES to support the division or classification: Specific people Specific instances or events Uses clear, relevant, effective/telling, and
specific examples/instances (“for example”), details, and anecdotes to illustrate the characteristics of each type/part
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
o Sets up each example with an appropriate TRANSITIONS: “For instance” “For example”
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
o Paragraph topics are arranged EMPHATICALLY Save the “best” for last
Most common, important, significant, demonstrative
By reason, logic, or emphasis (as opposed to chronology, space)
Build “emphasis”
o Move toward climax
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
On the Job:o King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti o Customer analysis (personality types)o Sales floor organizationo Video store classificationo Understanding the functions of various parts
of complex systems Computers Transmissions
o Resume, Job Search
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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo To help understand the problem, issue,
situationo D/C as evidence
Types and sub-groups, roles Each supported with specific examples
o Types of slavery, abortions, stem cellso Crucial roles played by immigrant workers
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
V. COMPARISON and CONTRAST
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
o Employs various means of EVIDENCE EXAMPLES
Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
concrete and specific details statistics, facts, figures specific people, places, objects anecdotes (brief informative stories to help
develop ideas; like instances or occurrences)
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
o To compare OR contrast TWO subjects: Only 2 subjects 2 subjects from the same class or category 2 subjects clearly identified in the
Introduction 2 subjects compared or contrasted – not both
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
o Points of comparison or contrast are clearly stated in the THESIS STATEMENT: Topic + Main Idea + Support “support” = similarities or differences Located at the end of the Introduction
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
o Writer effectively and strategically employs one of two ORGANIZATIONAL METHODS:
o point-by-point-by-point method**o subject-by-subject method*
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
o Writer uses appropriate TRANSITIONS to guide the reader through the text:
o (comparison) also, like, as, furthermore, additionally
o (contrast) on the other hand, on the contrary,
conversely, however
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
o Writer EMPHATICALLY arranges evidence: Save the “best” for last
Most common, important, significant, demonstrative
By reason, logic, or emphasis (as opposed to chronology, space)
Build “emphasis” Move toward climax
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
On the Job:o Job searcheso Hiring, Firing, or Promotingo Product choices
Software, hardware Tools, equipment Storage, disposal, recycling
o Experimentso Medicationso Treatment regimens
Exercise, therapeutic, medicinal
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V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo Topic = Stem Cell Research
Compare cloned liver to “natural” one Contrast embryonic to adult SCR
o Topic = Global Warming Compare current Global Warming fad to past
Global Cooling vogue Contrast current conditions with 50 years ago
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
VI. DEFINITION
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VI. DEFINITION
o Employs various means of EVIDENCE EXAMPLES
Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
concrete and specific details statistics, facts, figures specific people, places, objects anecdotes
brief informative stories to help develop ideas; like instances or occurrences
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VI. DEFINITION
o To support a PERSONAL UNDERSTANDING of a TERM: Not a text book definition Not a dictionary or encyclopedia definition
o But a personal definition
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VI. DEFINITION
o That is clearly stated in the
THESIS STATEMENT: Thesis = Definition Clear, emphatic Located at the end of the Introduction Topic + Main Idea + Support Term + Class + Traits (characteristics,
attributes)
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VI. DEFINITION
o Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY: Save the “best” for last
Most common, important, significant, demonstrative
By reason, logic, or emphasis (as opposed to chronology, space)
Build “emphasis” Move toward climax
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VI. DEFINITION
On the Job:o Job definitions, postings, searcheso Technical termso Movements, genres, techniqueso Medical conditions, diseases, treatmentso Tools, parts, functionso Ideas, ideologies, philosophieso Laws, legal terms
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VI. DEFINITION
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo Topic = Racism (attitudes, language)
See Langston Hughes’ “Black”
o Topic = Same-Sex Marriage Define “marriage” How it’s defined = side of the issue “for” = couple based on love, commitment “against” = 1 man + 1 woman, for procreation
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
VII. ARGUMENT and PERSUASION
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
PERSUASION: o “Persuasion is the communication of a
particular message to a targeted audience for a specific occasion to effect a change in the reader(s)” (Memering 216, emphasis mine).
o its purpose is to persuade reader to think, act, feel, certain way
o it appeals to reason, emotion, and ethics
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
ARGUMENT: o it appeals to logic/reason primarilyo it uses emotion & ethics as supporto More objective than subjective persuasion
More of a report than a dispute Less about trying to change the reader More about trying to inform the reader
o * this is the type of essay you will be writing
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
o Employs various means of EVIDENCE EXAMPLES
Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
concrete and specific details statistics, facts, figures specific people, places, objects anecdotes
brief informative stories to help develop ideas; like instances or occurrences
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
o Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY: Save the “best” for last
Most common, important, significant, demonstrative
By reason, logic, or emphasis (as opposed to chronology, space)
Build “emphasis” Move toward climax
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
PURSUASIVE APPEALS:o LOGOS
Logic Examples, stats, facts, reports, expert
testimonyo PATHOS
Emotional Fear, guilt, sympathy, (emotional evidence)
o ETHOS Writer’s Credibility Tone, proper use of Logos & Pathos
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
On the Job:o Job searcheso Hiring, Firing, or Promotingo Product choiceso Policy recommendationso Suggesting changes o Buying, selling, advertisingo Conclusions, recommendations, suggestionso Proposals, bids, applications, pitches
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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION
In Argument:o To help prove your claimo To help persuade or convinceo Any Rhetorical Strategy can be employed to achieve
your goals, objectiveso Topic = Smoking in Public Places
D: describe the stench, stains, coughs, lungs N: relate personal instance at a restaurant EX: stats, anecdotes of secondhand smoke D/C: types of smokers, cancers, customers C/C: before & after smoking ban DFN: smoking, public places, rights, privileges
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
END of the REVIEW